Test Preparation Material for English Section

SUKKUR INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

MERIT-QUALITY-EXCELLENCE

ENGLISH MANUAL
FOR
CRASH PREPARATORY CLASSES

SUKKUR IBA: Airport Road. Sukkur-65200

Tel. 071-5630272, 5633490, 5631957, Fax. 071-5632465
Email: info@iba-suk.edu.pk, website: www.iba-suk.edu.pk

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. READING COMPREHENSION …………………………. 01

2. TENSES & THEIR KINDS ……………………………… 16

3. GRAMMAR RULES ……………………………………... 22

4. ERROR ANALYSIS ……………………………………… 32

5. PREPOSITIONS ……………………………………….. 47

6. WORD-FORMATION! PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES …….. 63

7. VOCABULARY SYNONYMS ……………………….. 71

8. VOCABULARY ANTONYMS ………………………. 95

9. ANALOGIES …………………………………………. 110

10. PASSAGES & ESSAYS FOR SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS.. 131

11. PRACTICE TEST ………………………………………. 149

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READING COMPREHENSION 1

Read this passage carefully, and then answer the questions which follow:

World leaders from 152 countries have confirmed that they will be attending the United
Nations General Assembly Millennium Summit, which promises to be a traffic and
logistical nightmare for New York city’s Police Department.

The spokesperson for the summit, Ms Therese Gastaut told reporters while the list of
participants could change between now and next Wednesday, “the summit will indeed
be the largest – ever gathering of world leaders. “The UN has received over 2,500
requests from journalists seeking accreditation to the summit, “and requests are still
coming in,“ Ms Gastaut said.

The New York city’s mayor said at a press conference on Friday that the cost of summit
in terms of force deployment and security could run into $14 million and would like the
US State Department to pay for it.

The city is gearing up for unprecedented traffic jams as some 175 motorcades make
their way around Kennedy International Airport in Queens and the United Nations
Plaza on the East Side. Several thousand United States secret service agents will be at
hand maintaining security through 36 hotels and countless restaurants in pursuit of
their 245 dignitaries they are to guard from President Clinton to President Fidel Castro
of Cuba.

Ninety-one scheduled public demonstrations are expected to take place around the
United Nations headquarters, which will enhance the security precautions.

The city is already reeling under pressure from crowd at the US open which ends on
September 10.

“Let me thank in advance the good people of New York, our Neighbors in New York, for
their patience,” Louise Frêchette, the deputy secretary general of the United Nations,
said the other day in announcing the details of the three-days summit meeting which
begins on Wednesday. “We know their patience will be tried in the course of the summit
week, but we would like to invite them to be patient and to reassure them that this is
really for a good cause.”

Patience is not virtue that New Yorkers espouse. But when another expected 159 world
leaders and 89 first spouses come to New York driving in motorcade and guarded by
secret service officers the nightmare could get worse.

In order to pacify the New Yorkers, United Nations is undertaking a $ 700,000

advertising campaign, to explain the goals of the Millennium Summit and as to how it
would impact the world community.

“We have always cared, but this is part of the new UN, trying to be more inclusive and
transparent and reaching out to everyone,” said Susan Markham, chief of promotion
and planning for the United Nations’ department of public information. “The public
relations campaign is trying to get across to people the importance of this millennium
meeting so that they won’t feel so bad sitting in traffic jams.”

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“It will be pretty much a nightmare,” Ms a regular day, let alone when something like
this is happening. Saying, “Sorry you are in traffic jam, doesn’t really help very much.
Hopefully, New Yorkers will realize what is going on at the summit will affect their
lives too.”

READING COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

1. NYPD stands for
A. New York Police Department
B. New York Panel Device
C. New York Party Dance
D. New York Paying Department
2. The UN has received over
A. 2,500 requests from journalists
B. 3,500 requests from journalists
C. 1,500 requests from journalists
D. 7,500 requests from journalists
3. The cost of summit in terms of force deployment and security could run into
A. $ 10 million B. $ 11 million
C. $ 13 million D. $ 14 million
4. Kennedy International Airport is located in
A. Queens B. Eastside
C. Down Town D. China Town
5. Name of the president of Cuba is
A. Fidel Castro B. James Chadwick
C. Victor Hess D. Enrich Fermi
6. How many scheduled public demonstrations are expected to take place around the
United Nations headquarters?
A. 61 B. 191
C. 81 D. 91
7. US open ends on
A. 6TH September, 2002
B. 7TH September, 2002
C. 8TH September, 2002
D. 10TH September, 2002
8. Name of the deputy secretary general of UN is
A. George Beadle
B. Ms Gastant
C. Susan Markham
D. Louise Frêchette
9. Cost of advertising campaign is
A. $ 70,000
B. $ 60,000
C. $ 700,000
D. $ 600,000

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10. How many countries are expected to participate in UN General Assembly

Millennium Summit.
A. 158
B. 152
C. 157
D. 153

READING COMPREHENSION 2
Read this passage carefully, and then answer the questions which follow:

Abu Dhabi: Saudi Arabia's economic growth will slow down in 1998 because of weak
oil prices after bonding ahead over the previous two years, an official report and
economist said on Saturday.

Gross domestic product (GDP) of the world's oil powerhouse surged by nearly 7.1
percent in 1997 and 8.7 percent in 1996 because of high oil prices and an upturn in the
private sector, the Arab Monetary fund (AMF) said in a quarterly report on Arab
economics and stock markets.

"Saudi GDP is projected to record a real growth of five percent in current prices this
year." the Abu Dhabi-based AMF said inflation is also excepted to remain at below one
percent this year compared with a decline of 0.5 percent in 1997, the report showed.
Riyadh had projected a high level of spending for 1998 based on a boost in crude
production and its predictions the oil market would extend its strong performance of
the previous two years.

But economic analysts doubted the government would now stick to the planned
expenditure as this could sharply widen the budget deficit.

"Oil prices are still more than $ 5 below their 1997 level and more output cuts are on the
cards. "Saudi economist has Abu Huleika said, "Growth will be sharply lower than in
the previous two years but it will remain positive because of an expansion in the non-
oil sector. The rate of growth will depend on how much the government spends.

Saudi Arabia, which controls more than a quarter of the global recoverable crude
resources, projected expenditure at 196 billion Saudi riyals ($ 52.2 billion) this year
and revenue of 178 billion riyals ($ 48.5 billion), assuming oil prices at around $ 16.
But the price of Saudi Arabian curds has remained below $ 14 this year compared with
$ 18.5 and $ 17.5 in 1997 and 1996. The kingdom has also banked on an increase of
760,000 barrels per day (pbd) in its oil production under an OPEC quota agreement.
But it was forced to lower output by more than 300,000 bpd in line with the March
accord between OPEC and independent producers to trim overall output to lift prices.

Oil analysts said Riyadh could make further cuts along with other major producers in
the Gulf if crude prices do not improve through the year . "There is no doubt the Saudi
oil sector will sharply decline this year but this will be offset by growth in other sectors,
mainly the light industries, construction, trade and services," one analyst said.

"Although the oil sector is still playing a key role in the country's income, its
contribution to the GDP has sharply receded... Official figures showed the oil's share to
the GDP was below 35 percent last year."

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Petrol and diesel have become costlier by eight to nine percent from September 1, 2001
to September 2002 as a result of increase in Petroleum Development Levy (PDL)
followed by surge in dealer’s and distributor’s margins and not because of increase in
International oil prices. Petrol is now priced at Rupees 34.32 per liter as compared to
Rs. 31.64 per liter on September 11, 2001, showing us rise of 8.4 percent. Diesel price is
now tagged at Rs. 19.48 per liter as compared to Rs. 17.77 per liter, up by 9%, while
kerosene oil which was being retailed at Rs. 17.40 per liter is now available at Rs. 18.41
per liter.

Oil prices were hovering between 26 – 27 dollars a barrel a year back as compared to
prevailing prices of 28 – 29 dollars a barrel.

READING COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

Q. (1). GDP of world's oil powerhouse __________ in 1996 and 1997.

(a) Increased in steps (b) Surged
(c) Decreased (d) None of the above
Q. (2). Saudi GDP is projected to record a growth of __________ % in current prices this
year.
(a) 10% (b) 2%
(c) 5% (d) None of the above
Q. (3). Riyadh projection of high spending for 1998 was based on boost in:
(a) Crude production (b) Increasing demand
(c) Both A & B (d) None of the above
Q. (4). According to the Saudi economists growth will be _______ that the last 2 years:
(a) Higher
(b) Rapid
(c) Lower
(d) None of the above
Q. (5). Saudi Arabia controls more that a ________ of the global recoverable crude
resources:
(a) 1/2
(b) 3/4
(c) 1/1
(d) 1 1/4
Q. (6). Saudi Arabia's projection for expenditure were based on the oil prices around $ _:
(a) 15 (b) 6
(c) 16 (d) 14
Q. (7). The current prices of crudes in Saudi Arabia were around $ _______:
(a) 13 (b) 14
(c) 15 (d) 16
Q. (8). Here (bpd) stands for:
(a) Bands per dozen
(b) Barrels per dozen
(c) Barrels per dock
(d) Barrels per day

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Q. (9). The sharpe decline in Saudi oil sector will be ______ by _____ in other sectors:
(a) Offset, shrinkage (b) Supported, shrinkage
(c) Offset, growth (d) None of the above
Q. (10). Saudi Arabia's economic growth will _________ in 1998 because of oil prices:
(a) Be rapid (b) Slow down
(c) Not be effected (d) None of the above

READING COMPREHENSION 3
Read this passage carefully, and then answer the questions which follow:

A naval commander said 320 missiles were fired at Baghdad and surrounding areas.

US-led forces pounded Iraqi targets with thousands of guided weapons in a pulverizing “Shock
and Awe” blitz designed to force the Iraqi regime to surrender. In a statement the Pentagon
hinted it planned to hurt 15,000 bombs over Iraq on Friday night and Saturday.

“A few minutes ago the air war in Iraq began,” US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld said as
US bombers rained missiles and bombs on targets in the Iraqi capital, including President
Saddam’s Republican Palace.

“The regime is starting to lose control of their country,” Mr. Rumsfeld claimed, barely 40 hours
after the United States and Britain launched their invasion to unseat Saddam.

The United States was using “striking force to make clear to Iraqis that he and his regime are
finished”, he said.

Huge explosions rocked the ancient city of five million people, sending balls of flames and thick
clouds of smoke into the sky and setting off shock waves that shook walls and windows.

Defiant in the face of the ferocious onslaught, Iraqi Defense Minister Sultan Hashim Ahmed
vowed that no force would break Iraq which came under attack after President Saddam spurned
a US ultimatum to go into exile.

“No force in the world will conquer us because we are defending our country, our principles and
our religion. We are, no doubt, the victors,” Mr. Hashim said, his voice sporadically drowned out
by violent explosions.

The massive blitz followed a ground assault in southern Iraq that saw US and British forces seize
a key port and move to the outskirts of Basra, the biggest city in the south and a key prize.

Other Iraqi cities also came under air attack on Friday night, with US officials warning that
several hundred targets would be hit in the coming hours.

Al Jazeera Television said there was a raid on Mosul, in the north, and there was also anti-
aircraft fire around the key northern oil city of Kirkuk.

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Until Friday evening there had been only limited raids, mainly aimed at the Iraqi President,
whose compound was the target of the first air strike before dawn on Thursday.

Speculation about hit fate swirled on Friday, with US media suggesting he had been injured.

Nearly 300,000 US and British troops, including 180,000 in Kuwait, have been deployed to fulfil
US President George Bush’s vow to oust Saddam, who has ruled Iraq since 1979.

READING COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

Q. 1. “Three hundred and twenty missiles are fired at Baghdad and surrounding
areas” The statement given by __________.
A. Donald Rumsfeld B. Colonel Ben Curry
C. US Defence Secretary D. Naval Commander

Q. 2. How many bombs were planned to hurt over Iraq?

A. 1,500 B. 15,000
C. 215,000 D. 115,000

Q. 3. Mr. Rumsfeld claimed barely 40 hours after.

A. They would kill Saddam
B. They would launch missiles over Baghdad.
C. They launched their invasion to unseat Saddam.
D. They would build new buildings in Baghdad.

Q. 4. What were being used by the United States to make clear to Iraqis.
A. Gaseous Bombs B. Missiles
C. Extra Forces D. Striking Forces

Q. 5. Huge explosions rocked the ancient city of ___________.

A. Five Million People.
B. Twenty Five Million People.
C. Thirty Five Million People.
D. Fifteen Million People.

Q. 6. “No forces in the world will conquer us, no doubt, we are victors”, who said that?
A. Saddam Hussain B. Tariq Aziz
C. Sultan Hashim Ahmed D. President Bush

Q. 7. ________ is the biggest city in the south and a key prize.

A. Baghdad B. Mosul
C. Kirkuk D. Basra

Q. 8. The anti aircraft fire around the key northern oil city of __________.

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A. Basra B. Baghdad
C. Kirkuk D. Mosul

Q. 9. Nearly US and British troops include __________ in Kuwait have been

deployed to out Saddam.
A. 180,000 – 300,000 B. 300,000 – 180,000
C. 300,000 – 130,000 D. 300,000 – 280,000

Q. 10. The President of Iraq, Saddam Hussain has ruled Iraq since ________.
A. 1976 B. 1977
C. 1978 D. 1979

The Enchanted Knife

Andrew Lang

Once upon a time there lived a young man who vowed that he would never marry any girl
who had not royal blood in her veins. One day he plucked up all his courage and went to the
palace to ask the emperor for his daughter. The emperor was not much pleased at the
thought of such a match for his only child, but being very polite, he only said:

'Very well, my son, if you can win the princess you shall have her, and the conditions are
these. In eight days you must manage to tame and bring to me three horses that have never
felt a master. The first is pure white, the second a foxy-red with a black head, the third coal
black with a white head and feet. And besides that, you must also bring as a present to the
empress, my wife, as much gold as the three horses can carry.'

The young man listened in dismay to these words, but with an effort he thanked the
emperor for his kindness and left the palace, wondering how he was to fulfill the task
allotted to him. Luckily for him, the emperor's daughter had overheard everything her father
had said, and peeping through a curtain had seen the youth, and thought him handsomer
than anyone she had ever beheld

So returning hastily to her own room, she wrote him a letter which she gave to a trusty
servant to deliver, begging her wooer to come to her rooms early the next day, and to
undertake nothing without her advice, if he ever wished her to be his wife.

That night, when her father was asleep, she crept softly into his chamber and took out an
enchanted knife from the chest where he kept his treasures, and hid it carefully in a safe
place before she went to bed.

The sun had hardly risen the following morning when the princess's nurse brought the
young man to her apartments. Neither spoke for some minutes, but stood holding each
other's hands for joy, till at last they both cried out that nothing but death should part them.
Then the maiden said:

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'Take my horse, and ride straight through the wood towards the sunset till you come to a hill
with three peaks. When you get there, turn first to the right and then to the left, and you will
find yourself in a sun meadow, where many horses are feeding. Out of these you must pick
out the three described to you by my father. If they prove shy, and refuse to let you get near
them, draw out your knife, and let the sun shine on it so that the whole meadow is lit up by
its rays, and the horses will then approach you of their own accord, and will let you lead
them away. When you have them safely, look about till you see a cypress tree, whose roots
are of brass, whose boughs are of silver, and whose leaves are of gold. Go to it, and cut away
the roots with your knife, and you will come to countless bags of gold. Load the horses with
all they can carry, and return to my father, and tell him that you have done your task, and can
claim me for your wife.'

The princess had finished all she had to say, and now it depended on the young man to do
his part. He hid the knife in the folds of his girdle, mounted his horse, and rode off in search
of the meadow. This he found without much difficulty, but the horses were all so shy that
they galloped away directly he approached them. Then he drew his knife, and held it up
towards the sun, and directly there shone such a glory that the whole meadow was bathed in
it. From all sides the horses rushed pressing round, and each one that passed him fell on its
knees to do him honor.

But he only chose from them all the three that the emperor had described. These he secured
by a silken rope to his own horse, and then looked about for the cypress tree. It was standing
by itself in one corner, and in a moment he was beside it, tearing away the earth with his
knife. Deeper and deeper he dug, till far down, below the roots of brass, his knife struck
upon the buried treasure, which lay heaped up in bags all around. With a great effort he
lifted them from their hiding place, and laid them one by one on his horses' backs, and when
they could carry no more he led them back to the emperor. And when the emperor saw him,
he wondered, but never guessed how it was the young man had been too clever for him, till
the betrothal ceremony was over. Then he asked his newly made son-in-law what dowry he
would require with his bride. To which the bridegroom made answer, 'Noble emperor! All I
desire is that I may have your daughter for my wife, and enjoy for ever the use of your
enchanted knife.'

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Imagine How the World Would Change By Knowing What Type of Learner You Are
Catherine Franz President John Kennedy was a reader and writer. President Lyndon
Johnson was a listener. President Johnson didn't do well as he could in the White House
because he thought he had to follow Kennedy’s way of learning and absorb everything
through writing. As well written as those reports were, he couldn't comprehend them as well
as Kennedy. It wasn't until many years after the White House that Johnson learned what
type of learner he was. Now, all we can do is think of the possibilities of how different the
United States would be right now if he learned sooner.

Eisenhower was a reader and writer. During the war, Eisenhower insisted that all questions
be presented in writing prior to each press event. His press events, outstanding and
memorable because of his ability to process in writing, opened his path to Washington. In
Washington, Eisenhower, now required to be a listener and respond on the spot, found it
very difficult to learn and think. This limitation did affect his decision making, thus the
world’s progress, and especially America’s success. His country no longer had the full benefit
of his evolutionary learning – his brilliance.

Our school system teaches by listening and reading and not writing. This is why many
writers’ in high school and college do poorly in lecture-type classes. When required to test
based on lecture they usually receive an inadequate grade for their level. When allowed to
read and submit a report, they flourish. When allowed to process the information in writing
they add to classroom conversations in outstanding ways. Many times moving the
information in evolutionary new ways or depths. Writers need to design their study through
the writing process. Writer’s learn and perform by writing not listening.

What type of learner are you? Your child? Significant other? Customers you attract? How
does this affect how they learn from you, how they process, and how they succeed?

The way they learn affects them in everything they do in their life and yours.

For instance, are you an entrepreneur? Today, it is popular for entrepreneurs to deliver their
information through teleclasses and teleseminars. I know, I'm a certified teleclass leader, and
offer these regularly.

Most individuals who attend these events learn best through listening. The majority of the
attendees are listeners. Does this mean that readers/writers aren't able to learn through this
manner? Not, necessarily. Their success does depend on the leader and the event’s structure.

If you are a reader/writer and you are registering for a teleseminar – 98% listening design –
then you will need pre- session prep notes, a recording of the session, and to set aside
additional time to process the information in writing afterwards in order to maximize your
learning. The leader needs to all writing time, exercises, during the session. The event needs
to provide preparation and follow up materials, such as notes. And encourage continued
processing through writing afterwards. An important skill required for leaders of both
learners is learning the delicate balance between giving space for writing and not letting
listeners fall zone out.

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Are the type of customers you attract listeners or reader/writers? Because of the law of
attraction, like attracts like, and quantum physics, it is natural for listeners to attract listeners.
And readers/writers attract the same. This does not necessarily mean listener learners can't
attract readers/writers. It does mean that to attract the oppose you will need to learn and
practice the opposite’s way of learning. If you are listener, learn to process through writing.
If you are a writer, learn and practice listening and language skills. An acting class is an
excellent place to start.

Attracting the opposite is a choice. It will require both extended patience and practice. The
payoff can be enormous in making revenue. There isn't a right or wrong in this, just
awareness, observation, and choice. If you are a company that wants to attract the opposite
for a wider set of prospects, hire the right learner, and have the patience to work with them
knowing their benefit for the company.

If someone is standing before you, you can easily tell if they are a listener just by watching
their brain process as you verbalize. If they need to write it down, let them, you also have the
answer on how they learn.

Listeners who want to write something, love to talk their way through what they want to
write first verbally before writing. Or they want someone to listen as they process a spot they
make be stuck on in their writing. Ask them to tape record their part of the conversation.
They will probably not need to hear it again but the safety net will provide calm in their
writing process.

This is why writers prefer to tape record interviews. They aren't natural listeners and need
that additional support to process. After years of conducting interviews, the writer’s listening
skills have increased to higher levels and they rely less on the tape recorder as support.

Knowing your learning style does determine life, career and relationship performance. It can
affect your job evaluations, who you attract in life, success and results. If your boss is a
listener and you a writer, it can be a big difference in how you get along, frequency of pay
increases, and even whether you are let go.

If you have every let someone go, think back to whether they were just a different type of
learner than yourself, and this tried your patience. I know I can find a few when I was an
early employer. I bet you can too.

