Ω］

Designation: C393/G|93M - 11 "r

Standard Test Method for

Gore Shear Properties of Sandwich Gonstructions by Beam
Flexurel
This standard is issued under the fixed desipation C393|C393M; the number immediatsly foUowing the designation indicates the year
of originat adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parcntheses indicates the yea of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (a) indicates an editorial gftsnge since the las revision or reapproval.

This standard has been appmved for use by agencies of the Departmant of Defense.

et NoTE-sections 7 and 1l were editorially conected in February 2012.

1. Scope D5229|D5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption Prop-

erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix
1.1 This test method covers determination of the core shear
Composite Materials
properties offlat sandwich constructions subjected to flexure in
D72491D7249M Test Method for Facing Properties of Sand-
such a manner that the applied moments produce curvature of
wich Constructions by Long Beam Flexure
the sandwich facing planes. Permissible core material forms
D7250tD7250MPractice for Determining Sandwich Beam
include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa
Flexural and Shear Stiffness
wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding
94 practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
surfaces (such as honeycomb).
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
1.2 T\e values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units El22kacttce for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each Lot or Process
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
values from the two systeurs may result in non-conformance ASTM Test Methods
with the standard. Bt56 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
1,2.1 Within the text t}le inch-pound units are shown in E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
brackets. Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases
I.3 This standard does not purport to add.ress all of the E1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3. Terminologr
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1 Definitions--:femtnology D3878 defines terms relating
to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents C274 defines terms relating to structural sandwich construc-
2.1, ASTM Standards:2 tions. Terminology D883 defines terms relating to plastics.
C273Test Method for Shear Properties of Sandwich Core Terminology E6 defines terms relating to mechanical lssting.
Materials Terminology B156 and Practice 8177 define terms relating to
Cn 4 Ternrrnology of Structural Sandwich Constructions statistics. In the event of a conflict between terms, Terrninology
D883 Temrinology Relating to Plastics D3878 shall have precedence over the other terminologies.
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
3.2 Syrnbols:
b = specimen width
rThis test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on c = core thickness
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.@ on CV= coefficient of variation statistic of a sample population
Sandwich Construction. for a given prope"rty (in percenQ
Current edition approved OcL l,2011. Pubtished November 2011. Originally
approved in 1957. Last previous edition appmved in 2@6 as C393 - 06. DOI:
d = sandwich total thickness
10. 1520/c0393_c0393M-l l. Df'rcm =effective sandwich flexural stiftess
2
For refercnced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org' or E/= effective facing chord modulus
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. Fot Annual Book of ASTM
Standards vo\me information, refer to the standard's Document Summary page on
e = measuring strain in facing
the ASTM website. F = facing ultimate strength (tensile or compressive)

