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    Reactors1 19

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    Mourad kharbach
    The document discusses Arrhenius temperature dependency and how it relates the rate constant k of a reaction to temperature. It can be calculated from experimental data by taking the natural log of k and plotting it versus the inverse of the absolute temperature, with the slope of the line equaling -E/R, where E is the activation energy and R is the gas constant. The document also provides equations for general reactor design and for ideal batch reactors. The general reactor design equation accounts for molar flow rates in and out and the rate of generation of a species by reaction. The ideal batch reactor equation sets the molar flow rates to zero since there are no inlets or outlets, relating the rate of change of moles

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    Reactors1 19

    Uploaded by

    Mourad kharbach
    5 views2 pages
    The document discusses Arrhenius temperature dependency and how it relates the rate constant k of a reaction to temperature. It can be calculated from experimental data by taking the natural log of k and plotting it versus the inverse of the absolute temperature, with the slope of the line equaling -E/R, where E is the activation energy and R is the gas constant. The document also provides equations for general reactor design and for ideal batch reactors. The general reactor design equation accounts for molar flow rates in and out and the rate of generation of a species by reaction. The ideal batch reactor equation sets the molar flow rates to zero since there are no inlets or outlets, relating the rate of change of moles

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    reactors1_19

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    The document discusses Arrhenius temperature dependency and how it relates the rate constant k of a reaction to temperature. It can be calculated from experimental data by taking the natural log of k and plotting it versus the inverse of the absolute temperature, with the slope of the line equaling -E/R, where E is the activation energy and R is the gas constant. The document also provides equations for general reactor design and for ideal batch reactors. The general reactor design equation accounts for molar flow rates in and out and the rate of generation of a species by reaction. The ideal batch reactor equation sets the molar flow rates to zero since there are no inlets or outlets, relating the rate of change of moles

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    5 views2 pages

    Reactors1 19

    Uploaded by

    Mourad kharbach
    The document discusses Arrhenius temperature dependency and how it relates the rate constant k of a reaction to temperature. It can be calculated from experimental data by taking the natural log of k and plotting it versus the inverse of the absolute temperature, with the slope of the line equaling -E/R, where E is the activation energy and R is the gas constant. The document also provides equations for general reactor design and for ideal batch reactors. The general reactor design equation accounts for molar flow rates in and out and the rate of generation of a species by reaction. The ideal batch reactor equation sets the molar flow rates to zero since there are no inlets or outlets, relating the rate of change of moles

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    where k is the rate constant, k0 the frequency factor of pre-exponential, E the activation

    energy, R the universal gas constant, and T the absolute temperature. For most reactions,
    the activation energy is positive, and the rate constant k increases with temperature.
    Some reactions have very little or no temperature dependence and therefore activation
    energy values close to zero. A few complex reactions have a net negative activation
    energy and actually decrease with temperature. These reactions are extremely rare.
    The Arrhenius temperature dependency for a reaction can be calculated using
    experimental data. The procedure is to run a reaction at several different temperatures to
    get the rate constant k as a function of absolute temperature. From the previous equations
    ln k = ln k0 - E/RT; the natural log of k is then plotted versus the reciprocal of the
    absolute temperature. The slope of this line is then -E/R, and the intercept is the ln k0.

    B. DESIGN EQUATIONS

    1. General Reactor Design Equation

    All chemical reactors have at least one thing in common: Chemical species are created or
    destroyed. In developing a general reactor design equation, we focus on what happens to
    the number of moles of a particular species i. Consider a region of space where chemical
    species flow into the region, partially reacts, and then flows out of the region. Doing a
    material balance, we find

    rate in - rate out + rate of generation


    = rate of accumulation

    In equation form
    dN i
    n& i 0 − n& i + G i =
    dt
    where n& i 0 is the molar flow rate of i in, n& i the molar flow rate of i out, Gi the rate of
    generation of i by chemical reaction, and dNi/dt the rate of accumulation of i in the
    region. The rate of generation of i by chemical reaction is directly related to the rate of
    reaction by

    &t dN
    G = ∫ V r dV = i
    i 0 i dt

    2. Ideal Batch Reactor Equation

    A batch reactor has no inlet or outlet flows, so n& i 0 = n& i = 0. Perfect mixing is
    assumed for this ideal reactor, and the rate ri is independent of position. This changes
    our generation term in the general reactor design equation to

    Vt
    ∫ 0 ri dV = ri V t
    Then, by the general design equation, our ideal batch reactor equation becomes

    1 dN i
    = ri
    V t dt

    This equation does not define the rate ri, which is an algebraic expression independent of
    reactor type such as ri = kCi2.

    a. Constant Volume Batch Reactors. For the special case of constant volume or
    constant density (usually values for the mixture, not the reactor), we can simplify the
    ideal batch reactor equations. Starting with the ideal batch reactor equation

    1 dN i
    = ri
    V t dt

    the volume is placed inside the differential and changed to concentration:

    (
    d N i /V t)=
    dC i
    = ri
    dt dt

    [constant Vt, ideal batch reactor].

    This equation is usually valid for liquid-phase reactions and for gas reactions where the
    sum of the stoichiometric numbers equals zero, but it is invalid for constant pressure gas-
    phase reactions with mole changes.
    When the rate expression is known, this equation yields the major design variable, time,
    for a batch reaction of given concentration or conversion.
    Example. A → B + C (irreversible, aqueous reaction). The rate expression can be
    written as
    rA = -kCA

    Using this rate expression and the constant density ideal batch reactor equation gives

    dC A
    = − kC A
    dt

    Integrating with an initial concentration CA0 at t = 0 gives

    CA
    ln = − kt [constant volume, Vt ]
    C A0

    where t is the time for the batch reaction.


    It is often convenient to work with fractional conversion of a reactant species. Let i = A,
    a reactant, then

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