If you are in a high position, it could affect America or even the world. Who knows,
someone reading this today may be President years from now and a single decision like
going to war may be made outside the scope of their learning style that can cost America
much.

Be brilliant at who you are by knowing how you learn. And then doing it your way!

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Words of Advice from Bill Gates

Bill Gates
Words of Advice from Bill Gates:

Life is wonderful, but it is also challenging at times. The following advice comes from one of
the most successful businessman in history, Bill Gates. He recently told a group of high
scholars about 11 things they did not learn in school. He talks about how feel-good,
politically correct teachings created a full generation of kids with no concept of reality and
how this concept set them up for failure in the real world. I want all of you to be very
successful, so consider some of his words:

Rule 1: Life is not fair - get used to it.

Rule 2: The world won't care about your self-esteem. The world will expect you to
accomplish something BEFORE you feel good about yourself.

Rule 3: You will NOT make 40 thousand dollars a year right out of high school. You won't
be a vice-president with a car phone, until you earn both.

Rule 4: If you think your teacher is tough, wait till you get a boss. He doesn't have tenure.

Rule 5: Flipping burgers is not beneath your dignity. Your grandparents had a different word
for burger flipping; they called it opportunity.

Rule 6: If you mess up, it's not your parents' fault, so don't whine about your mistakes, learn
from them.

Rule 7: Before you were born, your parents weren't as boring as they are now. They got that
way from paying your bills, cleaning your clothes and listening to you talk about how cool
you are. So before you save the rain forest from the parasites of your parents' generation, try
delousing the closet in your own room.

Rule 8: Your school may have done away with winners and losers but life has not. In some
schools they have abolished failing grades and they'll give you as many times as you want to
get the right answer. This doesn't bear the slightest resemblance to ANYTHING in real life.

Rule 9: Life is not divided into semesters. You don't get summers off and very few
employers are interested in helping you find yourself. Do that on your own time.

Rule 10: Television is NOT real life. In real life people actually have to leave the coffee shop
and go to jobs.

Rule 11: Be nice to nerds. Chances are you'll end up working for one.

--There may be virtual reality, but there is no such thing as virtual happiness--

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The Stone-Cutter
Andrew Lang

Once upon a time there lived a stone-cutter, who went every day to a great rock in the
side of a big mountain and cut out slabs for gravestones or for houses. He understood
very well the kinds of stones wanted for the different purposes, and as he was a careful
workman he had plenty of customers. For a long time he was quite happy and
contented, and asked for nothing better than what he had.

Now in the mountain dwelt a spirit which now and then appeared to men, and helped
them in many ways to become rich and prosperous. The stone-cutter, however, had
never seen this spirit, and only shook his head, with an unbelieving air, when anyone
spoke of it. But a time was coming when he learned to change his opinion
.
One day the stone-cutter carried a gravestone to the house of a rich man, and saw there
all sorts of beautiful things, of which he had never even dreamed. Suddenly his daily
work seemed to grow harder and heavier, and he said to himself: 'Oh, if only I were a
rich man, and could sleep in a bed with silken curtains and golden tassels, how happy I
should be!
'
And a voice answered him: 'Your wish is heard; a rich man you shall be!
'
At the sound of the voice the stone-cutter looked round, but could see nobody. He
thought it was all his fancy, and picked up his tools and went home, for he did not feel
inclined to do any more work that day. But when he reached the little house where he
lived, he stood still with amazement, for instead of his wooden hut was a stately palace
filled with splendid furniture, and most splendid of all was the bed, in every respect like
the one he had envied. He was nearly beside himself with joy, and in his new life the old
one was soon forgotten
.

It was now the beginning of summer, and each day the sun blazed more fiercely. One
morning the heat was so great that the stone-cutter could scarcely breathe, and he
determined he would stay at home till the evening. He was rather dull, for he had never
learned how to amuse himself, and was peeping through the closed blinds to see what
was going on in the street, when a little carriage passed by, drawn by servants dressed in
blue and silver. In the carriage sat a prince, and over his head a golden umbrella was
held, to protect him from the sun's rays
.

'Oh, if I were only a prince!' said the stone-cutter to himself, as the carriage vanished
round the corner. 'Oh, if I were only a prince, and could go in such a carriage and have a
golden umbrella held over me, how happy I should be!
'
And the voice of the mountain spirit answered: 'Your wish is heard; a prince you shall
be.'

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And a prince he was. Before his carriage rode one company of men and another behind
it; servants dressed in scarlet and gold bore him along, the coveted umbrella was held
over his head, everything heart could desire was his. But yet it was not enough. He
looked round still for something to wish for, and when he saw that in spite of the water
he poured on his grass the rays of the sun scorched it, and that in spite of the umbrella
held over his head each day his face grew browner and browner, he cried in his anger:
'The sun is mightier than I; oh, if I were only the sun!'

And the mountain spirit answered: 'Your wish is heard; the sun you shall be.'

And the sun he was, and felt himself proud in his power. He shot his beams above and
below, on earth and in heaven; he burnt up the grass in the fields and scorched the faces
of princes as well as of poorer folk. But in a short time he began to grow tired of his
might, for there seemed nothing left for him to do. Discontent once more filled his soul,
and when a cloud covered his face, and hid the earth from him, he cried in his anger:
'Does the cloud hold captive my rays, and is it mightier than I? Oh, that I were a cloud,
and mightier than any!
'
And the mountain spirit answered: 'Your wish is heard; a cloud you shall be!'

And a cloud he was, and lay between the sun and the earth. He caught the sun's beams
and held them, and to his joy the earth grew green again and flowers blossomed. But that
was not enough for him, and for days and weeks he poured forth rain till the rivers
overflowed their banks, and the crops of rice stood in water. Towns and villages were
destroyed by the power of the rain, only the great rock on the mountain side remained
unmoved. The cloud was amazed at the sight, and cried in wonder: 'Is the rock, then,
mightier than I? Oh, if I were only the rock!'

And the mountain spirit answered: 'Your wish is heard; the rock you shall be!

And the rock he was, and gloried in his power. Proudly he stood, and neither the heat of
the sun nor the force of the rain could move him. 'This is better than all!' he said to
himself. But one day he heard a strange noise at his feet, and when he looked down to
see what it could be, he saw a stone-cutter driving tools into his surface. Even while he
looked a trembling feeling ran all through him, and a great block broke off and fell upon
the ground. Then he cried in his wrath: 'Is a mere child of earth mightier than a rock?
Oh, if I were only a man!
'
And the mountain spirit answered: 'Your wish is heard. A man once more you shall be!'

And a man he was, and in the sweat of his brow he toiled again at his trade of stone-
cutting. His bed was hard and his food scanty, but he had learned to be satisfied with it,
and did not long to be something or somebody else. And as he never asked for things he
had not got, or desired to be greater and mightier than other people, he was happy at
last, and heard the voice of the mountain spirit no longer.

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READING COMPREHENSION 4
Read this passage carefully, and then answer the questions which follow:

Iraqi President Saddam Hussain appears to be testing US mettle just as the Clinton
administration comes to a close and America occupies itself with presidential elections.
Recently, Saddam has threatened two US allies, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia and tried to urge other
oil-producing countries not to help the US and Europe with their soaring fuel costs.
Those actions have put US officials in a bind – because they don’t want a military engagement so
late in President Clinton’s term and they don’t want Iraq to play a role in the tight election
between Vice President Al Gore and Texas Gov. George W. Bush.
The sense in Washington That Saddam is up to something has been growing since early August,
when the Iraqi military held exercise to commemorate the 10 year anniversary of its invasion of
Kuwait. Early this week Secretary of Defence William Cohen said US forces are ready to act if
Iraq takes “any kind of aggressive action.”
On Mr. Clinton’s first day in office in 1993, for example, the US bombed Iraq. “He’s trying to
test the US in the last few months of the presidency, says Mr. Clawson an expert on Iraq at
Washington Institute for Near East Policy. “We’re not yet sure what form this will take.”
One possibility is that Saddam is attempting to get the International Community to ease trade
sanctions, analysts say.
Already Iraq has heightened tension in the Gulf region by accusing Kuwait of stealing their oil.
Also, two weeks ago, an Iraqi military plane reportedly violated Saudi Arabia’s air space, in
what some US officials saw as an effort to roil the US during the UN Millennium Summit.
But Iraq probably has the potential to do the most damage to the US through its oil production.
In recent comments printed in the Iraqi state controlled press, Saddam has urged OPEC members
not to kowtow to the US by increasing oil production. He said the US wants “the price of oil to be
suitable for it and not for others.” Even if Iraq alone closed its valves, the oil sensitive US
economy would suffer.
For the past decade, the US has struggled with Saddam and with how best to achieve their stated
goal of removing weapons of mass destruction.
Yet the US is trying to do so with a sanctions and military regimen that was designed for other
means: to force Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait and allow weapons inspection.
“We’re using old tools,” says Jon Alterman of the US Institute of Peace. “Saddam has learned in
the past 10 years how to respond to US policy.”
The US and Britain have been bombing Iraq regularly. The mission has been expensive. It costs
about $2 billion a year and occupies 20,000 solders, 200 aircraft, and 25 ships. Yet it has not
loosened Saddam’s grip on power, and is being questioned by US lawmakers.
“It appears that the current policy is a failure,” said Sen. Strom Thurmond (R) of South Carolina
at a hearing of the Senate Armed Services Committee on Tuesday.
On new measures US officials are trying, in an effort to ratchet up pressure on the Iraqi regime,
is to call for the formation of a war crimes tribunal to try Saddam and his inner circle.
The US has also been giving money – about $8 million – to the Iraqi National Congress, a
political coalition that is trying to topple Saddam.
But beyond Britain, Washington lacks enthusiastic international support in its crusade against
the Iraqi leader. Baghdad claims that the US-led sanctions are leading to mass malnutrition and
unusually high rates of infant mortality.
“Iraq does not even have the means to pose a threat to its neighbors,” says Rania Masri, head of
the Iraq Action Coalition, based in Raleigh, N.C.
Both presidential candidates have talked tough on the subject, but neither has specified how they
would bring about change.

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READING COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

Q. 1. Name of the President of Iraq is

A. Rafsanjani B. Khaminai
C. Saddam Hussain D. Gulbadeen – Hikmatar

Q. 2. Saddam has threatened two US allies

A. KSA and Somalia B. KSA and Kuwait
C. KSA and Romania D. Iraq and Syria

Q. 3. Texas is a name of
A. A daughter of Bill Clinton B. A wife of Bill Clinton
C. A province of USA D. A fast food

Q. 4. Iraqi military held exercise to commemorate the

A. 10 year anniversary of its invasion of Kuwait
B. 20 year anniversary of its invasion of Kuwait
C. 30 year anniversary of its invasion of Kuwait
D. 09 year anniversary of its invasion of Kuwait

Q. 5. Secretary of Defence of USA is

A. Will Smith
B. John Jovi
C. William Perry
D. William Cohen

Q. 6. Name of the expert on Iraq is

A. Mr. Clawson B. Mr. Datsun
C. Mr. Clinton D. Mr. Dalton

Q. 7. Institute for Near East policy is located in

A. Iran B. Turkey
C. Iraq D. Washington (USA)

Q. 8. US wants the price of oil to be suitable for it and

A. Wants dialogue between Kuwait and Iraq B. Not for others
C. Wants dialogue between USA and Iraq D. For all

Q. 9. Jon Alterman belongs

A. US Army
B. US Institute of Peace
C. US Institute of War
D. US Institute of democracy

Q. 10. For bombing Iraq, how many air crafts are needed
A. 200 B. 25
C. 20,000 D. 25

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TENSES AND THEIR KINDS

SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT .
1. The verb must agree in number and person with its real subject.
e.g. Each of my brothers was educated.
Everyone of the students has applied for scholarship.
One of my friend has gone to America.

2. Two or more singular nouns connected by 'and' must be used with a plural
verb.
e.g. Smoking and drinking are injurious to health.
He and I were in Delhi last year.

3. Two or more singular nouns connected by' and' expressing one idea must be
followed by a singular verb.
e.g. Knowledge and wisdom makes a man great.
Slow arid steady wins the race.

4. Two singular nouns connected by ‘and’ which preceded by ‘each’ or ‘every’

must be used with a singular verb.
e.g. Each boy and girl has got admission in to the college.
Every man and woman has to contribute to our society and country.

5. When two singular subjects connected by ‘or’, ‘nor’ differ in person, the verb
should agree in person with the subject nearest to it.
e.g. Neither Hameed not I have visited Taj Mahal.
6. A collective noun must be used with a singular verb when the group is
thought of ass a single unit but when the individuals are considered separately,
it must be used with a plural verb.
e.g. When the ship arrived the port. The crew were welcomed by the Pakistan
Navy.
The ship’s crew has tried to save the passengers from drowning when the
sip was about to sink in water.

7. Nouns which are plural in form but singular in meaning must be used with a
singular verb.
e.g. The news is broadcast on PTV.
The wages of sin is death.
Politics is a social science.
The United Nations is trying for world peace.
Guliver's travels is an interesting book.

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FUTURE AND CONDITIONAL TENSES .

There are three main kinds of conditional sentences, introduced by unless (If not).
The order of tenses in these sentences is important.

1. If the weather is fine (present), I shall go out (future).

This refers to a future event. If A happens, then B will follow and the contrary is also
true. If A does not happen, then B will not follow.

2. If the weather was fine( Past), I should go out(conditional).

This also refers to a future event. But it is not reversible. in the same way that the first
kind is, because there is usually some further consideration in the speaker's mind. The
condition is perhaps less likely to be fulfilled. It should always be borne in mind that
in this particular type of sentence we are using the past tense to refer to the future.

3. If the weather had been fine (Past Perfect), I should have gone out.
(Conditional Perfect).

This refers to a past event. If A had happened, B would have followed. But A did not
happen, So B did not follow.

Examples:

1. If you finish, you will go to the cinema.

2. If you told me truth, I had helped you.

3. If you had told me truth. I would have helped you.

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TENSES & THE USE OF TENSES .

TENSE: Tense is a term used in grammar to indicate the time of the action or event.
In any language, tense is divided into three classes namely:

PRESENT TENSE: A verb that refers to the present time is said to be in the
present tense. It has four forms:

Present indefinite tense or simple present tense.

It is used:

(i) To express what is actually taking place at the present movement; as,
e.g. i. She sings a song.
ii. I learn my lesson.

(ii) To express a habit or a custom; as

e.g. We get up early in the morning.

(iii) To describe some act as a Historic Presents;

e.g. Pakistan comes in to existence on the 14th of August 1947.

(iv) To express a universal truth; as,

e.g: God is one. The Sun rises in the East.

(v) To introduce a quotation; as,

e.g: Allah says, “Indeed we have made the Quran easy to understand.”

(vi) To express Scientific statements; as,

e.g: The Earth revolves around the sun.

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE OR PROGRESSIVE .

. TENSE .

It is used to denote action that is going on at the time of speaking; as,

e.g. It is raining. We are watching the movie.

FOR A TEMPORARY ACTION:

I am learning English. They are acting in the film.

FOR A FUTURE PLANNED ACTION:

e.g. 1. We are visiting Karachi this week.

2. Ahmed is getting married this August.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

1. It is used to denote as action that has just been completed; as,

e.g. 1. My brother has just gone out.
2. I have already spent the money on books.

2. To connect a completed event in some or other with the present time; as,
e.g. We 'have lived here ten years.
(It shows that we are still living here.)

3. To express past action whose time is not specific:

e.g. I have never seen her before.
I have always waited for you.

4. For past events whose result is still felt:

e.g. The gardener has watered the plants.
(His clothes are wet now)

We have walked a long distance.

(We are now very tired)

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COMMON ERRORS IN THE USE OF TENSES .

1. THE USE OF PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE: .

Present Continuous Tense should not be used in place of Present Perfect Continuous Tense.

Examples: .
 I am working in the college for the last five years. (Incorrect)
 I have been working in the college for the last five years. (Correct)

2. THE USE OF PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: .

Present Perfect Tense should not be used to the past actions:

Examples: .
 I have visited London last year. (Incorrect)
 I visited Agra last year. (Correct)

3. THE USE OF SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE: .

Simple Future Tense should not be used in imperative sentences. In such cases only
Simple Present Tense must be used.

Examples: .
 You must see that the amount shall be paid soon. (Incorrect)
 You must see that the amount is paid soon. (Correct)

4. THE USE OF SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE: .

When there is a main clause with a Simple Future Tense, the subordinate clause must be
in the Simple Present Tense only.

Examples: .
 I shall tell you about it, when I will know truth. (Incorrect)
 I shall tell you about it, when I knows truth. (Correct)
5. THE USE PAST PERFECT TENSE: .

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Past Perfect Tense should not be used for Past Tense.

Examples: .
 I had been going to Canada recently. (Incorrect)
 I went to Canada recently. (Correct)

6. THE USE OF SIMPLE PAST TENSE: .

Simple Past Tense should not be used for Past Perfect Tense or the Past Perfect Continuous
Tense for the Past Continuous Tense.

Examples: .
 Ambreen said that she was working in the hospital for five years. (Incorrect)
 Ambreen said that she had been working in the hospital for five years.
(Correct)

THE USE OF PAST PERFECT TENSE: .

It is used to denote an action completed at some point in the past time; before
another action was begun we use the Past Perfect Tense for the earlier action; and the
Past Indefinite Tense, for the subsequent; one as:

Examples: .
 The train had stopped, when we came out.
 When I went to the airport, the plane had taken off.

THE USE OF PAST PERFECT TENSE: .

It is used to denote an action completed at some point in the past time; before
another action was begun we use the Past Perfect Tense for the earlier action; and the
Past Indefinite Tense, for the subsequent; one as:

Examples: .
 The train had stopped, when we came out.
 When I went to the airport, the plane had taken off.

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GRAMMAR RULES
RULE 1 .

1. AGREEMENT ----------------- SUBJECT WITH ACCOMPANIMENT

AND VERB.

Remember that there must be agreement of subject and verb. In all

patterns, avoid using a verb that agrees with a phrase of
accompaniment instead of with the subject itself.

Examples:

1. The guest of honour, along with his wife and two sons, were/was seated at the
first table.

2. The ambassador, with his family and staff, invite/invites you to a reception at
the embassy on Tuesday after-noon at five O' clock.

3. Mary, accompanied by her brother on the piano, were/was very well received
at the talent show.

4. The colour of flowers are/is beautiful.

Avoid using a verb that does not agree with the subject.

RULE 2 .

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Agreement ----------------- an indefinite Subject and Verb.

Remember that the following subjects require a singular verb.

anyone either neither what

anything everyone no one whatever
each everything nothing whoever

The following subjects require either a singular or plural verb depending on a

qualifying phrases or other contest from the sentence.

all

any

some

the rest

Avoid using plural verbs with singular subjects and singular verbs
with plural subjects.

Examples:

1. Everyone who majors in architecture and fine arts study/studies history of

arts 450.

2. Either of these buses go/goes past the university.

3. The first two problems are very difficult, but the rest (of the problems) are
easy.

RULE 3 .
Agreement ----------------- a collective Subject and Verb.

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Remember that the following collective subjects agree with singular

verbs.

audience faculty police variety

band family public 2,3,4,…… dollars
chorus group series 2,3,4,…… miles
class majority staff
committee orchestra team

Remember that the following subject agree with a plural verb.

PEOPLE

Avoid using plural verb with singular subjects and singular verbs with plural subjects.

NOTE: In certain cases, to express the separate nature of individuals

in a group the writer may use a plural verb with the collective
subjects.

Examples:

1. Twenty dollars are/is the price.

2. Many people is/are coming to the graduation.

3. Audience as usually do/does not applaud in a church.

4. Four miles are/is the distance of the office.

5. The staff are/is meeting in the conference room.

RULE 4 .
Similar Verbs ----------------- Make and Do.

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Verb word Past Participle Verb word Past Participle

do did done make made made

Remember that to do and to make have similar meanings, but do is

often used before complements that describe work and
chores(routine-tedious task esp: a house hold one ). To make is often
used before complements that are derived from verbs.

Do an Assignment Make an Agreement

the dished an announcement (to announce)
a favour an attempt (to attempt)
home work a decision (to decide)
he laundry a discovery (to discover)
a paper an offer (to offer)
researcher a profit (to profit)
work a promise (to promise)

Examples:

1. I really do not mind making/doing the home work for the class.

2. Did you do/make a mistake?

3. Please make/do me a favour.

4. Are they doing/making progress on the new roads?

5. Have you done/ made any interesting discoveries while you were doing your
research?

RULE 5 .
Correlative Conjunction ----------------- Inclusive And --------- As Well As

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Remember that both …………… and …………. as well as are

correlative conjunction. They must be used in sequence to include
two or three parallel structures (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs).
e.g. He enjoys playing basketball as well as football.
Avoid using as well instead of as well as.
Examples:

1. Both Marry, Ellen and Jean are going on the tour. (Incorrect).
Both Marry and Ellen as well as Jean are going on the tour. (Correct)

2. To reach your goal, you must plan and work as well/ as well as dream.

3. We will keep in touch by both writing and calling as well as visiting each other.

RULE 6 .
Correlative Conjunction ----------------- Inclusive Both --------- And

Remember that both ……………and are correlative conjunctions. They

are used together to include two parallel structures (two nouns,
adjectives, verbs, adverbs).