Copyright @ ASIM Intomational, I OO Ban Ha6ot Drive, PCt Box gtoo, West Corehohcken, PA 1 942&2959. Unit€d Stat6
CopyrightbyASTM Infl (all rights reserved); Fri Sep27 03:19:33 EDT 2013 I
Do*nloade<Vprinted by
Wakatomi Nakane (Nikkiso Co., Ltd) puNuant to License Agreement. No firther reproductions authorized"
 .(ff cssslcsssM - 11'1
4 = core compression allowable strength design allowables, material specifications, and research and
4= core shear allowable strength development applications; it may also be used as a quality
F"*t ="or" shear ultimate strength control test for bonded sandwich panels.
Fl'"'= core shear yield strength 5.6 Factors that influence the shear strength and shall
ft= core shear strength factor to ensure core failure therefore be reported include the following: facing material,
I = length of loading span core material, adhesive material, methods of material
S = lenglh of support span
fabrication, core geometry (cell size), core density, adhesive
lroa=lenEth of loading pad thickness, specimen geomebry, specimen preparation, specimen
n = number of specimens
conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment,
P = applied force
loading procedure, speed of testing, and adhesive void content.
P*=maximum force carried by test specimen before Further, core-to-facing strength may be different between
failure precured/bonded and co-cured facings in sandwich panels with
F* =ultimate flatwise tensile strength the same core and facing material.
P*=maximum force carried by test specimen before Norp 2-Concentated loads on beams with thin facings and low
failure density cores can produce results that are difFcult to interpret, especially
Sn-r = standard deviation statistic of a sample population for close to the failure poinr Wider load pads with rubber pads may assist in
a given property distributing the loads.
o = facing stress or strength
6. Interferences
t = facing thickness
rr = test result for an individual specimen from the sample 6.1 Material and Specimen Preparation-Poor material fab-
population for a given properfy rication practices and damage induced by improper specimen
r machining are known causes of high data scatter in composites
= mean or average (estimate of mean) of a sample popu-
lation for a given property and sandwich structures in general. A specific material factor
that affects sandwich cores is variability in core density.
4. Summary of Test Method Important aspects of sandwich core specimen preparation that
contribute to data scatter include the existence ofjoints, voids
4.1 This test method consists of subjecting a beam of
or other core discontinuities, out-of-plane curvafure, and sur-
sandwich construction to a bending moment normal to the
face roughness.
plane of the sandwich. Force versus deflection measurements
are recorded. 6.2 Geometry-Specific geometric factors that affect core
shear strength include core orthotropy (that is, ribbon versus
4,2 The only acceptable failure modes are core shear or
transverse direction for honeycomb core materials) and core
core-to-facing bond. Failure of the sandwich facing preceding
cell geometry.
failure of the core or core-to-facing bond is not an acceptable
failure mode. Use Test Method D72491D7249M to determine 6.3 Environment-Results are affected by the environmental
facing strength. conditions under which specimens are conditioned, as well as
the conditions under which the tests are conducted. Specimens
5. Siguificance and Use tested in various environments can exhibit significant differ-
ences in both strength behavior and failure mode. Critical
5,1 Flexure tests on flat sandwich construction may be
environments must be assessed independently for each specific
conducted to determine the sandwich flexural stiftress, the core
combination of core material, facing material, and core-to-
shear strength and shear modulus, or the facings compressive
facing interfacial adhesive (if used) tlat is tested.
and tensile strengths. Tests to evaluate core shear strength may
also be used to evaluate core-to-facing bonds. 6.4 Core Mateiql-lf the core material has insufficient
shear or compressive strength, it is possible that the core may
5.2 This test method is limited to obtaining the core shear
locally crush at or near the loading points, thereby resulting in
strength or core-to-facing shear strength and the stiftress of the
facing failure due to local stresses. In other cases, facing failure
sandwich beam, and to obtaining load-deflection data for use in
can cause local core crushing. When there is both facing and
calculating sandwich beam flexural and shear stiftress using
core failure in the vicinity of one of the loading points it can be
Practice D7 250tD1 25OV{.
difficult to determine the failure sequence in a post-mortem
Nore l--Core shear strength and shear modulus are best deterrnined in
accordance with Test Method C273 provided bare core material is inspection of the specimen as the failed qrccimens look very
available. similar for both sequences. For some core materials, the shear
5.3 Facing strength is best deterrnined in accordance with strength is a function of the direction that the core is oriented
Test Method D7 2491D7 249M. relative to the length of the specimen.

5.4 Practice D725O{D7250M covers the determination of 7. Apparatus

sandwich flexural and shear stiftress and core shear modulus
7.I Micrometers and Calipers-A micrometer having a flat
using calculations involving measured deflections of sandwich
anvil interface, or a caliper of suitable size, shall be used. The
flexure specimens. instrument(s) shall have an accuracy of +.025 mm [+0.001
5.5 This test method can be used to produce core shear in.l for thickness measurement, and an accuracy of +0.254
strength and core-to-facing shear shength data for structural mm [+0.010 in.] for length and width measwement.

CopyrigbtbyAsTM Infl (allrights resewed); Fri Sep 27 03:19:33EDT2013

2
Downloaded/printed by
Wakatomi Nakane (Nikkiso Co., Ltd) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 .(ff

上ｔ
ceselcsssM - 11"r

百
Notr 3-The accuracies given above are based on achieving measue-
ments that are within I Vo of the sample length, width and thickness.