Avoid using as well as instead of and with both.

Avoid using both and for more than two nouns or adjectives.

Examples:
1. She speaks both English as well as Spanish at home. (Incorrect)
She speaks both English and Spanish at home. (Correct)
2. The weather on Sunday will be both sunny and warmer also. (Incorrect)
The weather on Sunday will be both sunny and warmer. (Correct)
3. The party will celebrate both our finishing the term as well your getting a new
job. (Incorrect)
The party will celebrate both our finishing the term and your getting a new
job. (Correct)

RULE 7 .
PSEUDO COMPARATIVES

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Remember that although as high as and as soon as appear to be

comparatives, they are adverbial idioms. As high as introduces a
limit of height or cost. It answers: the question, how high or how
much (money)? As soon as introduces a limit of time. It answers the
question, When?

e.g. 1. The prices of hair cut runs as high as fifty dollars.

2. He will go home as soon as he graduates.

Avoid using “to” instead of “as”. Avoid using will and a verb word instead of a
present verb after as soon as.
Examples:

1. I plan to move as soon as I will find another apartment.

2. She will call you back as soon as she will finishes dinner.

3. Your application will be considered as soon as your file will be is complete.

RULE 8 .
NEGATIVE EMPHASIS
Remember that negative includes, phrases like not one, not once, not
unit, never, never again, only, rarely and very seldom. Negative
answer the question, how often? They are used at the begning of a
statement to express emphasis. Auxiliaries must agree with verbs
and subjects.

e.g. Never have I seen so much snow.

-ve a/v S V

Avoid using a subject before the auxiliary in this pattern.

Examples:
1. Never again they will stay in that hotel. (Incorrect)
Never again will they stay in that hotel. (Correct)
2. Only rarely an accident has occurred. (Incorrect)
Only rarely has an accident occurred. (Correct)

RULE 9 .
AFFIRMATIVE AGREEMENT “SO”, “TOO” AND “ALSO”.
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Remember that so, too, and also have the same meaning, but so is
used before auxiliary verbs, too and also are used after auxiliary
verbs.
Subject model verb verb word and so model have Do/Be S
verb participle “ing”

e.g. My brother will talk to him and so will I.

My brother has talked to him and so did I.
My brother is talking to him and so am I.

Subject model verb verb word and so model have Do/Be S

verb participle “ing”

e.g. My brother will talk to him and I will too.

My brother has talked about it and I have too.
My brother is talking to him and I am too.

Avoid using also instead of so.

Examples:
1. We are going to the concert, and so do they. (Incorrect)
We are going to, he concert, and so are they. (Correct)
or
We are going to concert, and they are too.
or
We are going to concert, and they are also.

2. I am worried about it, also is he. (Incorrect)

I am worried about it, and so is he. (Correct)
or
I am worried about it, and he is too.
or
I am worried about it, and he is also.
EXERCISE
1. Some birds can travel at speeds approaching.

2. Me hundred an hour and a few land animals can so.

RULE 10 .

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When nouns and pronouns having different persons occur together,

second person should be plural first, then third and last of all first
person.

Examples:

1. I, you and he should do it. (Incorrect)

You, he and I should do it. (Correct)

2. I, you and Majid should work together. (Incorrect)

You, Majid and I should work together. (Correct)

RULE 11 .

“That” and “Those” are used for nouns used before.

Examples:

1. This pen is better than Karim’s. (Incorrect)

This pen is better than that of Karim. (Correct)

2. The students of this school are better than that school. (Incorrect)
The students of this school are better than those of that school. (Correct)

RULE 12 .

The subject of a verb is always in the nominative case.

Examples:

1. Bashir is taller than me. (Incorrect)

Bashir is taller than I. (Correct)

2. Rasheed works harder than him. (Incorrect)

Rasheed works harder than he. (Correct)

RULE 13 .
* Some nouns have the same form in both numbers.

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deer, sheep, dozen, swine, fathom

* Some nouns are singular in form but plural in use.

crowd, people, cattle, poultry, folk, public, mankind, swine, infantry.

Examples:

1. Mankind is never happy. (Incorrect)

Mankind are never happy. (Correct)

2. The people does not trust this offer. (Incorrect)

The people do not trust this offer. (Correct)

Some nouns are used only as singular.

1. The sceneries of Kashmir are worth seeing. (Incorrect)

The scenery of Kashmir is worth seeing. (Correct)

2. I purchased some furnitures. (Incorrect)

I purchased some furniture. (Correct)

RULE 14 .

Omission of articles before “man”, “Government”, “Company”.

Examples:

1. He should avoid the evil company. (Incorrect)

He should avoid evil company. (Correct)

2. The man is mortal. (Incorrect)

Man is mortal. (Correct)

3. The seat of the Government is in Islamabad. (Incorrect)

The seat of Government is in Islamabad. (Correct)

Omissions of articles before Abstract, Material and proper names.

1. He always speaks the truth. (Incorrect)

He always speaks truth. (Correct)

2. The gold is a precious metal. (Incorrect)

Gold is a precious metal. (Correct)

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3. The Aslam is an intelligent boy. (Incorrect)

Aslam is an intelligent boy. (Correct)

RULE 15 .
The following words take no continuous form:

intend, feel, like, love, want, desire, forgive, wish, care, hate, like, hear,
smell, realize, understand, mean, own, belong, hope, signify, seem, etc

Examples:
1. I am intending to go abroad. (Incorrect)
I intend to go abroad.. (Correct)

2. I am liking my friend. (Incorrect)

I like my friend. (Correct)

3. I am loving you. (Incorrect)

I love you. (Correct)

* Possessive cases of personal pronouns do not take apostrophe’s.

e.g. Your’s affectionately. (Incorrect)

Yours affectionately. (Correct)

* Apostrophe’s is used with two or more possessive pronouns.

e.g. Have you read Ghalib and Faiz’s poetry?. (Incorrect)

Have you read Ghalib’s and Faiz’s poetry? (Correct)

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. ERROR ANALYSIS .

Directions: Point out which underlined part of the following sentence is not acceptable in
Standard English.

1. Let me say once and for all that between you and I there can be no further friendship.
A B C D

No error.
E

2. He proved to his own satisfaction that he was as shrewd as, if not shrewder than, she.
A B C D

No error.
E

3. The following description together with the drawing, present a master plan for the
A B C

development of the airport. No error.

D E

4. Each of the nurses were scrupulously careful about personal cleanliness. No error.
A B C D E

5. I enjoy eating in good restaurants and to go to the theater afterwards. No error.

A B C D E

6. She is living in town for only two years, yet she seems to be acquainted with everyone
A B C

who comes into the store. No error.

D E

7. He is the only one of my older relatives who have never criticized my taste in music.
A B C D

No. Error.
E

8. Programs such as Head Start were developed to prepare children from deprived
A B C

situations to enter school without to experience unusual difficulties. No error.

D E

9. Since lighting was probably significant in the formation of life, understanding it

A
.

might help us to understanding life itself. No error.

B C D E

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10. Starfishes and sea urchins, members of the echinoderms or spiny skinned animals

are particularly interested because of their unusual structures. No error.

A

11. Almost poetry is more enjoyable when it is read aloud. No error.

A B

12. It is essential that cancer is diagnosed and treated as early as possible in order

to assure a successful cure. No error.

D

13. Vasco da Gama, accompanied by a large crew and a fleet of twenty ships were

trying to establish Portuguese domination in Africa and India during the

C

sixteenth century. No error.

14. Gold, Silver and Copper coins are often alloyed with harder metals to make them

hard as enough to withstand wear. No error.

D

15. A vine climbs from one tree to another, continuing to grow and support itself even

when the original supporting tree is not longer alive. No error.

16. After Dr. Werner, Arber discovered restriction enzymes, Dr. Daniel Nathan

Hamilton Smith and him were awarded the Nobel Prize for their research in that

field. No error.
E

17 The first laser is made by an American Scientist called Theodore Maiman working
A B

in California in 1960. No error.

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18. Every athlete has their own way of preparing to a game. No error.
A B

19. We had swam across the lake before the sun rose. No error.
A B C

20. I know that you will enjoy receiving flowers that smell so sweetly. No error.
A B

21. He is at least ten years older then she is. No error.

A B C D E

22. Reading, writing and revising seem to be the principal activities of the graduate
A B C D

student. No error.
E

23. The color of his eyes are brown. No error.

A B

24. When she graduates college, she will have to decide whether to continue her
A

studies or seek employment. No error.

E

25. I found one of them books that tell you how to build a model airplane. No error.
A B

26. Malaria is cause by a parasite carried by Anopheles mosquito, which in some

A B

regions has appeared in mutant strains, resistant to D.D.T. No error.

C

27. Not wanting them to be unnecessarily distressed, I didn’t tell them about our
A B C

mishap with the car. No error.

D E

28. By the time he reached the cabin, the mercury had dropped and his hands were
A B

nearly froze. No. error.

C D E

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29. We ought to set our prejudices aside and except each other as equals. No error.
A B C D E

30. Lifeguards have been known to effect rescues even during tumultuous storms.
A B C D

No error.
E

31. The clerk who had fainted told me that he felt alright, so I did not make out an
A B C D

accident report. No error.

E

32 Venomous snakes with modified teeth connected to poison glands in which the venom
A B C
Is secreted and stored.
33. When Columbus seen the New World, he thought that he had reached the East Indies by way
A B C D
of western route.
34. Many birds will, in course of their migrations, flying more than three thousand miles to reach
A B C D
their winter homes.
35. In today’s competitive markets, even small business had better to advertise on TV and radio in
A B C
order to gain share of the market.
D
36. Please don’t parking in those spaces that have signs reserving them for the office staff.
A B C D
37. Many people with spinal cord injuries can, with the help of computer implants, recovering some of
A B C
their mobility.
D
38. Because doctors are treating more people for skin cancer, it is widely believed that changes in
A B C
the protective layers of the earth’s atmosphere must be produce harmful effects now.
D
39. Too much water makes plants turning brown on the edges of their leaves.
A B C D
40. Doctors agree that the fluid around the spinal cord helps the nourish the brain.
A B C D
41. If you don’t register before the last day of regular registration, you paying a late fee.
A B C D
42. If drivers obeyed the speed limit, fewer accidents occur.
A B C D

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43. A temporary driver’s permit lets the learner drives with another licensed driver in the car.
A B C D
44. Work is often measure in units called foot pounds.
A B C D
45. That is believed that most of the earthquakes in the world occur near the youngest mountain
A B C D
ranges the Himalayas, the Andes and sierra Navadas.
46. The money needed to start and continue operating a business known as capital.
A B C D
47. It is believed that by the year 2000 a space station will been constructed between the earth
A B C D
and the moon.
48. It is essential the practice a foreign language in order to retain a high level of proficiency.
A B C D
49. A space is the last frontier for man to conquer.
A B C D
50. The bodies of cold blooded animals have the same temperature their surroundings, but those
A B C
of warm blooded animals do not.
D
51. Despite its smaller size the Indian ocean is as deep the Atlantic.
A B C D
52. Although business practices have been applied successfully to agriculture, farming is different
A B C D
other industries.
53. Many of the problems associated with aging such as disorientation and irritability may result
A B
from to eat an unbalanced diet.
C D
54. According to many educators television should not become a replacement for good teachers
A B C
and neither are computers.
D
55. It is believed that a people could live on Mars with little life support because the atmosphere is
A B C
similar to that of earth.
D
56. A progress has been made toward finding a cure for AIDS.
A B C D
57. When there is a few money remaining after all expenses have been paid, we say that a small economic
A B C
surplus or profit has been created.
D

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58. Albert Einstein was such brilliant a scientist that many of his colleagues had to study for several
years in order to form opinion about his theories.
A B C D

59. Mercury is not often visible because it is so near the sun to be seen.
A B C D
60. When two products are basically the same as advertising can influence the public’s choice.
A B C D
61. The first living structure to appear on earth thousands of years ago was alike viruses.
A B C D
62. The function of pain is to warn the individual of danger so he can take action to avoid more serious
damage.
A B C D
63. Although there are exceptions as whole the male of the bird species is more brilliantly coloured.
A B C D
64. Humming birds move their wings so rapid a way that they appear to be hanging in the air.
A B C D
65. Before television became so popular, people used to entertain each other in the evening by playing
games, saying stories and singing songs.
D A B C
66. The neutron bomb provides the capable of a limited nuclear war in which buildings would be
preserved but people would be destroyed.
A B C D
67. Electrical disturbances on Earth are frequently caused with storm on the surface of the sun.
A B C D
68. Many people have stopped to smoke because they are afraid that it may be harmful to their health.
A B C D
69. If a live sponge is broken into pieces would turn into a new sponge like the original one.
A B C D
70. Work is often measure in units called foot pounds.
A B C D

71. If a rash occurs within twenty-four hours after taking a new medication the treatment should be
discontinued
A B C D
72. It was her Elizabeth I, not her father king Henry, who led England into the age of Empire.
A B C D
73. In 1950 it was naively predicted that eight or ten computer would be sufficient to handle all of the
scientific and business needs in the U.S.
A B C D

74. A progress has been made toward finding a cure.

A B C D

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75. Which tiles on Skylab were the only equipment that failed to perform well in outer space?
A B C D
76. One kind of tool that was popular during the Stone Age was a flake, used for cutting and scraping.
A B C D
77. Although almost all insects have six legs, a immature insect may not have any.
A B C D
78. Labour Day is always celebrated on first day in May.
A B C D
79. It is not surprised that the Arabs, possessed a remarkable gift for astronomy mathematics and
A B
geometry were also skilful mapmakers.
C D
80. Of all the reference materials, the encyclopedia is the one that most people using.
A B C D
81. One can live without water for about ten days because almost 60 percent of their body is water.
A B C D
82. To Producing one ton of coal it may be necessary to strip as much as thirty tons of rock.
A B C D
83. An usual treatment for the anemia is to drink plenty of liquids.
A B C D
84. Some teachers argue that students who used to using a calculator may forget how to do mental
calculation.
A B C D
85. It is most beautiful tree in our garden.
A B C D
86. The ships of our country have entered Indian Ocean.
A B C D
87. Where is the person which you wanted to see?
B C D
88. This problem is too much difficult for me to solve.
A B C D
89. He does not have some devotion to his studies.
A B C D
90. He is the youngest and more intelligent of my three sons.
A B C D
91. The ship was drowned and the sailors were drowned in the sea.
A B C D
92. The sceneries of Kashmir are worth-seeing
A B C D
93. Either the mother or the son are in the house.
A B C D

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94. Neither Rashid nor his father were present.

A B C D
95. His brother together with his sons have not reached as yet.
A B C D
96. The number of students in this college are not large.
A B C D
97. I have bought ten dozens eggs in two hundred rupees.
A B C D
98. The doctor adviced him to take a dose of medicine every third hour
A B C D
99. We took a sigh of relief in reaching our destination.
A B C D
100. He has a large number of dependents who have no else to support them.
A B C D
101. Islamic law does not discriminate in the rich and the poor.
A B C D
102. The police suspects the male servant of the house responsible with the theft.
A B C D
103. There have been heavy rainfall yesterday.
A B C D
104. Neither the head constable nor other policemen is injured.
A B C D
105. The two first chapters of this book are well written.
A B C D
106. People will blame you with wasting your time.
A B C D
107. I am with the need of a good advice.
A B C D
108. I have no influence with that man.
A B C D
109. No compliant has been lodged on him.
A B C D
110. Being an experience sailor he is quite familiar with the fury of storm.
A B C D
111. He is one of the best students who has won the scholarships.
A B C D
112. The number of students in this college are not large.
A B C D
113. Many a flower are born to blush unseen.
A B C D

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114. The students of this school are better than those in that school.
A B C D
115. The boy which stands first shall get a prize.
A B C D
116. Rashid is much the wisest student of the two.
A B C D
117. Islamabad is further from Lahore than Jhelum.
A B C D
118. The teacher was very surprised at his conduct.
A B C D
119. Almost each day the news of strikes is seen in the newspaper columns.
A B C D
120. If I had not hold him back he would have beaten you soundly.
A B C D
121. He was overcame with emotions on seeing his son back home after long time.
A B C D
122. He asked his servant what he has done with his watch.
A B C D
123. Every citizen who want to cast his vote should take time to form an opinion
A B C D
124. Despite my effort to fix my thoughts on the problem it wandered.
A B C D
125. He is innocent though a large amount of people consider him guilty.
A B C D
126. Any worker wishing to submit their request should do so today.
A B C D
127. Last year he only has two week vacation but this year he has taken a long leave.
A B C D
128. Don’t you agree that one’s devotion to do his work is worth admiring.
A B C D
129. Despite his age his skill at tennis seems more greatly than what it was.

A B C D
130. The reason of his being such a success is because he never gives up.
A B C D
131. My friend’s presence gave me courage and I spoke from my own thought and not his.
A B C D
132. Ali was noticeably upset by how indignant he responded to his suggestion.
A B C D

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133. He was suffering from this disease more severe than his brother.
A B C D
134. It was quite clear that the two friends trusted one another.
A B C D
135. I have been trying to make friendship with him.
A B C D
136. After working for some time he lost his heart.
A B C D
137. When he was walking in the street he was arrested.
A B C D
138. Without my information he took away my pen.
A B C D
139. This book looks more good than the other one.
A B C D
140. Whom do you think will be elected?
A B C D
141. He has been trying since two years.
A B C D
142. A female employee bring a suit against the company, charging that she had not been granted
A B C
seniority on the same basis as the company’s male employees.
D
143. By next December, I have been working in the sale department for just over a year.
A B C D
144. The student association would appreciate hearing from anyone which is interested in organizing a theater
club.
A B C D
145. Although they have both done quite a lot of sightseeing, neither Muzammil or Wajid has ever seen the swat
valley.
A B C D

146. In spite of their having been no advance warning, none of them panicked when the earthquake hit.
A B C D

147. He explained in the interview that he had begun studying flute at the age of six and giving his first
concert. A B C
D
148. Anthropologists who have examined the fossils recently unearthed in Burma suggests that they may represent
the common ancestor of apes and monkeys. A B C
D

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149. Each of the mothers at the audition believed their own child to be the most talented and charming of the
group.
A B C D
150. Regardless of the amount of obstacles to be overcome, the programme will be a success.
A B C D
151. If you stand up in the boat, jumping around and wave your arms, you’re likely to capsize it.
A B C D
152. High blood pressure, as the name implies, is persistent alleviation of blood pressure above normal
levels.
A B C D
153. No one present not even the contestants themselves, were more anxious about the outcome of the
game.
A B C D
154. Many expectant mothers never think about the fact that once they have had the baby then you will
have to take care of it twenty-four hours a day.
A B C D

155. Everyone in the class except my friend and I has already taken the introductory political science
course.
A B C D
156. The “Greenhouse Effect” refers to the raise in average world resulting from increased amounts of
A B C D
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

157. Turning out in large numbers despite the rain, the people voted heavy in favour of the controversial
A B C D
proposition.
158. Because they had spent too many time considering the new contract the students lost the opportunity to
A B C D
lease the apartment.

159. These televisions are all too expensive for we to buy at this time, but perhaps we will return later.
A B C D
160. After she had bought himself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.
A B C D
161. George has not completed the assignment yet, and Maria hasn’t neither.
A B C D
162. Rashid decided to buy in the morning a new car, but in the afternoon he changed his mind.
A B C D
163. After Rashid had returned to his house, he was reading a book.
A B C D

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164. Many theories on conserving the purity of water has been proposed but not one has been as widely accepted
as this one.
A B C D
165. After Haris eaten dinner, he wrote several letters and went to bed.
A B C D
166. Because Rashid and Azeem had done all of the work theirselves, they were unwilling to give the results to
Khalid.
A B C D
167. Despite the time of the year, yesterday’s temperature was enough hot to turn on the air
conditioning.
A B C D
168. The little boy’s mother bought him a five-speeds racing bicycle for his birthday.
A B C D
169. Standing among so many strangers the frightened child began to sob uncontrollable.
A B C D
170. Although the quantity was small, we had supplies enough to finish the experiment.
A B C D
171. The statement will be spoken just one time; therefore you must listen very careful in order to
A B
understand what the speaker has said.
C D

172. Every woman should vote for the candidate of their choice.
A B C D
173. In the relatively short history of industrial developing in the United States, New York City has played a
vital role.
A B C D
174. As the demand increases, manufactures who previously produced only a large, luxury car is compelled
A B
to make a smaller model in order to compete in the market.
C D
175. For the first time in the history of the country, the person which was recommended by the president
to replace a retiring justice in the Supreme Court is a woman. A B
C D

176. The sun rose before I got up

A B C D

177. You lied with me.

A B C D

178. He has gone away in London for two weeks.

A B C D

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179. It is long since we met last.