︲
7.2 Lood.ing Fixtures-T\e loading fixture shall consist of

︲
either a 3-point or 4-point loading configuration with rwo

︲
support bars that span the slncimen width located below the

旦
specimen, and one or two loading bars that span the specimen
width located on the top of the specimen (Fig. 1), The force

ｔ
丁
shall be applied vertically tbrough the loading bar(s), with the
support bars fixed in place in the test machine.
7.2.1 Standard. Configuration--:Ihe standard loading fixture
shall be a 3-point configuration and shall have the centerlines
of the support bars separated by a distance of 150 mm t6.0 in.l. FlG. 2 Sandwlch Panel Thlckness Dlmenslons
7.2.2 Non-Standard Configurations-Nl other loading fix-
ture configurations are considered non-standar{ and details of
the fixture geometry shall be documented in the test report. Fig. 3 shows a typical 4-point short beam test fixture. Non-skndard
3- and 4-point loading configurations have been retained within
this standard (a) for historical continuity with previous ver-
sions of Test Method C393, (b) because some sandwich panel
designs require the use of non-standard loading configurations
to achieve core or bond failure modes, and (c) load-deflection
data from non-standard configurations may be used with
Practice D7250{D725OM to obtain sandwich beam flexural and
shear stiftesses.
7.2.3 Suppon and Loading Bars--:Ihe bars shall be de-
signed to allow free rotation of the specimen at the loading and
support points. The bars shall have sufrcient stiftress to avoid
significant deflection of the bars under load; any obvious
Ca1 3‐ Point Loading cStandard ConflguratiOn)
bowing ofthe bars or any gaps occurring between the bars and
P/2 P′ 2

陽 イ
凋 ι

P/2 P/2

躙 一到匡→ J

T■ ird Point Loading

●)4‐ Point Lcading(No雨 tandard Cottguratlo→

Coniguは lon Support Span(o Load Span(■ l

´
Standard 3‐ Point(M‖ ‐
Spa→ 150 mm 16.O in.〕 0.0
Non‐ Standard 4‐ Po:nt(Quarte,span) S S/2
4‐ Point crhird_span) S S/3
日G.3 Sho威 Beam-4‐ Point『 hirdSpan)Short Beam
FlG.l Loading Conflgurations Lcading Con■ guration