A B C D

180. I am waiting for you since morning.

A B C D

181. The teacher called names.

A B C D

182. Sign your name with ink.

A B C D

183. No sooner did he arrive then he cried with pain.

A B C D

184. Two sailors sank to death.

A B C D

185. He is keen to sing in the party.

A B C D

186. I object to you saying that.

A B C D

187. I hope you don’t mind I being here.

A B C D

188. Sher Shah Suri dug wells across India.

A B C D

189. If you will help me, I shall be successful.

A B C D

190. Unless you don’t try hard, you won’t get the job.
A B C D

191. So long as you work hard, you have no problem with your course.
A B C D

192. The princess was very beautiful that the prince loved her at first sight.
A B C D

193. Reshman looks so beautiful as Neelofer.

A B C D

194. She was in a relaxed, confidant mood.

A B C D

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195. The bride looked too beautiful in her white bridal dress.
A B C D

196. He felt angry about the injustice of the situation.

A B C D

197. The poor child looks more died than alive.

A B C D

198. He worked hard and at last successed in the business.

A B C D

199. She is known by her scholarship.

A B C D

200. We discussed about the matter in detail.

A B C D

201. He writes letters since morning.

A B C D

202. The reason because he failed was his improper strategy.

A B C D

203. The jury give their verdict today.

A B C D

204. The jury is divided in its verdict.

A B C D

205. Many a boy play in the ground.

A B C D

206. A bird sits on a tree.

A B C D

207. No less than fifty enemy soldiers were killed.

A B C D

208. Many a man were drowned in the sea.

A B C D

209. Khan as well as his ten friends are going.

A B C D

210. I had scarcely entered the room than the phone rang.
A B C D

211. He felt angry about the injustice of the situation.

A B C D

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212. The driver as well as the cleaner were seriously injured.

A B C D

213. I always feeling well and thanking Allah whole-heartedly.

A B C D

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. PREPOSITION .
Directions: Read the passage and fill in each blank with an appropriate preposition.
(Not all of the prepositions have been deleted.) Some blanks may use more than one
word.

All's Quiet at the Convent

The sound _________ a small plane ________ my head interrupted my thoughts. The plane
was very close to the earth _______ the airstrip _______ the valley. I took my binoculars
________ their case and focused on the plane below. It rolled to a stop _________ one
_______ the buildings ________ the convent. To my surprise a woman got out dressed
______________ a long black dress ______________ a straw hat _______ her head.
She tied the plane down and headed into the convent. I decided to pay a visit __________
the convent.
As I approached the convent, I found a young nun working __________ the garden the
main house. She looked ________ me with suspicion. I greeted her and explained I was a
guest of Mr. Fitch. Her manner changed. and, without speaking. she invited me into the
house.
There was a group __________ nuns sitting around a table waiting ___________ someone
or something. It looked very strange: five nuns sitting __________ a table with nothing
________ it but a record player.
They looked up, and the young nun gestured toward the Fitch home to explain ____ words
where I had come from. The nuns nodded but no one spoke. The young nun took a seat
___________ the table. There was one empty chair, but no one invited me to sit ________
it. I stood in awkward silence and they sat _________ thoughtful calm.
I noticed some records _______ a shelf; all were religious songs; but one had no label. I
picked it up out _________ curiosity. The second I picked it up, every nun lifted her finger
_________ her lips to warn me to be silent. I imitated the gesture and put the record
___________ the table. Now I was really curious to know what the record was.
I wondered if this was a group ___________ nun that never spoke. If that was so, how did
they teach Sonia? How could the mute teach the blind? In the distance a bell began to ring;
all the nuns rose _________ their chairs and left the room and me. No one made a motion
for me to follow them so I stayed __________ the table.
The record player _______ the middle of the table _______ this room with no other
furnishings seemed out _______ place. I picked up the record ________ a label again. I
placed it ________ the machine and started it. I heard the familiar sounds ______ the
Adagio that I had heard in the Fitch home coming from Sonia's record player. Someone else
heard it too, A door quickly opened and a woman walked directly ________ the record
player; she lifted the record from the machine. She turned to me and said. “This is the quiet
hour,” and then left the room. The woman in the black dress with the straw hat had spoken.

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. PREPOSITIONS PLUS GERUNDS .

Directions: Read each sentence and fill in the blanks with one of the following
prepositions. More than one answer may be corrected.

instead by
without for
besides of
about

2. The police arrested someone ________ breaking into the house.

3. The student became proficient in English ________ speaking everyday.
4. We had a lot of time so we decided to tour the whole United States ______
just going to New York.
5. Our English club has been thinking __________ putting on a play.
6. We were only able to finish the project _________ working night and day.
7. They were excited _______ winning the lottery.
8. You are capable _________ doing your homework yourself.
9. _________ working a forty-hour week, he studies at the university in the
evening too.
10. The team won _________ scoring more points.
11. They went to the movies _________ getting our permission.
12. We get tired ______ hearing the same old jokes.
13. He was rewarded __________ being first in his class.

PRACTICE EXERCISE:
1. The players agreed to abide_________ the referee's decision
(a) with (b) by (c) in (d) into

2. Modern industry abounds____ opportunities for young people with good scientific
qualifications.
(a) in (b) for (c) into (d) with

3. A junior cashier has absconded ten thousand rupees.

(a) in (b) for (c) to (d) with

4. The children were so absorbed_______ their game that they did not notice the passage of
time.
(a) into (b) for (c) in (d) with

5. He was abstained__________ salted food by the doctor.

(a) from (b) for (c) in (d) to

6. The committee regrets that it cannot accede_______ your request for a month's unpaid
leave.
(a) for (b) to (c) in (d) with

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7. My information does not accord______ the report which has just been presented.
(a) to (b) in (c) with (d) from

8. I have been accused______ many things in my life, but never of cowardice.

(a) for (b) of (c) with (d) in

9. You will soon get accustomed_______ the change of climate.

(a) to (b) for (c) in (d) with

10. The new teacher was very slow to adapt________ the unusual rules of the school.
(a) in (b) for (c) into (d) to

11. He became addicted_______ drugs at quite an early age.

(a) for (b) into (c) to (d) in

12. This point will adhere_______ any surface, whether rough or smooth.
(a) to (b) in (c) with (d) for

13. It is awful to be afflicted_________ a sense of inferiority.

(a) for (b) with (c) in (d) to

14. The debate adjourned_______ the following week.

(a) with (b) for (c) into (d) to

15. This college is affiliated_______ the Punjab university.

(a) to (b) in (c) for (d) with

16. Whether I pay or my wife pays amounts______ the same thing.

(a) to (b) in (c) into (d) for

17. The condemned man appealed_______ the court of mercy.

(a) in (b) into (c) with (d) to

18. Several committee members had not been apprised__________ the contents of the
documents.
(a) with (b) of (c) into (d) for

19. I certainly do not approved______ you riding your motorbike over the speed limit.
(a) in (b) with (c) of (d) for

20. The success of the project can be ascribed__ to the dogged efforts of ordinary members
of the team.
(a) to (b) in (c) for (d) with

21. My father will never assent_____ my spending a holiday abroad before I am16.
(a) for (b) to (c) with (d) in

22. The defence of the oil installation had been assigned_____ my regiment.
(a) to (b) with (c) into (d) in

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23. In less than sixty years of refugees from India had become fully assimilated______ the
local community.
(a) with (b) into (c) in (d) to

24. His mind is well attuned_______ to mine.

(a) to (b) for (c) into (d) in

25. This record enables me to balance______ the facts of my life and decide what to do with
it.
(a) up (b) in (c) with (d) upto

26. Realizing he could do nothing to save his aircraft, the pilot bailed_______.
(a) out (b) in (c) for (d) with

27. We did not exactly bargain______ him turning up like that, out of the blue.
(a) with (b) for (c) in (d) from

28. They had few essential supplies to begin______, so they had to improvise.
(a) with (b) to (c) in (d) from

29. We are trying to make sure that children who can best benefit______ foster care, do get.
(a) with (b) from (c) by (d) for

30. In their anxiety, prisoners would often blurt______ pieces of vital information.
(a) out (b) in (c) from (d) up

31. She shows the strain of bottled____ emotion.

(a) up (b) in (c) from (d) upto

32. He decided to break_____ from the party and seek re-election as an independent.
(a) with (b) away (c) up (d) in

33. There has been a complete break ____ of law and order.
(a) up (b) off (c) down (d) of

34. The plague broke______ in London that summer and hundred died.
(a) out (b) down (c) up (d) in

35. There has been an exciting new techno-logical break_______.

(a) through (b) down (c) in (d) for

36. Three minutes could bring________ this transformation.

(a) forth (b) about (c) into (d) with

37. I think we are agreed on the main points. Does anyone want to bring______ anything
further.
(a) up (b) around (c) down (d) about

38. South Africa brushed_____ the threat of tougher economic sanctions.

(a) off (b) of (c) down (d) about

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39. Jamil, who has been nervous and jumpy lately, suddenly burst_____ tears.
(a) in (b) into (c) on (d) with

40. The eagle swooped and carried________ a sleeping lizard.

(a) up (b) down (c) off (d) in

41. When one is adolescent one often gets caught up_____ one's thoughts and dreams.
(a) into (b) on (c) in (d) around

42. When Britain adopted the decimal system for its money, it changed_________ relatively
smoothly.
(a) over (b) for (c) to (d) in

43. A young officer was charged_______ the task 200 prisoners to the rear.
(a) for (b) by (c) in (d) with

44. When the man saw the police car, he cleared______ as fast as his legs could carry him.
(a) away (b) of (c) off (d) to

45. I am not saying I am useless, but machinery and modern techniques have come_______
to make me the odd man out.
(a) about (b) around (c) in (d) round

46. I came_______ an old friend in liberty market this morning.

(a) around (b) round (c) across (d) with

47. When he finally came round_______ writing the letter, he found h is feelings were easier
to express than he had expected.
(a) to (b) in (c) against (d) with

48. The modern child finds it difficult to conceive_______ a time when there was not radio
or TV.
(a) for (b) of (c) in (d) up

49. The two were found guilty of robbery, and condemned______ four years imprisonment.
(a) with (b) for (c) to (d) into

50. When everyone has been conferred______ perhaps I can give you an answer.
(a) with (b) to (c) for (d) up

51. The policemen's story conflicts_________ that of the accused.

(a) from (b) to (c) with (d) in

52. Confronted______ the evidence of half a dozen witnesses, the accused broke down and
confessed.
(a) to (b) with (c) in (d) of

53. If you want to converse_______ Japanese people, why don't you start learning Japanese?
(a) in (b) to (c) with (d) into

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54. In this engine the rotary section corresponds_______ the cylinders of conventional
model.
(a) to (b) with (c) in (d) on

55. You can always count __________ Zaheer for help when you are in difficulties
(a) in (b) into (c) to (d) on

56. Why are so many of us credited_______ so little intelligence and self-determination?

(a) with (b) upon (c) for (d) in

57. The truth about the human condition dawns_____ those who have the humility to
recognize their unimportance
(a) upon (b)_ in (c) with (d) into

58. They are bad people to deal__________, always late in delivery dates.
(a) in (b) with (c) into (d) upon

59. You will notice water rising in the tube; now that do you deduce_________ that?
(a) from (b) in (c) with (d) for

60. I felt I must defer________ my host's judgment.

(a) in (b) for (c) to (d) from

61. He was momentarily deflected_________ this train of thought by a knock on the door.
(a) with (b) in (c) into (d) from

62. The rules were rigid in principle, sometimes departed________ in practice.

(a) upon (b) on (c) from (d) of

63. But the splendid occasion reminded him bitterly of the opportunities he had himself
been deprived______.
(a) of (b) from (c) with (d) out

64. After being cut off from the main party for two weeks they began to despair ______
rejoining their companions.
(a) from (b) in (c) of (d) on

65. They could not be deviated______ what they believed to be their duty.
(a) for (b) with (c) from (d) to

66. As boys, we had various ways of making the history professor distress________ the
subject of the lesson.
(a) in (b) on (c) with (d) from

67. You may dislike having to depend upon him, but it will be sometime before you can
dispense______ his help altogether.
(a) with (b) in (c) to (d) from

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68. The upper classes may be dispossessed______ their special powers and privileges by a
slow process of evolution.
(a) from (b) of (c) with (d) in

69. The main cylinder will have to be drained_______ before I can change the fittings.
(a) from (b) with (c) off (d) in

70. He looked causally to left and right and, when the flow of traffic had eased___, crossed
the road.
(a) off (b) from (c) of (d) in

71. The strength of the European community emanates _________ the prosperous
economies of relatively few member states.
(a) with (b) from (c) around (d) to

72. I apologize for encroaching________ your valuable time, but I should appreciate your
advice in an important matter.
(a) Upon (b) in (c) from (d) on

73. The estate was so encumbered_______ debts that it was not worth buying.
(a) with (b) in (c) from (d) into

74. That a man should become so engrossed______ a pursuit that he risks his life on a
mountain needs explanation.
(a) with (b) for (c) into (d) in

75. He had become a sort of sub-editor, entrusted_______ hiring other members of staff.
(a) in (b) for (c) with (d) to

76. The young women were escorted_______ the court by their solicitor.
(a) from (b) with (c) up (d) off

77. After a lengthy inquiry, the management was exonerated______ any responsibility for
the fire that destroyed the factory.
(a) in (b) from (c) for (d) to

78. Time has expunged__________ his memory all recollections of these terrible events.
(a) from (b) with (c) in (d) out

79. Naeem neatly fended_________ a thrust at his chest.

(a) in (b) off (c) of (d) from

80. No, he cannot go, I have not finished________ him yet!

(a) with (b) in (c) from (d) to

81. Do not flinch___________ the facts!

(a) with (b) in (c) from (d) off

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82. Do not rest on your success follow_________ your success and start looking for new
markets.
(a) up (b) in (c) to (d) with

83. Bandits raided the Habib Bank in Lahore this morning and got away______ over 10
million rupees.
(a) from (b) with (c) to (d) for

84. If it is very urgent, I may be able to got hold_________ the doctor for your during the
lunch hour.
(a) of (b) in (c) off (d) from

85. It was amazing that preparations for the landing were not got wind_______ by the
enemy.
(a) in (b) from (c) of (d) into

86. Raza has to get off________ people because he cannot get on with them.
(a) from (b) among (c) to (d) with

87. If the fire-station had been got on____________ at once, the hotel might have been
saved.
(a) to (b) into (c) with (d) from

88. He insisted that she remained in house, and got on___________ her book.
(a) to (b) with (c) from (d) in

89. I wish I could get out___________ going to the party this evening; I don't feel like
standing around making polite conversation for three hours.
(a) of (b) from (c) with (d) on

90. There were a number of linguistic problems to be got_________ in preparing the text of
the treaty.
(a) with (b) off (c) from (d) over

91. Ammunition could not be got through________ the garrison, and they were forced to
surrender.
(a) in (b) to (c) over (d) with

92. General Zia was a much more able president then he is given credit_______.
(a) in (b) for (c) to (d) with

93. All papers must be given______ before 12:30 p.m. candidates failing to observe this rule
may be disqualified.
(a) in (b) on (c) to (d) with

94. Give______ shoving! You will have me off this chair in a minute=.
(a) to (b) upon (c) on (d) out

95. The general was content to give_________ a few miles of desert and retreat to a
stronger, fortified line.

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(a) up (b) in (c) on (d) out.

96. The public were warned not to grapple______ the fugitive, as he was armed and
dangerous.
(a) with (b) in (c) on (d) to

97. When Farooq was offered a trip to Hong Kong by his employers he grasped______ it
with both hands.
(a) over (b) on (c) at (d) in

98. Don’t let go, hang__________ tight.

(a) on (b) in (c) over (d) at

99. His temperament does not harmonize__________ a slow, even pace of life.
(a) with (b) in (c) to (d) into

100. Starting a new business is hedged________ with financial and staffing problems.
(a) in (b) about (c) out (d) over

101. Their life was hedged_____ with petty restrictions.

(a) around (b) about (c) round (d) at

102. What the best one could hope_____ was to attract no attention either way.
(a) for (b) with (c) in (d) to

103. The streets were littered with stones and bottles hurled_______ the policemen.
(a) on (b) at (c) upon (d) to

104. When a body is immersed_________ a fluid it apparently loses weight.

(a) with (b) to (c) on (d) in

105. The cabinet was impelled________ extreme measures.

(a) to (b) on (c) with (d) in

106. The revolutionary leaders implanted_______ the peasants the determination to take
and own the land on which they worked.
(a) on (b) down (c) in (d) at

107. As there was no train until the late evening he had to imposed himself_________ his
hosts for longer than he had intended.
(a) on (b) in (c) with (d) from

108. All the swimmers have improved________ their previous best performance.
(a) from (b) on (c) in (d) to

109. The Government has incorporated______ the bill many suggestions put forward by the
opposition.
(a) into (b) in (c) from (d) to

110. Raza would indulge _________ a short sleep in his arm chair.

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(a) in (b) on (c) upon (d) to

111. He was profoundly and physically infatuated________ her.

(a) to (b) with (c) from (d) after

112. The whole class was infected______ the teacher's enthusiasm fro the subject.
(a) with (b) to (c) from (d) in

113. It is reassuring to have friends enquire_____ you when you are ill.
(a) from (b) in (c) for (d) after

114. An attractive feature of the course was the way the practical work had been
integrated________ the theoretical aspects.
(a) with (b) in (c) into (d) to

115. Nothing must be allowed to interface________ our search for the truth.
(a) with (b) into (c) from (d) upon.

116. My lord, it is obvious that the witness is being intimidated______ remaining silent.
(a) upon (b) into (c) for (d) in

117. The director was aware that he was being intrigued______, but he had no means of
finding out how and by whom.
(a) against (b) upon (c) with (d) into

118. Recent events were jumbled______- in her mind with scenes recalled from early
childhood.
(a) with (b) up (c) over (d) around

119. Is this the way to Lahore? 'Yes just keep________ till you reach Ravi Bridge; then you
will see the signs of Lahore.
(a) on (b) up (c) onto (d) about

120. The woman threw her coat on a chair kicked________ her shoes.
(a) on (b) of (c) off (d) in

121. Our elder son has been knocking________ the Europe for several months. We don't
know exactly where he is or what he is doing.
(a) about (b) round (c) into (d) through

122. The driver was knocked_______ at the moment of impact, and could remember
nothing of how the accident happened.
(a) out (b) in (c) about (d) off

123. The editor laboured_________ the manuscript till early morning.

(a) in (b) over (c) into (d) upon

124. It seemed that he was going to lash out______________ her but he controlled himself.
(a) at (b) in (c) on (d) to

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125. If he offered me a small part in his production, I'd leap_______ the chance.
(a) at (b) on (c) onto (d) over

126. The decorations can be left____ for another day.

(a) up (b) over (c) on (d) into

127. I'll be lenient this time, but you won't be left_____ again.
(a) off (b) in (c) from (d) with

128. Who let_______ the details of the reshuffle in the department?

(a) to (b) out (c) over (d) with

129. If you won't level________ me we are not going to get anywhere.

(a) with (b) in (c) from (d) for

130. He always limbered_____ before his afternoon match.

(a) on (b) in (c) from (d) for

131. Today these practices are no more, but their memories linger__________.
(a) off (b) in (c) on (d) upon.

132. I wish you'd stop listening________ to my private conversations.

(a) in (b) on (c) upon (d) over

133. You have lost all your money; now you must learn to live______ the situation.
(a) into (b) in (c) for (d) with

134. We can not live_________ our moral pretension.

(a) upto (b) into (c) upon (d) onto

135. A formal complaint is being lodged__________ the police inspector.

(a) to (b) with (c) on (d) upon

136. It is a bleak look_________ for anyone hoping for quick profit.

(a) on (b) in (c) out (d) into

137. Her letters betray of desperate desire not to lose touch_______ her beloved.
(a) in (b) from (c) to (d) with

138. I have heard many stories of bright young research workers being lured_______ only to
find their position change for the work.
(a) out (b) from (c) away (d) around

139. She was marked________ by a fiery temper and a strain of intolerance.

(a) of (b) off (c) in (d) into

140. He was keen enough, but he simply did not match________ the demands of the job.
(a) into (b) upto (c) from (d) for

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141. Some body has been meddling________ the photographs I laid down so carefully.
(a) from (b) up (c) to (d) upto

142. It would take someone with the wisdom of Solomon to mediate_______ these two
both are so uttering convinced they are in the right.
(a) between (b) in (c) among (d) from

143. As a bright young recruit, he was moved______ from our department to author to gain
experience.
(a) round (b) around (c) away (d) in

144. We are moving_______ to new examination system.

(a) in (b) with (c) over (d) from.

145. The region is noted_______ its cattle.

(a) for (b) in (c) with (d) on

146. He is totally opposed_______ any change in the existing law.

(a) in (b) from (c) to (d) for

147. Javed was ousted________ his post as a result of maneuverings by departmental rivals.
(a) upon (b) off (c) into (d) from

148. He is not easily parted __________ his money.

(a) from (b) with (c) to (d) up

149. There high standards of craftsmanship have been passed______ ever four generations.
(a) on (b) down (c) in (d) to

150. All this anger that's pent_______ inside him has to break out from time to time.
(a) in (b) on (c) with (d) up.

151. He was very worried, so I suggested he could use some of the money, she parked_____
at that.
(a) up (b) on (c) upon (d) in

152. The line of action, if persisted_______, could lead to disaster.

(a) into (b) from (c) in (d) on

153. She is not very quick at picking______ the language.

(a) with (b) on (c) up (d) in

154. After a day out in the field, they pitched_____ the food with a rare appetite.
(a) onto (b) into (c) upon (d) over

155. Local businessmen pitched______ an offer of Rs.1,00,000 to cover advertising cost.

(a) in on (b) into (c) in with (d) in for

156. They are planning_______ a three-fold increase in student number.

(a) for (b) into (c) to (d) out

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157. Do you plan________ staying with us for ever?

(a) with (b) in (c) into (d) on

158. At this age, children enjoy playing____ pirates or kings.

(a) at (b) on (c) into (d) onto

159. The van broke through the bridge railing and plunged________ twenty feet or water.
(a) in (b) over (c) into (d) upon

160. He plunged_________ every debate organized by the society.

(a) to (b) in (c) upon (d) into

161. What are you doing poking______ among my private papers.

(a) about (b) around (c) in (d) into

162. The rest of the pudding was polished_______ by the children.

(a) away (b) in (c) off (d) of

163. The class teacher would pounce_______ every slip the child made, however, slight.
(a) with (b) on (c) in (d) down

164. Retiring members of the Board were precluded________ seeking re-election for three
years.
(a) for (b) with (c) from (d) in

165. He was presented_____________ the keys of the city.

(a) with (b) in (c) for (d) to

166. They appear deter-mined to press ahead______ plants to increase the rate of income
tax.
(a) in (b) with (c) to (d) on

167. It is helpful in probing_______ the problem to make a statement about (the patient's)
mental health and ill health.
(a) into (b) in (c) on (d) with

168. May we proceed_________ the election of the committee.

(a) in (b) from (c) for (d) to

169. A clause in the agreement provides_______ the arbitration of all disputes by an

independent body.
(a) for (b) with (c) in (d) to

170. She felt purged_____ all feelings of guilt.

(a) of (b) with (c) from (d) off

171. His arrival put heart________ his subordinates.

(a) to (b) with (c) into (d) in

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172. They did not put their trust________ the information they received from the well tried
and veteran staff of eighth army.
(a) in (b) on (c) with (d) into

173. Your proposal looks good on the paper, but I am not yet convinced it can be
put_______ effect.
(a) in (b) into (c) to (d) on

174. There is not much optimism in the air, but at least both sides are putting a brave
face______ proceedings.
(a) to (b) in (c) upon (d) on

175. Then what is the trouble? Nothing explicit that I can put my finger___________.
(a) on (b) in (c) into (d) for

176. A description of the wanted man has been put______ to all mobile police petrol.
(a) on (b) about (c) around (d) out

177. The committers proposals were put_____ us briefly and force-fully.

(a) with (b) to (c) on (d) over

178. I am sure we can solve this problem if we can put our mind_________ it.
(a) to (b) in (c) on (d) with

179. He has puzzled______ the figures for hours without being able to make head or tail of
them.
(a) on (b) over (c) with (d) from

180. You qualify_______ the vote, but Humza won't qualify till he is eighteen.
(a) for (b) to (c) with (d) on

181. Dangerous emissions radiate_________ plutonium.

(a) in (b) from (c) to (d) with

182. I tried to raise objection________ the situation, but it was no good.

(a) to (b) in (c) for (d) over.

183. He ranks_________ one of the most remarkable president of our time.

(a) with (b) as (c) on (d) at

184. Mr. Latif rattled_______ a list that seemed to contain everyone of any celebrity.
(a) in (b) on (c) off (d) to

185. I found his company unbearable. He could rattle________ for hours about absolutely
nothing at all.
(a) on (b) off (c) in (d) with

186. I am afraid he can not be reasoned________ making a public protest.

(a) to (b) into (c) for (d) out

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187. Investment in this area is reckoned_______ money poured down the drain.
(a) as (b) for (c) with (d) into

188. When you submit your claim, don't forget to reckon________ the money spent on
petrol.
(a) on (b) in (c) over (d) into

189. Water can be reduced_________ oxygen and hydrogen by electrolysis.

(a) to (b) from (c) on (d) out.

190. The minister referred________ the importance to the nation of increased exports.
(a) in (b) to (c) with (d) onto

191. I wish he would refrain________ scattering his ash all over the carpet.
(a) in (b) into (c) to (d) from

192. If you would like to put in an application I am sure it will be regarded______ sympathy.
(a) with (b) for (c) on (d) from

193. He thought himself amply reimbursed________ the loss of his cycle.

(a) from (b) with (c) for (d) in

194. He is not the kind of man to rejoice________ other people's misfortunes.

(a) on (b) at (c) into (d) with

195. He was glad to be relieved__________ some of the detailed paperwork of the project.
(a) of (b) in (c) from (d) for

196. The quality of his work has often been remarked_________ by his superiors.
(a) for (b) on (c) upon (d) onto

197. There is little point in remonstrate________ Raza. He won't listen to reason.

(a) with (b) for (c) to (d) from

198. The Government cannot be reproached________ neglect of the elderly.

(a) for (b) with (d) in (d) to

199. He resorted________ asking his friend for money.

(a) to (b) in (c) for (d) from

200. It rests_________ you to settle your differences as best as you can.

(a) with (b) in (c) on (d) to

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ANSWER KEY:

1 b 41 c 81 c 121 a 161 a
2 a 42 a 82 a 122 a 162 c
3 d 43 d 83 b 123 b 163 b
4 c 44 b 84 a 124 a 164 c
5 a 45 a 85 c 125 a 165 a
6 b 46 c 86 d 126 a 166 b
7 c 47 a 87 a 127 a 167 a
8 b 48 b 88 b 128 b 168 d
9 a 49 c 89 a 129 a 169 a
10 d 50 a 90 d 130 b 170 a
11 c 51 c 91 b 131 c 171 c
12 a 52 b 92 b 132 a 172 a
13 b 53 c 93 a 133 d 173 b
14 d 54 a 94 d 134 a 174 d
15 a 55 d 95 a 135 b 175 a
16 a 56 a 96 a 136 c 176 d
17 d 57 a 97 c 137 d 177 b
18 b 58 b 98 a 138 c 178 a
19 c 59 a 99 a 139 a 179 b
20 a 60 c 100 b 140 b 180 a
21 b 61 d 101 a 141 b 181 b
22 a 62 c 102 a 142 a 182 a
23 b 63 a 103 b 143 b 183 b
24 a 64 c 104 d 144 c 184 c
25 a 65 c 105 a 145 a 185 a
26 a 66 d 106 c 146 c 186 b
27 b 67 a 107 a 147 d 187 a
28 a 68 b 108 b 148 a 188 b
29 c 69 c 109 b 149 b 189 a
30 a 70 a 110 a 150 d 190 b
31 a 71 b 111 b 151 a 191 d
32 b 72 a 112 a 152 c 192 a
33 c 73 a 113 d 153 c 193 c
34 a 74 d 114 a 154 b 194 b
35 a 75 c 115 a 155 c 195 a
36 b 76 a 116 b 156 a 196 c
37 a 77 b 117 a 157 d 197 a
38 a 78 a 118 b 158 a 198 b
39 b 79 b 119 a 159 c 199 a
40 c 80 a 120 c 160 d 200 a

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WORD-FORMATION! PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

COMMON SUFFIXES

A suffix is a syllable that is added to a word. Occasionally, it changes the meaning of

the word; more frequently, it serves to change the grammatically form of the word
(noun to adjective, adjective to noun, noun to verb).

Suffix Meaning Illustration

able, ible capable o (adjective suffix) portable able to carried
ligible able to be read

as, ic like, pertaining to cardiac pertaining to the heart

(adjective suffix) aquatic pertaining to the water

acious, icious full of (adjective suffix) audacious full of daring

avarious full of greed

al Pertaining to (adjective or maniacal insane portal doorway

noun suffix) logical pertaining to logic

ant, ent full of (adjective or noun) eloquent pertaining to fluid, effective

speech
suppliant pleader (person full of
requests)
verdant green

ary like, connected with dictionary book connected with words

(adjective or noun suffix) honorary with honor
luminary celestial body

ate to make (verb suffix) consecrate to make holy

enervate to make wear mitigate to make
less serve

ation that which is (noun suffix) exasperation irritation

irritation annoyance

cy state of being (noun suffix) democracy government ruled by the

people
obstinacy stubbornness

eer, er, or person who (noun suffix) mutineer person who rebels
lecher person who lusts
censor person who deletes improper
remarks

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Suffix Meaning Illustration

escent becoming (adjective suffix) evanescent tending to vanish
pubescent arriving at puberty

tic Making, doing terrific arousing great fear

(adjective suffix) soporific causing sleep

fy to make (noun suffix) magnify enlarge

petrify turn to stone

iferous producing, bearing pestiferous carrying disease

(adjective suffix) vociferous bearing a loud voice

il, ile pertaining to, capable of puerile pertaining to a boy or child

(adjective suffix) civil polite

ism doctrine, belief monotheism belief in one god

(noun suffix) fanaticism excessive zeal; extreme
belief

ist dealer, deor (noun suffix) realist one who is realistic

artist one who deals with art

ity state of being (noun suffix) credulity state of being unduly willing
to believe
sagacity wisdom

ive like (adjective suffix) quantitative concerned with quantity

effusive gushing

ize, ise to make (verb suffix) harmonize make harmonious

enfranchise make free or set free

oid resembling, like ovoid like an egg ,

(adjective suffix) anthropoid resembling a human being
spheroid resembling a sphere

ose full of (adjective suffix) verbose full of words

osis condition (noun suffix) psychosis diseased mental condition
hypnosis condition of induced sleep
ous full of (adjective suffix) nauseous full of nausea
ludicrous foolish
tude state of (noun suffix) fortitude state of strength
certitude state of sureness

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COMMON PREFIXES

A prefix is a syllable that precedes the root or stem and changes or refines its meaning.

Prefix Meaning Illustration

ab, sbs from, away from abduct lead away, kidnap
abjure renounce

ad, ac, af, ag, to, forward adit entrance

an, ap, ar, as, accord agreement, harmony
at affliction cause of distress
aggregation collection
annexation addition
appease bring toward peace
arraignment indictment
assumption arrogance, taking for
granted
attendance presence, the persons
present

ambi both ambiguous of double meaning

ambivalent having two conflicting
emotions

an, a without anarchy lack of government

amoral without moral sense

ante before antecedent preceding event or word

antediluvian ancient (before the flood)

Anti against, opposite antipathy hatred

antithetical exactly opposite

arch chief, first archetype original

archbishop chief bishop

Be over, thoroughly bedaub smear over

befuddle confuse thoroughly

Bi two bicameral composed of two houses

(Congress)
biennial every two years

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Prefix Meaning Illustration

Cata down catastrophe disaster
cataract waterfall
catapult hurl (throw down)

circum around circumnavigate sail around (the globe)

circumspect cautious (looking around)
circumscribe limit (place a circle around)

Com, co, col, with, together combine merge with

con, cor coeditor joint editor
collateral subordinate, connected
conference meeting
corroborate confirm

contra, contro against contravene conflict with

controversy dispute

de down, away debase lower in value

decadence deterioration

demi partly, half demigod partly divine being

di Two dichotomy division into two parts

dilemma choice between two bad
alternatives

Dia across diagonal across a figure

diameter distance across a circle

dis, dif not, apart discord lack of harmony

differ disagree (carry apart)

Dys faulty, bad dyslexia faulty ability to read

dyspepsia indigestion

ex, e out expel drive out

eject throw out

extra, extro beyond, outside extracurricular beyond the curricular

extraterritorial beyond a nation’s
bounds
extrovert person interested chiefly in
external objects and actions

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Prefix Meaning Illustration

hyper above, excessive hyperbole exaggeration
hyperventilate breathe at an excessive
rate

hypo beneath, lower hypoglycemia low blood sugar

in, il, im, ir not inefficient not efficient

inarticulate not clear or distinct
illegible not readable
impeccable not capable of sinning;
flawless
irrevocable not able to be called back

in, il, im, ir in, on, upon invite call in

illustration something that makes clear
impression effect upon mind or feelings
irradiate shine upon

inter between, among intervene come between

international between nations
interjection a statement thrown in

intra, intro within intramural within a school

introvert person who turns within
himself

macro large, long macrobiotic tending to prolong life

macrocosm the great world (the entire
universe)

mega great, million megalomania delusions of grandeur

megaton explosive force of a million
tons of TNT

meta involving change metamorphosis change of form

micro small microcosm miniature universe

microscopic extremely small

mis bad, improper misdemeanor minor crime, bad conduct

mischance unfortunate accident

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Prefix Meaning Illustration

mis hatred misanthrope person who hates mankind
misogynist woman-hater

mono one monarchy government by one ruler

monotheism belief in one god

multi many multifarious having many parts

multitudinous numerous

neo new Neologism newly coined word

newphyte beginner, novice

non not noncommittal undecided

ob, oc, of, op against obloquy infamy, disgrace

occulude close; block out
offend insult
opponent someone who struggles
against; foe

olig few oligarchy government by a few

pan all, every panacea cure-all

panorama unobstructed view in all
directions

para beyond, related parallel similar

paraphrase restate; translate

per through, completely permeable allowing passage through

pervade spread throughout

peri around, near perimeter outer boundary

periphery edge

poly many polyglot speaking several language

post after posthumous after death

pre before preamble introductory statement

premonition forewarning

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Prefix Meaning Illustration

prim first primordial existing at the dawn of time
primogeniture state of being the first
born
pro forward, infavour of propulsive driving forward
proponent support

proto first prototype first of its kind

pseudo false pseudonym pen name

re again, back reiterate repeat

reimburse pay back

retro backward retrospect looking back

retroactive effective as of a past date

se away, aside secede withdraw

seclude shut away

semi half, party semiconscious partly conscious

sub, suc, suf, under, less subjugate bring under control

sug, sup, sus succumb yield; cease to resist
suffuse spread through
suggest hint
suppress put down by force
suspend delay; temporarily cease

super, sur over, above supernatural above natural things

surtax additional tax

syn, sym, syl, with, together synchronize time together

sys sympathize pity; identify with
syllogism explanation of how ideas
relate system network

tele far telegraphic communicated over a

distance

trans across transport carry across

ultra beyond, excessive ultracritical exceedingly critical

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Prefix Meaning Illustration

un not unkempt not combined; disheveled

under below underlining someone inferior

uni one unison oneness of pitch; complete

accord

vice in place of viceroy governor acting in place of a

king

with away, against withstand stand up against; resist

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Synonyms (01 to 298):

(1) ABHOR b. Similarity
a. Adorn c. Connection
b. Difference d. Resemblance
c. Hate (8) ALLEGIANCE
d. Unpleasant a. Obligation
(2) ABOLISH b. Allegation
a. Nullify c. State
b. Build d. Narrate
c. Erase (9) AMBIGUOUS
d. Disappear a. Dubious
(3) ABSOLVE b. Clear
a. Discharge c. Odious
b. Penalize d. Cordial
c. Digest (10) AMICABLE
d. Concentrate a. Courteous
(4) ACCOMPLICE b. Flexible
a. Friend c. Reserve
b. Fatalist d. Hostile
c. Companion in crime (11) Abduct
d. Hardworking a. Punish
(5) ADORABLE b. Kill
a. Attractive c. Flatter
b. Boring d. Kidnap
c. Adjustable (12) ABJURE
d. Permissible a. Renounce
(6) ADVERSITY b. Swear
a. Opponent c. Step down
b. Hardship d. Dethrone
c. Opening (13) ABORTIVE
d. Agency a. Unsuccessful
(7) AFFINITY b. Very bad
a. Liking c. Successful

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d. Puzzling a. Arrogance
b. Approval
(14) Abominable c. Mourning
a. Loveable d. Intolerance
b. Lusty (21) BELLIGERENT
c. Dirty a. Aggressive
d. Appalling b. Friendly
(15) ABSORB c. Disheartened
a. Engross d. Instigator
b. Enter (22) BLEMISH
c. Exit a. Defect
d. Dry b. Visible
(16) BANISH c. Gloat
a. Recall d. Brusque
b. Black list (23) BOISTEROUS
c. Digest a. Conflicting
d. Exonerate b. Noisy
(17) BEGUILE c. Testimonial
a. To amuse d. Grateful
b. Charm
c. Paralyze (24) BONAFIDE
d. Lament a. Secured by a bond
(18) BENIGN b. Legal
a. Tenfold c. In good faith
b. Peaceful d. Vivid
c. Blessed (25) BRAZEN
d. Gentle a. Shameless
(19) BEWILDER b. Quick
a. Mystery c. Modest
b. Enlighten d. Pleasant
c. Frighten (26) BELLY
d. Confuse a. Stomach
b. Belch
(20) BIGOTRY c. Bully

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d. Baffle a. Spine
b. Backcloth
(27) BOTACH c. Back issue
a. Support d. Back date
b. Spoil (34) Bad
SYNONYMS a. Ill
c. Believe b. Dirty
d. Fetch c. Poor
(28) BOTHERSOME d. Ugly
a. Helpful (35) BANTER
b. Opposite a. Badinage
c. Hard b. Bondage
d. Annoying c. Support
(29) BORING d. Criticism
a. Tedious (36) BADGER
b. Pleasant a. Criticize
c. Awkward b. Pester
d. Annoying c. Pelt
(30) BELIEF d. Hurl
a. Theory (37) BAFFLE
b. Principle a. Make angry
c. Faith b. Spoil
d. Idea c. Tease
(31) BELONGINGS d. Confuse
a. Possessions (38) CANDID
b. Happenings a. Straightforward and simple
c. Events b. Candidature
d. Mistakes c. Frank and honest
(32) BACK d. Smooth and fluent
a. Hind (39) CATASTROPHE
b. Rear a. Expedition
c. Backbone b. Courtly
d. Backyard c. Calamity
(33) BACKBONE d. Troublemaker

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(40) CHAOS d. Reliance

a. Avoid (47) CONSPICUOUS
b. Abyss a. Hard
c. Order b. Peculiar
d. Complete disorder c. Conspirator
(41) COHERENCE d. Significant
a. Adherence (48) CONSUMMATE
b. Isolation a. Consume
c. Roughness b. Perfect
d. Break c. Retaliate
(42) COMPLACENT d. Reciprocate
a. Self-satisfied (49) CONTEMPLATE
b. Disturbed a. To infer
c. Proud b. Hesitate
d. Enforce c. Enjoy
(43) CONFORMITY d. Ponder
a. Agreement (50) CACHET
b. Ambition a. Prestige
c. Confinement b. Favour
d. Pride c. Fear
(44) CONJECTURE d. Station
a. Explanation (51) CAJOLE
b. Pledge a. Make joke
c. Joint b. Coax
d. Guess c. Flatter
(45) CONSCIENTIOUS d. Condemn
a. Uncorrupt (52) CALAMITOUS
b. Profligate a. Safe
c. Vile b. Dreadful
d. Attentive c. Drastic
(46) CONSISTENCY d. Disastrous
a. Harmony (53) CALCULATE
b. Attentiveness a. Estimate
c. Discord b. Counter

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c. Depend b. Reveal
d. Guess c. Repel
(54) DEBACLE d. Extricate
a. Confusion (61) DIVULGE
b. Complication a. Look
c. Disastrous collapse b. Refuse
d. Rubble c. Deride
(55) DECIPHER d. Reveal
a. To swindle (62) DUBIOUS
b. Be precise a. External
c. Decode b. Straight
d. Add to c. Sincere
(56) DELINQUENT d. Doubtful
a. Criminal (63) DYNAMIC
b. Delicate a. Energetic
c. Intelligent b. Strong
d. Careless c. Necessary
(57) DETRIMENTAL d. Pure
a. Harmful (64) DAINTY
b. Ingenious a. Delicate
c. Outrageous b. Harmful
d. Indicative c. Nasty
(58) DEXTEROUS d. Sluggish
a. Dangerous (65) DART
b. Skillful a. Stop
c. Just b. Walk
d. Honest c. Dash
(59) DIFFIDENCE d. Falter
a. Ignorance (66) DAYBREAK
b. Timidity a. Dawn
c. Indifference b. Midnight
d. Indolence c. Morning
(60) DISGUISE d. Sunrise
a. Deceive (67) DAZZLE