Copytight byASTM Inn call壺 ghtreservedb;F五 Sep 27 03:19:33 EDT 2013

Downloaded/p血 団 by
Wakatomi Nakane (Ni[*iso Co., Ltd) pursuant to License Agrwment. No further roproductions authorized.
 {ff cesvcsesM - i't"1
the test specimen during loading shall be considered significant maintaining the gage section of the test specimen at the
deflection. The recommended configuration has a 25 mm [.0 required test environment during the mechanical test.
in.l wide flat steel loading block to contact the specimen 8. Sampling and Tbst Specimen
(through rubber pressure pads) and is loaded via either a
cylindrical pivot or a V-shaped bar riding in a V-groove in the 8.1 Sampling--:Iut at least five specimens per test condi-
top of the flat-bottomed steel loading pad. The tips of the tion unless valid results can be gained through the use of fewer
V-shaped loading bars shall have a minimum radius of 3 mrn specimens, as in the case of a designed experiment. For
statistically significant data, consult the procedures outlined in
[0.12 in.]. The V-groove in the loading pad shall have a radius
larger than the loading bar tip and the angular opening of the Practice 8122. Report the method of sampling.
groove shall be such that the sides of the loading bars do not 8.2 Geometry--:Ihe standard specimen configuration should
contact the sides ofthe V-groove during the test. Loading bars be used whenever the specimen design equations in 8.2.3
consisting of 25 mm t1.0 in.] diameter steel cylinders may also indicate that the specimen willproduce the desired core or
be used, but there is a greater risk of local specimen grushing core-to-facing bond failure mode. In cases where the standard
with cylindrical bars. Also, the load and support span lengths specimen configuration will not produce a desired failure, a
tend to increase as the specimen deflects when cylindrical non-standard specimen shall be desigled to produce a core or
loading bars without V-grooved loading pads are used (for bond failure mode.
example, rolling supports), 8.2.1 Standnrd Configuration--:Ilte test specimen shall be
7.2.4 Pressure Pads-Rubber pressue pads having a Shore rectangular in cross section, with a width of 75 mm t3.0 in.l
A durometer of approximately 60, a nominal width of 25 mm and a length of 200 mm [8.0 in.]. The depth of the specimen
[1.0 in.], a nominal thickness of 3 mm [0.125 in.] and spanning shall be equal to the thickness of the sandwich construction.
ttre full width of the specimen shall be used between the 8.2.2 Non-Standard Configurations-For non-standard
loading bars and specimen to prevent local damage to the specimen geometries the width shall be not less than twice the
facings. total thickness nor more than six times the total thickness, not
less than three times the dimension of a core cell, nor greater
7.3 Testing Machine--:I\e testing machine shall be in ac-
than one half the span lengttr. The specimen length shall be
cordance with Practices E4 and shall satisfy the following
equal to the support span length plus 50 mm [2 in.] or plus one
requirements:
half the sandwich thickness, whichever is the greater. Limita-
7.3.1 Testing Machine Configuration--:fhe testing machine
tions on the maximum specimen width are intended to allow
shall have both an essentially stationary head and a movable
head.
for the use of simplified sandwich beam calculations; plate
flexure effects must be considered for specimens that are wider
7.3.2 Drive Mechanism--:fhe testing machine drive mecha-
than the restrictions specified above.
nism shall be capable of imparting to the movable head a
8.2.3 Specimen Design-Propr design of the sandwich
controlled velocity with respect to the stationary head. The
flexure test specimen for determining shear strength of the core
velocity of the movable head shall be capable of being
or core-to-facing bond is required to avoid facing failures. The
regulated in accordance with 1l.4.
facings must be sufficiently thick and/or the support span
7.3.3 Force Indicator--:fhe tes'ng machine force-sensing
sufficiently short such that transverse shear forces are produced
device shall be capable of indicating the total force being
at applied forces low enough so that the allowable facing stress
canied by the test specimen, This device shall be essentially
will not be exceeded. Howeve! if the facings are too thick, the
free from inertia lag at the specified rate of testing and shall
transverse shear force will be canied to a considerable extent
indicate t}le force with an accruacy over the force range(s) of
by the facings, thus leading to a high apparent core shear
interest of within ll Vo of the indicated value.
strength as computed by the equations given in this standard.
7.4 Deflectometer--:Ihe deflection of the specimen shall be The following equations can be used to size the test specimen
measured in the center of the support span by a properly (these equations assume that both facings have the same
calibrated device having an accuracy of +l Vo or better. thickness and modulus, and that the facing thickness is small
Norr zl-The use of crosshead or actuatot displacement for the beam relative to the core thickness [/c S -0.10]):
mid-span deflection produces inaccurale results, particularly for ,l-point
The support span length shall satisfy:
loading configurations; the direct measurement of the deflection of the
mid-span of the beam must be made by a suitable instrument. 2kat
s<;;+L (r)
7.5 Conditioning Clwmber-When conditioning materials
at non-laboratory environments, a temperature/vapor-level or, the core shear strength shall satisff:
controlled environmental coafilisning chamter is required that
2kct
shall be capable of maintaining the required temperature to F,=G=-D , (2)
within t3'C lts'Fl and the required relative humidity level
to within +3 Vo.Chanrber conditions shall be monitored either The core compression strength shall satisfy:
on an automated continuous basis or on a manual basis at
regular intervals. 'o'-- (s
?G+t)ct
- L)l*o
7.6 Environmental Tbst Chnmber-An environmental test where:
chanrber is required for test environments other than ambient
tg5ting laboratory conditions. This chamber shall be capable of
$ = support span length, mm [in.],

CopyrightbyASTM Int'l (alrights reserved); Fri Sep 27 03:19:33 EDT2013 4

Downloaded/printed by
Wakatomi Nakane (Nil&iso Co., LtO pursuant to License Agreement, No firther reproductions authorized.
 {ffi cssslcsssM - 1i"1
loading span length, mm tin.l (L = O for 3-point Test Method however, if the test requestor
.D5229|D5229M;
loading;, does not explicitly specify a pre-test conditioning environnent,
６ ′

expected facing ultimate strength, MPa [psi], conditioning is not required and the test specirnens may be
¨ 〓

facing thickness, mm [in.], tested as prepared.

c = core thickness,
10.2 The pre-test specimen sqndifiqning process, to include
F" = estimated core shear strength, MPa [psi],
specified environmental exposure levels and resulting moisture
ls = facing strength factor to ensure core failure (recom-
content, shall be reported with the test data.
mend k = 0.75),
NorB 5-The term moisture, as used in Test Method D52291D5229M,
lpoa = dimension of loading pad in specimen lengthwise includes not only the vapor of a liquid and its condensate, but the liquid
direction, mm [in.], and itself in large quantities, as for immersion.
F. = core compression allowable strength, MPa [psi].
10.3 If no explicit conditioning process is performed the
8.3 Facings: specimen conditioning process shall be reported as 'lrncondi-
8.3.1 Inyup-TUe apparent flexural stiftess obtained from tioned" and the moisture content as "unknown".
this method may be dependent upon the facing stacking
sequence, albeit to a much lesser degree than is typical for 11. Procedure
laminate flexure. For the standard test configuration, facings
consisting of a laminated composite material shall be balanced Ll.lParameters to Be Specified Before Test:
and symmetric about the sandwich beam mid-plane. 11.1.1 The specimen sampling metlod, specimen geome0ry,
8.3.2 Stifuess-For the standard specimen, the facings shall and conditioning travelers (if required).
be the same material, thickness and layup. The calculations Ll.I.2 T\e properties and data reporting format desired.
assume constant and equal upper and lower facing stiffness 11.1.3 The environmental conditioning test parameters.
properties. This assumption may not be applicable for certain 11.1.4 The nominal thicknesses of the facing materials.
facing materials (such as aramid fiber composites) which have
Norr 6-Determine specific matedat property, accuracy, and data
significantly different tensile and compressive moduli or which reporting requirements prior to test for proper selection of instrumentation
exhibit significant non-linear stress-strain behavior. and data recording equipment. Estimate the specimen stength to aid in
8.3.3 Facing Thiclmess-Accurate measurement of facing transducer selection, calibration of equipment and determination of
thickness is difficult after bonding or co-curing of the facings equipment settings.
and core. The test requestor is responsible for speciffing the ll.2 General Instructions :
facing thicknesses to be used for the calculations in this test 11.2.1 Report any deviations from this test method, whether
method. For metallic or precured composite facings which are intentional or inadvertent.
secondarily bonded to the core, the facing thickness should be 11.2.2 Condition the specimens as required. Store the speci-
measured prior to bonding. In these cases the test requestor mens in the conditioned environment until test time, if t}te test
may specify that either or both measured and nominal thick- environment is different than the conditioning envkonment.
nesses be used in the calculations. For co-cured composite
11.2.3 Before testing, measure and record the specimen
facings, the thicknesses are generally calculated using nominal
length, width and thickness at three places in the test section.
per ply thickness values.
Measure the specimen length and width with an accuracy of
8,4 Specimen Preparation and Machining-Specimen 4-0.254 mm [-10.010 in.]. Measure the specimen thickness
preparation is important for this test method. Take precautions with an accuracy of +.025 mm [-F0.001 in.]. Record the
when cutting specimens from large panels to avoid notches, dimensions to three significant figures in units of millimeters
undercuts, rough or uneven surfaces, or delaminations due to linchesl.
inappropriate machining methods. Obtain final dimensions by
11.3 Measure and record the length of the support and
waterlubricated precision sawing, milling, or grinding. The
loading spans.
use of diamond coated machining tools has been found to be
extremely effective for many material systems. Edges should ll.4 Speed of Tbsting---Set the speed of testing so as to
be flat and parallel within the specified tolerances. Record and produce failure within 3 to 6 min. If the ultimate strength of the
report the specimen cutting preparation method. material cannot be reasonably estimate4 initial trials should be
conducted using standard speeds until the ultimate strength of
8.5 Labeling-I-abl the test specimens so that they will be
the material and the compliance of the system are known, and
distinct from each other and traceable back to the panel of
speed of testing can be adjusted. The suggested standard speed
origin, and will neither influence the test nor be affected by it.
for cross head displacement is 6 mm/min [0.25 in/min].
9. Calibration 1L.5 Tbst Environment-lf possible, test the specimen under
9.1 The accuracy of all measuring equipment shall have the same fluid exposure level used for conditioning. However,
certified calibrations that are current at the time of use of the cases such as elevated temperature testing of a moist specimen
equipment. place unrealistic requirements on the capabilities of cornmon
testing machine environmental chambers. In such cases, the
10. Conditioning mechanical test environment may need to be modifie( for
10.1 The recommended pre-test specimen condition is ef- example, by testing at elevated temperature with no fluid
fective moisture equilibrium at a specific relative humidity per exposure control, but with a specified limit on time to failure