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a. Open (74) ESCALATE

b. Brighten a. Expand
c. Blind b. Diminish
d. Glow c. Expel
(68) DEADEN d. Scrape
a. Killing (75) EXONERATE
b. Alive a. Absolve
c. Dull b. Incriminate
d. Terminate c. Instigate
(69) ECSTATIC d. Invigorate
a. Divisive (76) EXPEDIENT
b. Bewildered a. Precise
c. Spellbound b. Expert
d. Fitful c. Expendable
(70) ELUCIDATE d. Advisable
a. Clarify (77) EXPOUND
b. Obscure a. To be Angry
c. Remind b. Release
d. Recall c. Explain
(71) EMANCIPATE d. Expel
a. Deliver (78) EXQUISITE
b. Enslave a. Admirable
c. Debilitate b. Poor
d. Frustrate c. Adaptable
(72) EMINENT d. Revealing
a. Purposeful (79) EAGER
b. Famous a. Ready
c. Delectable b. Prepared
d. Curious c. Reluctant
(73) ENIGMATIC d. Keen
a. Difficult to understand (80) ECONOMICAL
b. Potential a. Important
c. Causing panic b. Frugal
d. Problem solving c. Expensive

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d. Precious b. Lucky Stroke

(81) ECSTASY c. Failure
a. Enjoyment d. State of confusion
SYNONYMS (88) FIDELITY
b. Pleasure a. Dedication
c. Peace b. Conviction
d. Bliss c. Treachery
(82) ECSTATIC d. Strength
a. Gloomy (89) FORFEIT
b. Thoughtful a. To Destroy
c. Delighted b. Waste
d. Profound c. Lose
(83) EDGE d. Agitate
a. Brink (90) FORTITUDE
b. Bottom a. Bravery
c. Brim b. Cowardice
d. Base c. Obliged
(84) FALLACIOUS d. Feebleness
a. Illogical (91) FRIVOLOUS
b. False a. Foolish
c. Unassuming b. Serious
d. Useless c. Miser
(85) FASTIDIOUS d. Short Tempered
a. Critical (92) FRUGALITY
b. Undemanding a. Extravagance
c. Deceptive b. Ripening
d. Assumed c. Thrift
(86) FEASIBLE d. Resentment
a. Theoretical (93) FUTILITY
b. Impatient a. Uselessness
c. Practical b. Prudence
d. Constant c. Profitability
(87) FIASCO d. Unclear
a. Festival (94) FABRICATE

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a. Create (101) GLOAT

b. Dedicate a. To humiliate
c. Manufacture b. Feel Malicious Pleasure
d. Destroy c. Mock
(95) FACILE d. Get Even
a. Difficult (102) GORGEOUS
b. Intricate a. Magnificent
c. Invent b. Disgusting
d. Glib c. Maladroit
(96) FAD d. Lovely
a. Craze (103) GRANDEUR
b. Laziness a. Pride
c. Business b. Peaceful
d. Activity c. Splendor
(97) FAINT d. Energy
a. Dull (104) GRAPPLE
b. Peevish a. Hang On
c. Slight b. Impress
d. Dead c. Irritate
(98) GARNISH d. Grasp
a. To harvest (105) GREGARIOUS
b. Decorate a. Cordial
c. Select b. Unsociable
d. Pressure c. Gluttonous
(99) GENTEEL d. Dreadful
a. Aristocratic (106) GROUCHY
b. Ability a. Bad-Tempered
c. Exciting b. Regretful
d. Considerate c. Obscure
(100) GIST d. Heinous
a. Chaff (107) GRUESOME
b. Summary a. Painful
c. Expostulation b. Horrible
d. Expiation c. Repulsive

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d. Rude c. Mispronunciation
(108) GALLANT d. Melodious
a. Coward (115) HABITUATED
b. Timid a. Familiar
c. Fastidious b. Accustomed
d. Heroic c. Lofty
(109) GAINSAY d. Trivial
a. Admire (116) HAGGARD
b. Deny a. Alert
c. Rely b. Smart
d. Defy c. Exhausted
(110) GALLOP d. Drawn
a. Trudge (117) HEFTY
b. Pledge a. Big and heavy; large
c. Charge b. Tiny
d. Hinder c. Muscular
(111) GARBAGE d. Winding
a. Rubbish (118) HAIR-SPLITTING
b. Brush a. Drastic
c. Trash b. Spiritual
d. Flint c. Hectic
(112) GARISH d. Quibbling
a. Dark (119) HALFWIT
b. Unpleasant a. Idiot
c. Gaudy b. Witty
d. Dazzling c. Crazy
(113) HAGGARD d. Fickle-minded
a. Gaunt (120) HEINOUS
b. Irascible a. Vicious
c. Wise b. Famous
d. Sluggish c. Whimsical
(114) HALLUCINATION d. Skeptical
a. Fantasy (121) HEDONIST
b. Devouring a. Pleasure Seeker

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b. Non-Believer a. Disgraceful
c. Evasive b. Triumphant
d. Adventurer c. Sluggishness
(122) HILARIOUS d. Unrealistic
a. Very Funny (129) ILLUSION
b. Absurd a. Misconception or delusion
c. Mentally Disturbed b. High Ideal
d. Elevated c. Impressionistic Drawing
(123) HOAX d. Clarification
a. Rumor (130) ILLUSTRIOUS
b. Mystery a. Brilliant
c. Lie b. Inglorious
d. Trick c. Deceptive
(124) HOLOCAUST d. Self-explanatory
a. Devastation (131) IMMINENT
b. Hooligan a. Threatening
c. Postulated b. Inevitable
d. Grumpy c. Unlikely
(125) HUMANE d. Instantly
a. Decent (132) IMPECCABLE
b. Weak a. Poverty-Stricken
c. Self-Effacing b. Faultless
d. Kind c. Dirty
(126) HYPOCRISY d. Criminal
a. Deception (133) Impediment
b. Humility a. Implement
c. Distraction b. Complement
d. Insistence c. Obstruction
(127) HYPOTHETICAL d. Supplement
a. Imaginary (134) IMPREGNABLE
b. Discernible a. Vulnerable
c. Salubrious b. Weak
d. Actual c. Unconquerable
(128) IGNOMINIOUS d. Unconvincing

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(135) IMPROVISE d. Idle

a. Devise (142) Illegitimate
b. Rehearse a. Fake
c. Induct b. Fabulous
d. Imitable c. Fictitious
(136) IMPUNITY d. Unauthorized
a. Confidence (143) JEER
b. Gratuity a. Sneer
c. Casual Calmness b. Laugh at
d. Exemption from harm c. Err
(137) INCULCATE d. Knock out
a. Exculpate (144) JEOPARDIZE
b. Educate a. Endanger
c. Exonerate b. Protect
d. Prepare c. Celebrate
(138) INDIGENOUS d. Authorize
a. Wealthy (145) JUDICIOUS
b. Having stomach Trouble a. Blithe
c. Native b. Rapturous
d. Scholarly c. Indiscreet
(139) IDIOSYNCRASY d. Careful
a. Popularity (146) JURISDICTION
b. Familiarity a. Authority
c. Integrity b. Conjunction
d. Eccentricity c. Cooperation
(140) IDOLIZE d. Contiguity
a. Worship (147) KINDLE
b. Adulate a. Inflame
c. Protrude b. Satisfy
d. Eject c. Tease
(141) IGNOBLE d. Satiate
a. Decent (148) KNACK
b. Messy a. Ability
c. Base b. Manipulate

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c. Imperfection b. Model
d. Roguery c. Muse
(149) KNAVE d. Complicated Path
a. Intellectual (156) LAXITY
b. Gentlemen a. Looseness
c. Intelligent b. Immoral
d. Scoundrel c. Paucity
(150) KEEN d. Lean
a. Eager (157) LEGACY
b. Disinterested a. Heritage
c. Glad b. Indolence
d. Insensitive c. Fictitious
(151) KILLING d. History
a. Keen (158) LEGITIMATE
b. Interested a. Authentic
c. Lethal b. Basic
d. Exhausting c. Legalize
(152) KINGLY d. Invalid
a. Grand (159) LIBELLOUS
b. Regal a. Defamatory
c. Imperial b. Obscene
d. Majestic c. Lascivious
(153) KINSHIP d. Laudable
a. Affinity (160) LIEN
b. Possession a. False and Malicious
c. Origin Statement
d. Closure b. Impose
(154) KNIFE (Verb) c. Legal Claim
a. Smother d. Account Statement
b. Strangle (161) LOATH
c. Execute a. Encourage
d. Stab b. Notice
(155) LABYRINTH c. Hate
a. Confusion d. Begin

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(162) LUCID d. Suffer

a. Brilliant (169) MAGNANIMOUS
b. Murky a. Generous
c. Mouth-Watering b. Mean
d. Dull c. Gigantic
(163) LUMINARY d. Overblown
a. Celebrity (170) MAINSTAY
b. Shining a. Strong Resistance
c. Lamp Stand b. Stimulant
d. Planet c. Chief Support
(164) LUSTROUS d. Conclusion
a. Dazzling (171) MALICE
b. Greedy a. Kind
c. Mean b. Hatred
d. Lackluster c. Pleasant Surprise
(165) LACK d. Desire
a. Plenty (172) MANDARIN
b. Dearth a. Instrument
c. Moderation b. Sedative
d. Miserliness c. Excuse
(166) LAIR d. Influential Person
a. Den, hideout (173) MANDATE
b. Liar a. Authority To Command
c. Braggart b. Order
d. Dare-devil c. Grapple
(167) LAMENT d. Concept
a. Explain (174) MANIFEST
b. Exemplify a. Conspicuous
c. Moan b. Unclear
d. Growl c. Wake Up
(168) LAMPOON (V) d. Emphasis
a. Satirize (175) MEMOIR
b. Limp a. Biographical Sketch
c. Drag b. Reminder

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c. Special Locket b. Tricky

d. Cover-Up c. Haphazard
(176) MENACE d. Cunning
a. Rebellious (183) MAGICIAN
b. Disgust a. Conjuror
c. Disaster b. Acrobat
d. Threat c. Clown
(177) MENDACIOUS d. Jester
a. False (184) MAGNIFICENT
b. Adulterated a. Gigantic
c. Uncommon b. Huge
d. Spontaneous c. Splendid
(178) METICULOUS d. Awful
a. Painstaking (185) MAGNIFY
b. Careless a. Shorten
c. Fussy b. Enlarge
d. Slapdash c. Enlist
(179) MITIGATE d. Entail
a. Humiliate (186) NOMENCLATURE
b. Lessen a. Terminology
c. Simplify b. Pseudonym
d. Resolve c. Stubborn
(180) MOLLIFY d. Basic Facts of Matter
a. Sweeten (187) NON-
b. Appease PROLIFERATION
c. Applaud a. Absent
d. Worry b. Adulterated
(181) MADDEN c. Noise Pollution
a. Please d. Limitation
b. Entertain (188) NONCHALANCE
c. Suffocate a. Unconcern
d. Infuriate b. Non-Classified
(182) MACHIAVELLIAN c. Earnest Endeavour
a. Wise d. Attentiveness

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(189) NAÏVE d. Squaltor

a. Cunning (196) OVATION
b. Skillful a. Applause
c. Artless b. Face Lifting
d. Artful c. Prize
(190) NAMELESS d. Banquet
a. Anonymous (197) OBJECTIVE
b. Pen-name a. Goal
c. Nickname b. Destination
d. Named c. Target
(191) NARRATIVE d. Demand
a. Novel (198) OBSERVANT
b. Drama a. Careful
c. Poetry b. Carefree
d. Story c. Sharp-eyed
(192) NARROW-MINDED d. Careworn
a. Tricky (199) OBSTINATE
b. Bigoted a. Stubborn
c. Foolish b. Willful
d. Peevish c. Proud
(193) OBLIVIOUS d. Prominent
a. Forgetful (200) PANORAMA
b. Observant a. Narrow Piece Of Land
c. Imminent b. Beautiful view
d. Indispensible c. Extensive view
(194) OPPORTUNE d. Splendid array
a. Occasional (201) PAUCITY
b. Awkward a. Honesty
c. Timely b. Abundance
d. Optimum c. Scarcity
(195) OPULENCE d. Hardly
a. Exaggerated Display (202) PERPETUATE
b. Wealth a. Permanent
c. Hazy b. Peaceful

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c. Continue b. Arrogance
d. Influence c. Something pretended
(203) PERSEVERE d. Sincerity
a. To Equalize (210) PRETEXT
b. Persist a. Real Reason
c. Deserve b. Respect
d. Reserve c. Excuse
(204) PERTINENT d. Strength
a. Close (211) PROFICIENT
b. Clear a. Expert
c. Practicable b. Efficient
d. Relevant c. Qualified
(205) PLACATE d. Far Reaching
a. Soothe (212) PROFUSE
b. Loathe a. Scarce
c. Settle b. Strange
d. Forgive c. Depressed
(206) PRECARIOUS d. Lavish
a. Dilapidated (213) PROVIDENCE
b. Wary a. Ill Fate
c. Ill b. Sacred Law of the State
d. Risky c. Act of Kindness
(207) PREDICAMENT d. Nature’s way of Protecting
a. Impose its creatures
b. Pleasant Situation (214) QUARRY
c. Mystery a. Trend
d. Difficulty b. Prey
(208) PRETENSE c. Decoy
a. Licensed d. Seeking Explanation
b. Special Right (215) QUEER
c. Wrong a. Familiar
d. Misgiving b. Pleasant
(209) PRETENSE c. Strange
a. Provoke d. Ordinary

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(216) QUENCH d. Rubbish

a. To extinguish (223) QUESTIONABLE
b. To increase a. Payable
c. Kindle b. Answerable
d. Suppress c. Debatable
(217) QUAGMIRE d. Viable
a. Bog (224) RATIFY
b. Pitch a. Negotiate
c. Pool b. Denounce
d. Swamp c. Approve
(218) QUAKE d. Challenge
a. Jolt (225) RATIONAL
b. Pull a. Guided by reason
c. Explosion b. Emotional
d. Tremble c. Sincere
(219) QUANDRY d. Logical
a. Dilemma (226) RATIONALE
b. Foolishness a. Practicality
c. Haste b. Justification
d. Waste c. Random Choice
(220) QUEER d. Baseless
a. Odd (227) REDUNDANT
b. Novel a. Unnecessary
c. Unique b. Defective
d. Normal c. Overflowing
(221) QUENCH d. Turning back
a. Refer (228) REJOINDER
b. Prefer a. Reply
c. Slake b. Outcome
d. Fake c. Reconnect
(222) QUERULOUS d. Reminder
a. Peevish (229) RELEGATE
b. Parish a. To Honor
c. Snobbish b. Convey

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c. Assign to an inferior (236) ROUT

Position a. Passage
d. Assign an important task b. Withdraw
(230) RELINQUISH c. Defeat
a. Give Up d. Miscarriage
b. Struggle For (237) ROWDY
c. Aggravate a. Rough and disorderly
d. To Give Away b. Mismanaged
(231) REMORSE c. Systematic person
a. Arrogance d. Late
b. Compunction (238) SAGACITY
c. Feel proud of a. Satire
d. Dejection b. Foolishness
(232) REPENTANCE c. Prudence
a. Regret d. Endurance
b. Abuse (239) SALVATION
c. Loathe a. Reclamation
d. Pleasure b. Loss
(233) REPLETE c. Reverence
a. Reduce d. Reparation
b. Full of (240) SATISFIED
c. Deplete a. Craving
d. Related b. Thirsty
(234) REPOSITORY c. Satisfied
a. Storage Place d. Sufficient
b. Vacant Place (241) SCENARIO
c. Alliance a. Landscape
d. Imposing b. Imagined sequence of
(235) RETROSPECT future events
a. Special Kind of Telescope c. Beautiful scene
b. Microscope d. Symphony
c. Prism (242) SCOURGE
d. Review of the past a. To disfigure
e. Forecast of future events b. Overlook

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c. Whip b. Clever
d. Careless c. Friendly
(243) SCRUPULOUS d. Stubborn
a. Annoying (250) SUMPTUOUS
b. Reckless a. Swampy
c. Conscientious b. Irritable
d. Devious c. Meagre
(244) SEDENTARY d. Splendid
a. Creative (251) SYNDROME
b. Lazy a. Effects
c. Inactive b. Timing Devices
d. Pleasing c. Resemblance
(245) SERENE d. Symptoms
a. Happy (252) TANGIBLE
b. Calm and Peaceful a. Real
c. Smooth b. Flexible
d. Alluring c. Assumption
(246) STRATAGEM d. Profitable
a. Arrangement (253) TEPID
b. Scheme to deceive a. Slightly warm
c. Layout b. Very Hot
d. Goal c. Slightly Cool
(247) STRINGENT d. Lukewarm
a. Severe (254) TETHER
b. Reserved a. Crow-Bar
c. Utilized b. Rope or Chain
d. Soft c. Rubber Ball
(248) SUBJUGATE d. Pulley
a. Overcome (255) THRIVE
b. Free a. To Struggle Toward
c. Restrained b. Turn
d. Conquer c. Prosper
(249) SUBTLE d. Pulsate
a. Sympathetic (256) TIMID

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a. Coy a. Rigid
b. Forward b. Unmistakable
c. Careful c. Incomprehensible
d. Considerate d. Unparalleled
(257) TORPID (264) UNIMPEACHABLE
a. Sluggish a. Hopeless
b. Rapid b. Beyond Understanding
c. Explosive c. Above Suspicion
d. Heavy d. Unacceptable
(258) TORTUOUS (265) UNIQUE
a. Winding a. Promising
b. Sadistic b. Common
c. Cruel c. Fearless
d. Like a turtle d. Unequaled
(259) TRANSITION (266) UNOBTRUSIVE
a. Change a. Indispensable
b. Temporary b. Un-Convincible
c. Changeable c. In Original Form
d. Changing d. Discreet
(260) TRIVIAL (267) UNTOWARD
a. Unexpected a. Unfortunate
b. Unusual b. Untenable
c. Unimportant c. Irrelevant
(261) TURBULANT d. Neutral
a. Troublesome (268) UPBRAID
b. Noisy a. Promote
c. Violent b. Criticize
d. Rushing c. Congratulate
(262) TACKLE d. Upto Date
a. Retreat (269) UTMOST
b. Confront a. Limited
c. Withdraw b. Parallel
d. Advance c. Maximum
(263) UNEQUIVOCAL d. Distant

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(270) UGLY d. Discriminate

a. Unattractive (277) VERACITY
b. Smart a. Thoughtfulness
c. Messy b. Truth
d. Filthy c. Diversification
(271) ULTIMATE d. Precision
a. Final (278) VERDANT
b. Mediocre a. Pervasive
c. Selective b. Fresh and Green
d. Total c. Strong
(272) UNACCOUNTABLE d. Pessimist
a. Unfit (279) VERSATILE
b. Unsuitable a. Clever
c. Unworthy b. Shrewd
d. Inexplicable c. Of many-sided ability
(273) UNADORNED d. Expert
a. Simple (280) VIBRANT
b. Fashionable a. Shaky
c. Dazzling b. Angry
d. Knotty c. Vigorous
(274) VACUOUS d. Ever Changing
a. Selfish (281) VICIOUS
b. Spacious a. Dangerous
c. Empty b. Of Virtues
d. Intelligent c. Wicked
(275) VANITY d. Deceiving
a. Weakness (282) VIGILANT
b. Pride a. Active
c. Selfish b. Aware
d. Introvert c. Watchful
(276) VENERATE d. Cautious
a. Respect (283) VINDICTIVE
b. Criticize a. Revengeful
c. Appreciate b. Triumphant

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c. Strategic b. Studio
d. Demonstrative c. Image
(284) WARRANT d. Print
a. Special Guard (291) XYLOPHONE
b. Written Authorization a. A device
c. National Emergency b. An Equipment
d. Small Payment c. A musical instrument
(285) WHIM d. Theatre
a. Fantasy (292) YEARN
b. Ambition a. To Desire strongly, feel
c. Sudden Notion longing for
d. Sorcery b. To Evade
(286) WAGER c. Disgust
a. Wages d. To Look After
b. Wagoner
c. Bet (293) YEAST
d. Driver a. Food For the Animals
(287) WAIL b. Food For the Human
a. Avail Beings
b. Await c. Substance used in brewing,
c. Praise etc
d. Moan d. Food For the Insects
(288) XENOPHOBIC (294) YEARN (V)
a. Religious Fanatic a. Long (V)
b. Extremist Atheist b. Expect
c. Hating Religion c. Await
d. Fearful of Strangers d. Miss
(289) XENON (295) YAWN (V)
a. A plant a. Gape
b. A tree b. Swallow
c. Shrub c. Belch
d. A chemical element d. Farts
(290) XEROX (296) ZEALOUS
a. Photocopy a. Slow