CopyrightbyASTM Int'l (aI rights reserved); Fri Sep 27 03:19:33 EDT 2013 5
Downloadedrlrinted by
Wakatomi Nakane (Nikkiso Co., Ltd) pursuant to License Agreement. No firtherreproductions authorized
 {ff cssslcssoM - 11"1

from withdrawal from the conditioning chamber. Record any flaw constitutes a variable being studied. Retests shall be
modifications to the test environment. performed for any specimen on which values are not calcu-
lated.
ll.6 Fixtire Installation-Arraage the loading fixture as
shown in Fig. I as appropriate and place in the test machine. 12.2 A significant fraction of failures in a sample population
ll.7 Specimen Insertipn and Alignment-Place the speci- occurring in one or both of the facings shall be cause to
men into the test fixture. Align the fixture and specimen so that reexamine the loading and specimen geometry.
the longitudinal axis of the specimen is perpendicular (within
lo) to the longitudinal axes ofthe loading bars, and the bars are 1.3. Calculation
parallel (within 1") to the plane of the specimen facings. l3.l Force-Displncement Behavior-Plot and examine the
ll.8 Tiansducer Installation-Attzch the deflection trans- force-displacement data to determine if there is any sigaificant
ducer to the fixture and specimen, and connect to the recording compliance change (change in slope of the force-displacement
instrumentation. Remove any remaining preload, zero the curve, sometimes referred to as a transition region) prior to
strain gages and balance the deflection transducer. ultimate failure (significant is defined as a 10 Eo or more
change in slope). An example of a transition region is shown in
ll.9 Loading-Apply a compressive force to the specimen Test Method D3410. Determine the slope of the force-
at the specified rate while recording data. Load the specimen
displacement curve above and below the transition point using
until failure or until a deflection equal to the specimen
chord values over linear regions of the curve. Intersect the
thickness is reached.
linear slopes to find the transition point. Report the force and
Nore 7-Some core materials do not exhibit a well-defined fracture
failure with sudden loss of load-carrying capacity, rather failures are displacement at such points along with the displacement values
characterized by a pronacted yield of the core in shear, resulting in large used to determine the chord slopes. Report the mode of any
core-shear deformation while continuing to carry load. Tests of such damage observed during the test prior to specimen failure.
materials should be stopped within the limis of linear beam theory.
13.2 3-Point Mid-span Loading:
ll.lo Data Recording-Record force versus crosshead 13.2.1 3-Point Mid-span Loading-lalculate the core shear
displacement, and force versus deflection data continuously, or ultimate stress using Eq 4:
at frequent regular intervals (on the order of 2-3 recordings per
second, with a target minimum
test). ff
of 100 recorded data points per
any initial failures are noted, record the force,
FY:ffi P
(4)

displacement, and mode of damage at such points. Potential where:

initial (non-catastrophic) failures that should be reported in- F:u
clude: facesheet delamination, core-to-facesheet disbond, par-
= core shear ultimate strength, MPa [psi],
P* = maximum force prior to failure, N [lbl,
tial core fracture, and local core crushing. Record the mode, | = nominal facing thickness, mm [in.],
area and location of each initial failure. Use the failure d = sandwich thickness, mm [in.],
identification codes shown in Table 1. Record the method used c = core thickness, mm [in.] (c = d - 2r) see Fig. 2, and
to determine the initial failure (visual, acoustic emission, etc.). S = sandwich width, mm [in.].
Record the maximum force, the failure force, the head dis- Nme 8-Since it is generally not practical to accurately measure the
placement and the deflection at, or as near as possible to, the facing thicknesses of co-cured sandwich panels, the calculaions are based
moment of ultimate failure. on nominal thicknesses specified by the test requestor.
Nore g-The first order approximation to the shear stress dishibution
ll.ll Ultimate Failure Modes-Record the mode. area and through-the-thickness of a thin facesheet sandwich panel uses a linear
location of ultimate failure for each specimen. Use the failure distribution of shear stress in the facesheets starting at zero at the free
identification codes shown in Table l. Shear failures of the surface and increasing to the core shear stress value at the facesheet-core
interface. Therefore, the efective area oftransverse shear stress is the core
sandwich core or failures of the core-to-facing bond are the thickness + Vz of achfaesheet thickness, which is equal to c + ttlz + t2l2
only acceptable failure modes. Failure of one or both of the = (d. + c)D.
facings preceding failure ofthe core or core-to-facing bond is
13.2.2 Core Shear Yeld .Stress-For core materials that
not an acceptable failure mode.
yield more than2 7o strain calculate the core shear yield stress
12. Yalidation using Eq 5:
12,1 Values for ultimate properties shall not be calculated
for any specimen that breaks at some obvious flaw, unless such 響=ご鶴
TABLE l Sandwlch Panei Three Part Fa‖ ure ldentification Codes
First Characler Socond Character Third Character
Failuro Typ€ Failure Area Code Failure Location
Ａ Ｇ Ｍ Ｏ Ｖ Ｕ

Ｃ Ａ Ｂ Ｔ Ｆ Ｖ Ｕ

core Crushlng C At load bar Core

skin lo core Delamination D Gage core-facing bond
Faclng fallure F Multiple areas Bottom tacing
MultFmode M(nめ Outside gage Top facing
transverse Shgar S Varlous both Facings
€Xploslve X Unknown Various
other 0 Unknown

Copyright by ASTM Infl (all rights reserved); Fri Sep 27 03:19:33 EDT 2013
6
Downloaded/printed by
Wakatomi Nakane (Niltiso Co., LtQ pursuant to Licanse Agreement. No further reprcductions authorized-
 .(ffi cssele$M - 11"r
where: 13.5 StafistcJ-For each series of tests calculate the aver-
″̀″ =COre shear ultimate stren帥 ,MPa lpSi],and age value, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation (in
Fぎ
■ =force誠 2%orsd shear strain,N[lb]. percent) for ultimate strength:

・
ΣＨ
為
…13.2.3乃 SttSStalculate the fachg stress ushg Eq

一
χ
〓

π
`控 (13)
6:

”
Σ同

″
χ

一
0= S._1= (14)

where: Cy=1∞ ×S″ _1/x (15)

o = facing stress, MPa [psi], where:

″跳α κ為
t = facing thickness, mm [in.], and = sarnple mean (average),
S = span length, mm [in.].
Nme lfThe facing stess is calculated as a reference value at the
= sample standard deviation,
= sanrple coefficient of vaiatton, Vo,
maximum applied force. Since this test method is restricted to core or
core-to-facing shear failures, the facing stess does not represent the = number of tested specimens, and
facing ultimate stength. Use Test Method W2491D7249M to obtain the = measured or derived property.
facing ultimate strength.
14. Report
13.3 4-Point (Quarter Point) Laading:
13.3.1 Core Shear Ultimate Stress-Calculate the core shear 14.1 Report the following information, or references point-
ultirnate s6sss using Eq 7: ing to other documentation containing this information, to the
maximum extent applicable (reporting of items beyond the
F!:@ffi P
(7) control of a given testing laboratory such as might occw with
material details or panel fabrication parameters, shall be the
13.3.2 Core Shear freld Stress-For core materials that responsibility of the requestor):
yield more than2 Vo strain calculate the core shear yield stress Norr l3--4uides E1309 and 81434 contain data reporting recommen-
using Eq 8: dations for composite materials and composite materials mechanical
testing.
py.a:
" ly(=
(d+c)b
(8)
14.1.1 The revision level or date of issue of this test method.
14.1.2 T\e name(s) of the test operator(s).
13.3.3 Facing Bending Srress-{alculate the facing bending 14.1.3 Any variations to this test method, anomalies noticed
stress using Eq 9: during testing, or equipment problems occuning during testing.
PS 14.1.4 Identification of all the materials constituent to the
o: qMiF (e)
sandwich panel specimen tested (including facing, adhesive
Nme ll-The facing stress is calculated as a reference value at the and core materials), including for each: material specification,
maximum applied force. Since this test method is restricted to core or material t54rc, manufacturer's material designation, manufac-
core-to-facing shear failures, the facing stress does not represent the
turer's batch or lot number, source (if not from manufacturer),
facing ultimate strength. Use Test Method Df2491D7249M to obtain the
facing ultimate stength. date of certification, and expiration of certification. Description
of the core orientation.
13.4 4-Point (Third Point) Loading: 14.1.5 Description of the fabrication steps used to prepare
13.4.1 Core Shear Ultimate Stress-lalculate the core shear the sandwich panel including: fabrication start date, fabrication
ultimate stress using Eq l0: end date, process specification, and a description of the
equipment used.
Fr=【 黎
ヂ蜀彦 (10) 14.1.6 Method of preparing the test specimen, including
specimen labeling scheme and method, specimen geomety,
13.4.2 Core Shear freld Stress-For core materials that sampling method, and specimen cutting method.
yield more than2 7o strain calculate the core shear yield stress 14.1.7 Results of any nondestructive evaluation tests.
using Eq ll: 14.1.8 Calibration dates and methods for all measurements