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b. Weary c. Point on the sea

c. Worthy d. Point on the moon
d. Enthusiastic (298) ZEST
(297) ZENITH a. Discourage
a. Point of the earth b. Enthusiasm
b. Point of the celestial c. Hope
sphere vertically above the d. Disappointed
observer’s head

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ANTONYMS (01 to 196)

(1) ACQUIT
(2) b. Exasperation
a. Confirm c. Magnification
b. Blame d. Intensification
c. Punish (9) AMBIGUOUS
d. Indict a. Obscure
(3) ADMONISH b. Secular
a. Commend c. Explicit
b. Tolerate d. Applause
c. Flatter (10) AMELIORATE
d. Approve a. Lessen
(4) ADVERSITY b. Hasten
a. Enmity c. Expedite
b. Severity d. Worsen
c. Prosperity (11) AMICABLE
d. Calamity a. Cunning
(5) AGONY b. Shy
a. Pleasure c. Hostile
b. Bliss d. Crazy
c. Ecstasy (12) ANTIPATHY
d. Fear a. Fondness
(6) ALIEN b. Obedience
a. Resident c. Agreement
b. Natural d. Admiration
c. Domiciled (13) ARROGANT
d. Native a. Proud
(7) ALIENATE b. Meek
a. Gather c. Insolent
b. Identify d. Rude
c. Assemble (14) AUDACIOUS
d. Unite a. Timid
(8) ALLEVIATION b. Vulgar
a. Exaggeration c. Low

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d. Unpracticed b. Accept
c. Favour
(15) AUSPICIOUS d. Praise
a. Spicy ANTONYMS (22) CLARITY
b. Unfavorable a. Exaggeration
c. Conspicuous b. Candour
d. Condemnatory c. Confusion
(16) BALMY d. Reserve
a. Hard (23) COMMEND
b. Genuine a. Suspend
c. Mild b. Admonish
d. Fragrant c. Hate
(17) BEGUILE d. Dislike
a. Persuade (24) COMMODIOUS
b. Cheat a. Limited
c. Flatter b. Expensive
d. Smile c. Numerous
(18) BENIGN d. Leisurely
a. Gracious (25) COMMUNICATIVE
b. Sinister a. Primitive
c. Novel b. Passive
d. Humane c. Dumb
(19) BESEECH d. Reticent
a. Bully (26) CONDENSE
b. Solicit a. Lengthen
c. Demand b. Expand
d. Dismiss c. Distribute
(20) BIZARRE d. Interpret
a. Soft (27) CONFESS
b. Usual a. Deny
c. Gentle b. Refuse
d. Same c. Contest
(21) CHALLENGE d. Contend
a. Admire

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(28) CONSPICUOUS c. Rise

a. Indifferent d. Movement
b. Harmless (35) DECEIT
c. Insignificant a. Reality
d. Unknown b. Trust
(29) CONTENTED c. Truthfulness
a. Rash d. Fact
b. Narrow-Minded (36) DEFIANCE
c. Gloomy a. Dismay
d. Disappointed b. Suspicion
(30) COVERT c. Obedience
a. Clandestine d. Anxiety
b. Open (37) DEFICIT
c. Virtuous a. Superfluous
d. Wide b. Surplus
(31) CULPABLE c. Explicit
a. Irresponsible d. Implicit
b. Careless (38) DELIBERATE
c. Blameless a. Premeditated
d. Defendable b. Sparking
e. c. Methodical
(32) DAUNTLESS d. Impulsive
a. Cautious (39) DENOUNCE
b. Thoughtful a. Defend
c. Weak b. Gather
d. Adventurous c. Fight
(33) DEARTH d. Rally
a. Extravagance (40) DEPLETE
b. Scarcity a. Refund
c. Abundance b. Replenish
d. Sufficiency c. Fulfil
(34) DEBACLE d. Recover
a. Regain (41) DEROGATORY
b. Progress a. Immediate

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b. Praising (48) EPILOGUE

c. Opinionated a. Conversation
d. Roguish b. Dialogue
(42) DESPONDENCY c. Dramatic
a. Humility d. Prologue
b. Pleasure (49) ERRATIC
c. Cheerfulness a. Reliable
d. Excitement b. Right
(43) DEVOUT c. Punctual
a. Irreverent d. Free
b. Sincere (50) ERUDITE
c. Homely a. Professional
d. Magnificent b. Immature
(44) DIABOLIC c. Unimaginative
a. Patient d. Ignorant
b. Generous (51) EVIDENT
c. Kind a. Suspected
d. Simple b. Disagreed
(45) ECLIPSE c. Doubtful
a. Shine d. Unimportant
b. Enlarge (52) EXALT
c. Goggle a. Depreciate
d. Gleam b. Ennoble
(46) EDIFICATION c. Glorify
a. Lamentation d. Simplify
b. Annotation (53) EXHIBIT
c. Corruption a. Conceal
d. Segregation b. Prevent
(47) EMBRACE c. Withdraw
a. Encircled d. Concede
b. Groped (54) EXONERATE
c. Disfigured a. Compel
d. Detached b. Accuse
c. Imprison

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d. Boldness c. Check
(55) EXPLICIT d. Control
a. Inspiring (62) FRAIL
b. Plain a. Vigorous
c. Invigorating b. Sturdy
d. Implied c. Hardy
(56) EXTENSION d. Strong
a. Condensation (63) FRANTIC
b. Subtraction a. Clam
c. Diminution b. Hopeful
d. Weakening c. Active
(57) FACSIMILE d. Bitter
a. Reproduction (64) FRUGAL
b. Sincere a. Gaudy
c. Original b. Generous
d. Engineered c. Extravagant
(58) FECUND d. Charitable
a. Barren (65) GLUT
b. Solid a. Dearth
c. Un-ploughed b. Limit
d. Hard c. Drain
(59) FORBIDDEN d. Supply
a. Allowed (66) GORGEOUS
b. Prohibited a. Desperate
c. Agreed b. Plain
d. Forsaken c. Fashionable
(60) FOREIGNER d. Sumptuous
a. National (67) HAGGARD
b. Stranger a. Healthy
c. Native b. Animated
d. Alien c. Robust
(61) FOSTER d. Hearty
a. Repress
b. Curb

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(68) HAMPER d. Accept

a. Open (75) ILLEGIBLE
b. Release a. Clear
c. Hold b. Imitable
d. Hasten c. Clean
(69) Harmony d. Readable
a. Hatred (76) ILLUSORY
b. Friction a. Deceptive
c. Discord b. Real
d. Enmity c. Imaginary
(70) HAUGHTY d. Certain
a. Pitiable (77) ILLUSTRIOUS
b. Scared a. Uneducated
c. Humble b. Uncivilized
d. Cowardly c. Unintelligent
(71) HINDRANCE d. Unknown
a. Agreement (78) IMPERVIOUS
b. Cooperation a. Penetrable
c. Persuasion b. Hidden
d. Aid c. Tolerate
(72) HOARD d. Gentle
a. Deposit (79) IMPOUND
b. Supply a. Generate
c. Satisfy b. Strengthen
d. Accumulate c. Stimulate
(73) HOLY d. Release
a. Offensive (80) INDIGENOUS
b. Orthodox a. Native
c. Profane b. Cheap
d. Obnoxious c. Foreign
(74) IGNORE d. Inferior
a. Support (81) INDOLENT
b. Favour a. Desirable
c. Redress b. Adequate

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c. Energetic b. Unlawful
d. Consistent c. Impure
(82) INFALLIBLE d. Indiscreet
a. Erring (89) JUXTAPOSITION
b. Untrustworthy a. Difference
c. Dubious b. Opposition
d. Unreliable c. Separation
(83) INIMICAL d. Appropriateness
a. Friendly e. Concise
b. Cheerful (90) JAUNTY
c. Neutral a. Cheerful
d. Emotional b. Careful
(84) INSIPID c. Awful
a. Nervous d. Dreadful
b. Pungent (91) JEALOUS
c. Saucy a. Zealous
d. Sour b. Biased
(85) JEER c. Envious
a. Mourn d. Lusty
b. Praise (92) JEJUNE
c. Mock a. Difficult
d. Sneer b. Complicated
(86) JETTISON c. Confounding
a. Rejoice d. Naïve
b. Surrender (93) JERK
c. Accept a. Slip
d. Defend b. Stick
(87) JUBILANT c. Jolt
a. Scared d. Jostle
b. Disturbed (94) JEST
c. Gloomy a. Fun
d. Quiet b. Amusement
(88) JUDICIOUS c. Riddle
a. Unequal d. Joke

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(95) KINDLE c. Faithful

a. Ignite d. Friendly
b. Encourage (102) LUSCIOUS
c. Ignore a. Dry
d. Extinguish b. Sour
(96) KNACK c. Ugly
a. Dullness d. State
b. Balance (103) LUXURIANT
c. Talent a. Barren
d. Dexterity b. Small
c. Ghastly
(97) LACONIC d. Decaying
a. Prolix (104) MAGNANIMOUS
b. Profligate a. Selfish
c. Prolific b. Naïve
d. Bucolic c. Generous
(98) LANGUID d. Small
a. Smart (105) MALICE
b. Energetic a. Honour
c. Fast b. Ecstasy
d. Ferocious c. Goodwill
(99) LETHAL d. Happiness
a. Safe (106) MALICIOUS
b. Playful a. Boastful
c. Virulent b. Indifferent
d. Forgiving c. Kind
(100) LEVITY d. Generous
a. Stupidity (107) MAMMOTH
b. Gravity a. Dull
c. Lofty b. Weak
d. Absurdity c. Tiny
(101) LOYAL d. Bright
a. Rebellious (108) MASTICATE
b. Courageous a. Gobble

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b. Conceal a. Cunning
c. Chew b. Wealthy
d. Review c. Sophisticated
(109) METICULOUS d. Complicated
a. Slovenly (116) NATIVE
b. Meretricious a. Alien
c. Shaggy b. Foreigner
d. Mutual c. Newcomer
(110) MILITANT d. Stranger
a. Religious (117) NIMBLE
b. Combative a. Giant
c. Spiritual b. Clumsy
d. Pacifist c. Quick
(111) MITIGATE d. Frank
a. Stagnate (118) NOVEL
b. Suffer a. Formal
c. Aggravate b. Ancient
d. Instigate c. Customary
(112) MONOLOGUE d. Traditional
a. Dialogue (119) NUGATORY
b. Prologue a. Voluptuous
c. Epilogue b. Slender
d. Catalogue c. Valuable
(113) MORBID d. Worthless
a. Healthy (120) OBSOLETE
b. Clever a. Conducive
c. Upright b. Rare
d. Sickly c. Useless
(114) MUNDANE d. Recent
a. Extraordinary (121) OBSTINATE
b. Superb a. Inflexible
c. Heavenly b. Prominent
d. Excellent c. Pliable
(115) NAÏVE d. Fashionable

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(122) ONEROUS c. Mean

a. Straight-Forward d. Bitter
b. Easy ANTONYMS (129) PARSIMONIOUS
c. Complex a. Generous
d. Plain b. Frugal
(123) OPAQUE c. Crude
a. Misty d. Stingy
b. Covered (130) PASSIONATE
c. Clear a. Calm
d. Transparent b. Arrogant
(124) OPULENT c. Sure
a. Wealthy d. Fervent
b. Poor (131) PAUCITY
c. Sumptuous a. Surplus
d. Drooping b. Scarcity
(125) OSTENTATIOUS c. Presence
a. Awkward d. Richness
b. Banker (132) PERTINENT
c. Ignorant a. Indifferent
d. Unpretentious b. Detached
(126) OVERT c. Determined
a. Deep d. Irrelevant
b. Shallow (133) PLACATE
c. Secret a. Embroil
d. Unwritten b. Antagonize
c. Amuse
(127) PACIFY d. Pacify
a. Insult (134) POMPOUS
b. Injure a. Feeble
c. Offend b. Normal
d. Aggravate c. Humble
(128) PALTRY d. Mild
a. Strong (135) PRECARIOUS
b. Worthwhile a. Dangerous

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b. Safe (142) RECEDE

c. Cautious a. Rush
d. Easy b. Advance
(136) PRESUMPTION c. Approach
a. Resumption d. Forward
b. Proposition (143) RELINQUISH
c. Humility a. Withdraw
d. Assumption b. Attack
(137) PRETENTIOUS c. Assume
a. Deranged d. Conquer
b. Small (144) REPRISAL
c. Depressing a. Relief
d. Humble b. Forgiveness
(138) PROFANE c. Exemption
a. Arrogant d. Relaxation
b. Benign (145) REQUISITE
c. Respectful a. Dispensable
d. Pious b. Random
(139) PROSCRIBE c. Inappropriate
a. Interdict d. Chaotic
b. Allow (146) RESCUE
c. Extend a. Extricate
d. Betray b. Waver
(140) QUERULOUS c. Bind
a. Bright d. Desert
b. Splendid (147) RESPITE
c. Smart a. Tension
d. Happy b. Exertion
(141) QUIESCENT c. Regularity
a. Troublesome d. Delay
b. Weak (148) RETAIN
c. Indifferent a. Reject
d. Unconcerned b. Renounce
c. Spare

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d. Eject c. Inductive
(149) RETRIEVE d. Intuitive
a. Respond (156) SCOLD
b. Dismiss a. Enamour
c. Foil b. Rebuke
d. Abandon c. Criticize
(150) ROBUST d. Praise
a. Thin (157) SEGREGATION
b. Emaciated a. Appreciation
c. Light b. Cohesion
d. Strong c. Integration
(151) RUGGED d. Union
a. Delicate (158) SERENE
b. Coarse a. Jovial
c. Tough b. Moving
d. Timid c. Agitated
(152) RUTHLESS d. Nervous
a. Mindful (159) SORDID
b. Compassionate a. Steady
c. Majestic b. Enthusiastic
d. Merciful c. Generous
(153) SAGACIOUS d. Splendid
a. Casual (160) SPURIOUS
b. Cunning a. False
c. Foolish b. Genuine
d. False c. Simple
(154) SALVAGE d. Systematic
a. Outfit (161) STRENUOUS
b. Lose a. Unfaltering
c. Burn b. Irresolute
d. Remove c. Unwavering
(155) SCEPTICAL d. Lazy
a. Inquisitive (162) STRIDENT
b. Hopeful a. Stable

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b. Pleasant a. Immediate
c. Musical b. Urgent
d. Melodious c. Developed
(163) STRINGENT d. Final
a. Magnanimous (170) THRIFT
b. Lenient a. Purchase
c. Vehement b. Destroy
d. General c. Waste
(164) SUBJUGATE d. Invest
a. Enrich (171) TRANQUIL
b. Liberate a. Impatient
c. Enslave b. Agitated
d. Free c. Vociferous
(165) SUBLIME d. Noisy
a. Strange (172) TURBULANT
b. Low a. Turbid
c. Ridiculous b. Violent
d. Mean c. Steady
(166) SUBSERVIENT d. Critical
a. Aggressive (173) UNDERHAND
b. Dignified a. Cruel
c. Straightforward b. Quite
d. Supercilious c. Secret
(167) SUPERFICIAL d. Open
a. Artificial (174) UNDERTAKING
b. Deep a. Resignation
c. Shallow b. Trial
d. Real c. Refusal
(168) Tedious d. Denial
a. Pleasant (175) UNSULLIED
b. Lovely a. Visible
c. Lively b. Foul
d. Gay c. Stainless
(169) TENTATIVE d. Strong

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(176) URBAN d. Health

a. Country-Made (183) VILIFY
b. Pastoral a. Commend
c. Provincial b. Pray
d. Rural c. Admonish
(177) VAGUE d. Worship
a. Known (184) VINDICATE
b. Published a. Exonerate
c. Popular b. Condemn
d. Definite c. Defend
(178) VALIDATE d. Excuse
a. Legalize (185) VIRTUE
b. Spurious a. Vice
c. Authenticate b. Fraud
d. Disprove c. Wickedness
(179) VANITY d. Crime
a. Modesty (186) VIRTUOUS
b. Kindness a. Scandalous
c. Compassion b. Vicious
d. Moderation c. Wicked
(180) VANQUISH d. Corrupt
a. Surrender (187) VOLUNTARY
b. Debase a. Ordered
c. Destroy b. Alternative
d. Ruin c. Compulsory
(181) VENERATE d. Essential
a. Accuse (188) VULGAR
b. Defame a. Redefined
c. Criticize b. Cheerful
d. Abuse c. Jolly
(182) VIGOUR d. Relevant
a. Failure (189) WANE
b. Negligence a. Swell
c. Frailty b. Prosper

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c. Fatten
d. Widen
(190) WRATH
a. Solace
b. Peace
c. Delight
d. Choler
(191) WRECK
a. Make
b. Build
c. Restore
d. Relieve
(192) ZANY
a. Cautious
b. Calculating
c. Cunning
d. Suave
(193) ZEAL
a. Hostility
b. Diffidence
c. Apathy
d. Contempt
(194) ZEST
a. Restive
b. Callous
c. Indifference
d. Distaste

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ANALOGY (QUESTIONS)

Here are the directions for answering A fresco is related to a wall. How? By
analogy questions that you will find on definition, a fresco or mural painting is
the GRE: "In the following question, a painted on a wall.
related pair of words or phrases is
followed by five lettered pairs of words STAMMER : TALK
or phrases. Select the lettered pair that
best expresses a relationship similar to Stammer is related to talk. How? To
that expressed in the original pair. stammer is to talk haltingly, even
inarticulately. It is to talk in a defective
Analogy questions ask you to determine or faulty manner.
the relationship between a pair of
words and then recognize a similar or TILE : MOSAIC
parallel relationship between a different
pair of words. You are given one pair Tile is related to mosaic. How? A
of words and must choose from the mosaic is made up of tiles. Notice the
five answer choices another pair that is wording of the last sentence. You
related in the same way. The could also have said "Tiles are the
relationship between the words in the pieces that make up a mosaic and
original pair will always be specific and maintained the word order of the
precise, as will the relationship between analogy. Sometimes, however, it is
the words in the correct answer pair. easier to express a relationship if you
reverse the order of the words.
Analogies come from a wide variety of
fields. You need to know that Next you come to the five answer
musicians study in conservatories and choices. See if you can tell which pair
ministers in seminaries, that panegyrics best expresses a relationship similar to
praise and elegies lament. You need to the relationship of tile to mosaic.
be aware of catalysts, and conundrums,
augers and auguries, and know in which TILE : MOSIAC ::
contexts these words are found. You (A) hoop : embroidery
are not, however, dealing with these (B) wick : candle
words in isolation; you are always (C) whalebone : scrimshaw
dealing with them in relationship to (D) easel : painting
other words. (E) knot : macramé

Note how a GRE analogy question is The correct answer is Choice E:

set up. First you have the two macramé is made up of knots. Just as
capitalized words linked by a symbol. the tiles in a mosaic make a pattern, so
Take a look at a few examples. too the knots in a piece of macramé
make a pattern.
FRESCO : WALL
 Test Preparation Material for English Section

Some of the analogy questions on the Master the tactics that immediately follow.
GRE are as clear-cut as this. Others are Then proceed to the practice exercises
more complex. To answer them containing both relatively simple and
correctly involves far more than challenging analogies at the chapter's end.
knowing single meanings of individual
words: it involves knowing the usual
contexts in which they are found, and
their connotations as well.

Testing Tactics .
Before You Look at the Choices, Try to state the
1 Relationship Between the Capitalized Words in a
Clear Sentence
In answering an analogy question, your Philately is the study and collecting of
first problem is to determine the exact stamps. Numismatics is the study and
relationship between the two capitalized collecting of coins. Choice D is correct.
words. Before you look at the answer
pairs, make up a sentence that illustrates Note how difficult this question would be
how these capitalized words are related. if you did not know that philately
Then test the possible answers by seeing involved collecting stamps. You might
how well they fit in your sentence. have guessed that philately primarily
involves working with stamps (as, for
Try this tactic on the following two example, calligraphy involves working
questions. with pens) or even making stamps (as
cartography involves making maps).
TORRENT : DROPLET :: Knowing the primary relationship
(A) water : eddy between the capitalized words, however,
(B) swamp : desert you can go through the answer choices
(C) downpour : puddle eliminating any pairs that do not express
(D) avalanche : pebble the same relationship. Thus, you can
(E) hurricane : wreckage eliminate Choice A: someone who
practices calligraphy may possibly collect
A torrent (violent downpour or rushing pens, but calligraphy's primary, dictionary-
stream) is made up of droplets. An defined role is the art of penmanship, the
avalanche or sudden fall of rocks, snow production of beautiful handwriting.
or earth is made up of pebbles. Choice Similarly, you can eliminate Choice E:
D is correct. geriatrics certainly involves studying
ailments, but the ailments of the elderly,
Don't let Choice C fool you: while a not ailments in general; furthermore,
 Test Preparation Material for English Section

downpour, like a torrent, is a violent while it studies the ailments of the elderly,
rain, it is not made up of puddles; rather, it certainly doesn't collect any such
it leaves puddles in its aftermath. ailments. You can eliminate Choice C as
well: chronology involves arranging events
in the order in which they occur.