響=ご鶴 (11)
and test equipment.
14.1.9 Details of loading platens and apparatus, including
loading configuration, loading and support span dimensions,
13.4.3 Facing Bending Stress-lalculate the facing bending
loading bar details and material(s) used.
stress using fu 12:
14.1.10 Tlpe of test machine, alignment results, and data
PS acquisition sampling rate and equipment type.
6=3″ (12)
(″
+c)あ l4.l.ll Tlpe, range and sensitivity of LVDT, or any other
Norr l2--The facing stess is calculated as a reference value at the instruments used to measure loading platen deflection.
maximum applied force. Since this test method is re.sticted to core or
1,4,1,.12 Measwed lengths, widths and thicknesses for each
core-to-facing shear failures, the facing stress does not represent the
facing ultimale strength. Use Test Method D[2491m249M to obtain the specimen.
facing ultimate srength. L4.I.l3 Weight of specimen, if requested.

CopyrightbyASTM Infl (allrights reseryed); Fri Sep27 03:19:33 EDT 2013 7

Downloaded/printed by
Wakatomi Nakane (Nikkiso Co., Ltd) pursuant to Lic€nse Agreement. No firther reproductions authorized
 {ff cssslcsssM - 11"1

l4.l.l4 Conditioning parameters and results. I4.I.22 Force versus crosshead displacement data for each
l4.l.l5 Relative humidity and temperature of the testing specimen.
laboratory. 14.1.23 Force versus deflection data for each specimen.
14.I.16 Environment of the test machine environmental 14.1,.24 Failure mode and location of failure.
chamber (if used) and soak time at environment.
15. Precision and Bias
l4.l.L7 Nurnber of specimens tested.
14.1.18 Speed of testing. l5.l Precision--:Ilte data required for the development of a
l4.l.l9 Facing thicknesses used in the calculations. precision statement is not available for this test method.
l4.L.2O Individual ultimate shear strengths and average 15.2 Bias-Bias cannot be determined for this method as no
value, standard deviation, and coefficieut of variation (in acceptable reference standards exist.
percent) for the population.
1,4,1,21 Individual facing stresses at maximum applied 16. Keywords
force and average value, standard deviation, and coefficient of 16.1 bending stress; core modulus; core stress; facing stress;
variation (in percent) for the population. sandwich construction; sandwich deflection; shear stress

ASTM lntemational takes no posiuon respecting the validity of dny patent dghE assdtted ln connection with any item mentioned
in this standad. Useof this standatd are expressly advised that determination ol the validity of any such patent rlghts, and the isk
ol infiingement of such ights, are entitely thet own rcsponsibility.

This sbndard is subject to revision at any time by the responsibla technical committea and must be teviowed every five years and
if not tevised, either reapproved or wlthdnwn. You comments are invited eithet for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM lntemdtional HeadquafteE. You commenE will receive cateful considetation at a meeting ol the
rcsponsible technical committee, which you may anend. lf you feel that you commenE hdve not rcceived d fah heaing you should
make your views known to the ASTM @mmittee on Standards, at the addtess shown below.

This standard is corytighted by ASTM lntemational, loo Ban Hatuot Dive, PO Box C700, Weg Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual rcpints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
addrcss or at il0€32-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or seruice@astm.org (e-mail); ot thtough the ASTM website
(www.astm.org). Permission ights to photeopy he standad may also be secured from the ASW website (www.astm.org/
COPYRIGHTO,

CopyrightbyASTM Int'l (all righb reserved); Fri Sep 27 03:19:33 EDT2013 g

Downloaded/printed by
Wakatomi Nakane (Nikkiso Co., LtO pursuant to License Agreement. No fi:rther reproductions authorized