This process of elimination leaves you If you are not sure of the answer, always
with two relatively unfamiliar words- rule out answer choices that you know
numismatics and cartography-and a fifty cannot be correct, and then guess among
percent chance of guessing the answer the choices that are left.
correctly.
Remember, you have to do your best to
answer the question on your screen before
you can move on to the next.

If More Than One Answer Fits the

2 Relationship in Your Sentence,
Look for a Narrower Approach.

When you try to express the relationship You need to focus on some aspect of the
between the two capitalized words in relationship between the words in the
sentence form, occasionally you come up original pair that corresponds to an aspect
with too simple a sentence, one that fails of only one of the answer pairs. Go back
to include enough details to particularize to the original pair of words for more
your analogy. In such cases, more than details. How does an amoeba use a
one answer may fit the relationship, and pseudopod? What function does it serve?
you will have to analyze the original pair "An amoeba uses a pseudopod for
again. grasping." Try the answer choices in this
new test sentence. "A tree uses a branch
Consider this analogy question. for grasping." False. "A hedgehog uses a
bristle for grasping." False. "A snail uses
PSEUDOPOD : AMOEBA :: its shell for grasping." False. "An octopus
(A) branch : tree uses a tentacle for grasping." Choice D
(B) minnow : fish clearly is best.
(C) bristle : hedgehog
(D) tentacle : octopus In answering analogy questions on the
(E) shell : snail GRE, pay special attention to how a
dictionary would define the words
"A pseudopod is part of an amoeba." involved. Do not settle for what "may be"
You have stated a relationship between a good relationship. Precision is important
the capitalized words in a sentence, but in analogies: a pseudopod is not just pa~
you have not stated a relationship that is of an amoeba, it is the part that the
precise enough. After all, branches are amoeba uses for grasping. Strive to
 Test Preparation Material for English Section

parts of trees, bristles are parts of identify the relationship that exists "by
hedgehogs, tentacles are parts of definition."
octopuses, and shells are parts of snails.

Consider Secondary Meanings of

3 Words As Well As Their Primary
Meanings

Frequently, the test-makers attempt to The critic panned the comedy. (The
mislead you by using familiar words in critic severely criticized the comedy.)
relatively uncomm9n ways. When an
apparently familiar word seems None of these is the meaning you want.
incongruous in a particular analogy,
consider other definitions of that word. Think how pan relates to camera. When
someone pans a camera, what happens?
See how this tactic applies to the The cameraperson rotates the camera on
following examples. its axis so that he or she can film a
panoramic scene (or a moving person or
PAN : CAMERA :: object). Similarly, a submarine crew
(A) ban : book member rotates or revolves a periscope
(B) tune : radio on its axis so that he or she can make a
(C) charge : battery panoramic observation. The correct
(D) filter : lens answer is Choice E.
(E) rotate : periscope
NEBULOUSNESS: DEFINITION ::
Before you can answer this question, you (A) apathy: zeal
have to know the definition of pan.
You're not dealing with a frying pan or a (B) impetuosity :intuition
gold miner's pan or a dish pan; pan here (C) penetration: depth
is a verb, not a noun. You can tell
because the first word of each answer (D) rectitude: somberness
choice is also a verb. The verb ending - (E) rigidity: homogeneity
ate at the end of rotate gives that away.

The verb pan, however, has several What relationship exists between
meanings: nebulousness and definition?
The miner panned for gold. (The Nebulousness means haziness or
 Test Preparation Material for English Section

miner washed gravel to separate indistinctness; a nebulous idea lacks clarity

out the gold.) or sharpness. But what does haziness have
to do with definition? After all, a
The chef panned the carrots. (The definition is a statement of the meaning of
chef cooked the carrots in a pan a word or phrase.
with a small amount of fat or
water.)

Look closely at the term definition. Consider the answer choices closely.
Choices B, C, D, and E are clear enough:
When you define a word, you distinguish one spins yarn, forming it out of threads
its essential characteristics; you make its (or one spins a yarn, fabricating or
features clear. Definition in fact inventing a story); one refines ore,
possesses a secondary meaning: "sharp purifying it; one sculpts with a chisel; one
demarcation of outlines or limits; glazes or fills a window with glass. Several
distinctness of outline or detail." With of these straightforward choices have
this meaning in mind, you can state the something to do with embellishment, but
essential relationship between the none seems precisely right. But how does
capitalized words: nebulousness is a lack one fret wood? Certainly not the way one
of definition. Analogously, apathy frets a parent! Among the straightforward
(indifference, lethargy) is a lack of zeal or answer choices, Choice A seems strangely
enthusiasm. The correct answer is out of place.
Choice A.
When an item in an analogy strikes you as
The relationship between the capitalized out of place, take a second look.
Remember that, if you are a very good
EMBROIDER: FABRIC :: test-taker, the computer-adaptive GRE
(A) fret: wood will give you Watch Out for Errors
(B) spin: yarn Caused by Eye-Catchers increasingly
(C) refine: ore difficult questions throughout the test.
(D) sculpt: chisel
(E) glaze: glass Therefore, if one of the final analogy
questions on your screen looks simple,
Ostensibly, this is a simple analogy. One suspect a trap. In this case, the trap is a
embroiders fabric to ornament it, double one. Choice B, spin: yam is an eye-
embellishing it with needlework. The catcher: because embroidery and spinning
relationship between the capitalized both are related to cloth, Choice B has an
words is clear. However, the bulk of the immediate appeal. Choose it and you fall
 Test Preparation Material for English Section

examinees responding to this question into the test-makers' trap. Choice A, the
would answer it incorrectly. The odd-seeming choice, is the real answer:
problem lies not in the original analogy fret, as used here, means to mark
but in the answer pairs. decoratively, ornamenting a surface with
interlaced designs, as cabinet makers
decorate wood with interlaced patterns;
fretting wood, thus, is directly analogous
to embroidering fabric.

4 Watch Out for Errors Caused

By Eye-Catchers

When you look at answer choices, do yet not be one. Thus, Choice C is an eye-
you find that certain ones seem to leap catcher: while there can be a clear
right off the screen? For instance, when relationship between the adjective
you were looking for an analogy similar mercenary and the noun demand, there is
to EMBROIDER:FABRIC, did the no such clear relationship between the
terms related to stitchery catch your eye? noun mercenary and the verb demand.
These words are eye-catchers. They look See how this works:
good-but not if you take a second
glance. CLEAR ANALOGY (Adjective/Noun)

In an analogy you have two capitalized MERCENARY:DEMAND::RAVENOUS: APPETITE

words that relate in a particular way. In

creating eye-catchers, the test-makers A mercenary demand is greedy by definition. A
tempt you with pairs of words that are ravenous appetite is greedy by definition as well.
related, but in a grammatically or
logically different way. See how eye- VAGUE ANALOGY (NounNerb)
catchers work in the following example.
A mercenary demands.
MENTOR : GUIDE ::
(A) medium : advise A mercenary (professional soldier) insists
(B) mediator : disagree or requires? The sentence makes little
(C) mercenary : demand sense. Mercenaries work for hire; they
(D) mendicant : bag mayor may not make demands. The
(E) merchant : consume relationship is vague. Eliminate vague
analogies when you find them; their only
Just as there are many possible function is to catch your eye.
 Test Preparation Material for English Section

relationships linking word pairs, there

are many possible ways an eye-catcher You have ruled out Choice C; you are
may attract your eye. First, an answer suspicious of Choice A. How do you
choice may somehow remind you in determine the correct answer? In this case,
subject matter of one or both of the ask yourself who is doing what to whom.
terms in the original pair. Thus, Choice A mentor (teacher or counselor) by
A is an eye-catcher: advice reminds you definition guides students or proteges.
of guide; both words feel as if they You can eliminate Choices A, B, and E
belong in the same set of words, the because no necessary; dictionary-
same semantic field. Second, the answer supported relationship links the words in
choice may masquerade as a clear-cut, these pairs. Mediums represent
precise, dictionary-perfect analogy and themselves as channels of communication
between the living and the dead; they do

not by definition advise. Mediators consume. The correct answer is Choice D.

attempt to reconcile disagreeing parties;
they do not by definition disagree. Just as a mentor by definition guides, a
Merchants buy and sell goods that others mendicant or beggar by definition begs.
consume; they do not by definition

LOOK AT THE ANSWER CHOICES

5 TO DETERMINE A WORD'S PART
OF SPEECH

Look at the capitalized words. What

parts of speech are they? Words often SAP : VITALITY ::
have several forms. You may think of (A) persevere : fortitude
flag as a noun, for example, but in the (B) bore : ledium
phrases "to flag a taxi" and "to flag from (C) examine : opinion
exhaustion," flag is a verb. (D) drain : resolve
(E) enhance : allure
If you suspect that a capitalized word
may represent more than one part of At first glance, you might think that both
speech, don't worry. Grammatical sap and vigor were nouns; sap, after all, is
information built into the question can a common noun (maple syrup comes
help you recognize analogy types and from the sap of the maple tree), and
spot the use of unfamiliar or secondary vitality ends in -ity, a common noun
meanings of words. In GRE analogy suffix. However, persevere is clearly a
questions, the relationship between the verb. Simply from looking at the first
parts of speech of the capitalized words answer choice, you know sap is a verb,
 Test Preparation Material for English Section

and the parts of speech of the answer not a noun.

choices is identical. If your capitalized
words are a noun and a verb, each of What occurs when someone's vitality is
your answer pairs will be a noun and a sapped? It decreases and becomes weak.
verb. If they are an adjective and a noun, When vitality is sapped, it is undermined.
each of your answer pairs will be an Think of a fortress being undermined by
adjective and a noun. If you can military engineers; "sappers," the British
recognize the parts of speech in a single army called them. Only one answer choice
answer pair, you know the parts of conveys this sense of something strong
speech of every other answer pair and of weakening: Choice D. If one's resolve
the original pair as well. See how this (resolution, determination) is drained, it is
tactic works in a somewhat difficult depleted or undermined.
question.

6 FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH

COMMON ANALOGY TYPES

Analogies tend to fall into certain basic METAPHYSICS: PHILOSOPHY

types. If you can discover no apparent Metaphysics belongs to (is a branch of) the
relationship between the two capitalized field of philosophy.
words, try establishing a relationship
between them based on those types SONNET:POEM
commonly used on this test. A sonnet is a specific kind of poem.

COMMON ANALOGY TYPES ANTONYMS

DEFINITION Antonyms are words that are opposite in
meaning. Both words belong to the same
REFUGE: SHELTER part of speech.
A refuge (place of asylum or sanctuary) by
definition shelters. CONCERNED: INDIFFERENT
Concerned is the opposite of indifferent.
TAXONOMIST: CLASSIFY
A taxonomist, a person who specializes in WAX:WANE
classification, by definition classifies. Wax, to grow larger, and wane, to
dwindle, are opposites.
HAGGLER: BARGAIN
A haggler, a person who argues over ANARCHY:ORDER
prices, by definition bargains. Anarchy is the opposite of order.
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DEFINING CHARACTERISTIC ANTONYM VARIANTS

TIGER: CARNIVOROUS In an Antonym Variant, the words are not

A tiger is defined as a carnivorous or strictly antonyms; their meanings,
meat-eating animal. however, are opposed. Take the adjective
nervous. A strict antonym for the
ENTOMOLOGIST: INSECTS adjective nervous would be the adjective
An entomologist is defined as a person who poised. However, where an Antonym
studles insects. would have the adjective poised, an
Antonym Variant analogy has the noun
APIARY: BEE poise. It looks like this:

An apiary is defined as a home for bees. NERVOUS: POISE

Nervous means lacking in poise.
CLASS AND MEMBER

REPTILE: SALAMANDER
A salamander is an example of a reptile.

INIQUITOUS: VIRTUE SOLICITOUS: CONCERN

Something iniquitous (wicked) lacks Someone solicitous is concerned; he or
vil1ue. It is the opposite of virtuous. she shows concern.

ABSTINENT: GORGE DEGREE OF INTENSITY

To be abstinent or sparing in eating is
the opposite of being inclined to cram or FOND: DOTING
gorge. Fond is less extreme than doting.

SYNONYMS FLURRY:BLIZZARD
A flurry or shower of snow is less extreme
Synonyms are words that have the same than a blizzard.
meaning. Both words belong to the same
part of speech. GRASPING: RAPACIOUS
To be grasping is less extreme than to be
MAGNIFlCENT : GRANDIOSE rapacious.
Grandiose means magnificent.
PART TO WHOLE
RATIOCINATE: THINK
To ratiocinate is to think. ISLAND: ARCHIPELAGO
Many islands make up an archipelago.
RECIDIVIST: BACKSLIDER
A recidivist or habitual offender is a SHARD:POTTERY
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backslider. A shard is a fragment of pottery.

SYNONYM VARIANTS CANTO: POEM

A canto is part of a poem.
In a Synonym Variant, the words are not
strictly synonyms; their meanings. FUNCTION
however, are opposed. Take the
adjective willful. A strict synonym for ASYLUM: REFUGE
the adjective willful would be the An asylum provides refuge or protection.
adjective unruly. However, where a
Synonym would have the adjective BALLAST: STABILITY
unruly, a Synonym Variant analogy has Ballast provides stability.
the noun unruliness. It looks like this:
LULL: STORM
WILLFUL: UNRULINESS A lull temporarily interrupts a storm.
Willful means exhibiting unruliness.

VERBOSE :WORDINESS MANNER

Someone verbose is wordy; he or she
exhibits wordiness. MUMBLE :SPEAK
To mumble is to speak indistinctly.

STRUT :WALK LESS COMMON ANALOGY TYPES

To strut is to walk proudly.
Cause and Effect
SOPORIFIC: SLEEPINESS
STRAINED: WIT A soporific (sleep-inducing medicine or
Wit that is strained is forced in manner. drug) causes sleepiness.

ACTION AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE Sex

DOE :STAG
WINCE: PAIN A doe is a female deer; a stag. a male deer.
A wince is a sign that one feels pain.
Age
BLUSH: DISCOMFITURE COLT: STALLION
A blush signifies discomfiture or A colt is a young stallion.
embarrassment.
Time Sequence
PROSTRATION: SUBMISSIVENESS CORONATION: REIGN
Prostration {assuming a prostrate The coronation precedes the reign.
position, face to the ground) is a sign of
submissiveness or abasement. Spatial Sequence
ROOF : FOUNDATION
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WORKER AND ARTICLE CREATED The roof is the highest point of a house;
the foundation, the lowest point.
POET: SONNET
A poet creates a sonnet. Symbol and Quality It Represents
DOVE :PEACE
ARCHITECT: BLUEPRINT A dove is the symbol of peace.
An architect designs a blueprint.

PRACTICE EXERCISE .
ANALOGY EXERCISE A . 5. CAPTAIN : SHOAL ::
(A) lawyer: litigation
Directions: Each of the following (B) pilot: radar
analogy questions presents a related pair (C) soldier: ambush
of words linked by a colon. Five lettered (D) doctor: hospital
pairs of words follow the linked pair. (E) corporal: sergeant
Choose the lettered pair of words whose
relationship is the relationship expressed 6. HORNS: BULL ::
in the original linked pair. (A) mane: lion
(B) wattles: turkey
1. MASON: WALL :: (C) antlers: stag
(A) artist: easel (D) hoofs: horse
(B) fisherman: trout (E) wings: eagle
(C) author: book
(D) congressman: senator 7. JUDGE: COURTHOUSE ::
(E) sculptor: mallet (A) carpenter: bench
(B) lawyer: brief
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2. FIRE : ASHES :: (C) architect: blueprint

(A) accident: delay (D) physician : infirmary
(B) wood: splinters (E) landlord: studio
(C) water: waves
(D) regret: melancholy 8. HELMET: HEAD ::
(E) event: memories (A) pedal: foot
(B) gun: hand
3. GOOSE: GANDER :: (C) breastplate: chest
(A) duck: drake (D) pendant: neck
(B) hen: chicken (E) knapsack: back
(C) sheep: flock
(D) dog: kennel 9. GULLIBLE: DUPED ::
(E) horse: bridle (A) credible: cheated
(B) careful: cautioned
4. CARPENTER: SAW :: (C) malleable: molded
(A) stenographer: typewriter (D) myopic: misled
(B) painter: brush (E) articulate: silenced
(C) lawyer: brief
(D) seamstress: scissors 10. DUNGEON: CONFINEMENT ::
(E) runner : sneakers (A) church: chapel
(B) school: truancy
(C) asylum ; refuge
(D) hospital: mercy
(E) courthouse: remorse

11. HERMIT : GREGARIOUS :: 17. SHALE: GEOLOGIST ::

(A) miser: penurious (A) catacombs: entomologist
(B) ascetic: hedonistic (B) aster: botanist
(C) coward: pusillanimous (C) obelisk: fireman
(D) scholar : literate (D) love: philologist
(E) crab: crustacean (E) reef: astrologer .

12. MENDACITY .: HONEST.Y :: 18. DIDACTIC : TEACH ::

(A) courage: cravenness (A) sophomoric: learn
(8) truth : beauty (8) satiric: mock
(C) courage: fortitude (C) reticent: complain
(D) un sophistication: ingenuousness (D) chaotic: rule
(E) turpitude: depravity (E) apologetic: deny

13. MARATHON; STAMINA :: 19. HACKNEYED: ORIGINAL ::

(A) relay: independence (A) mature: juvenile
(B) hurdle: perseverance (B) trite: morbid
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(C) sprint: celerity (C) withdrawn: reserved

(D) jog: weariness (D) evasive: elusive
(E) ramble: directness (E) derivative: traditional

14. NAIVE: INGENUE :: 20. AUGER: CARPENTER ::

(A) ordinary : genius (A) studio: sculptor
(B) venerable: celebrity (B) awl: cobbler
(C) urbane: sophisticate (C) seam : seamstress
(D) crafty : artisan (D) cement: mason
(E) modest: braggart (E) apron: chef

15. RETOUCH: PHOTOGRAPH :: ANALOGY EXERCISE B .

(A) hang: painting Directions: Each of the following analogy
(B) finger : fabric questions presents a related pair of words
(C) retract : statement linked by a colon. Five lettered pairs of
(D) compose: melody words follow the linked pair. Choose the
(E) refine : style lettered pair of words whose relationship
is the relationship expressed in the
16. INDIGENT: WEALTH :: original linked pair.
(A) contented: happiness
(B) aristocratic: stature 1. MUSTER: CREW ::
(C) smug: complacency (A) convene: committee
(D) emaciated: nourishment (B) demobilize : troops
(E) variegated: vanity (C) dominate: opposition
(D) cheer: team
(E) dismiss: jury

2. DWELL: DENIZEN :: 8. SIGNATURE : ILLUSTRATION ::

(A) shun: outcast (A) byline: column
(B) inherit: heir (B) alias: charge
(C) squander. miser (C) credit: purchase
(D) obey: autocrat (D) note: scale
(E) patronize: prot6g6 (E) reference: recommendation

3. MEANDERING: DIRECTNESS :: 9. SCALES: JUSTICE ::

(A) menacing: ambition (A) weights: measures
(B) affable: permissiveness (B) laws: courts
(C) digressive : conciseness (C) torch: liberty
(D) circuitous: rotation (D) laurel: peace
(E) aboveboard: openness (E) balance: equity

4. CEMENT : TROWEL :: 10. SURPRISE: EXCLAMATION ::

 Test Preparation Material for English Section

(A) lawn: rake (A) insolence: bow

(B) conflagration: match (B) dismay: groan
(C) paint: brush (C) happiness: grimace
(D) floor: polish (D) deference: nod
(E) wallpaper: ladder (E) contentment: matter

5. PIGHEADED: YIELD :: 11. APOSTATE : RFLIGION ::

(A) lionhearted: retreat (A) potentate: kingdom
(B) lily-livered : flee (B) traitor: country
(C) dogged: pursue (C) bureaucrat: government
(D) featherbrained: giggle (D) jailer: law
(E) eagle-eyed : discern (E) teacher: education

6. ALARM : TRIGGER :: 12. FOX: CUNNING ::

(A) prison: escape (A) dog: playful
(B) tunnel: dig (B) hyena: amusing
(C) criminal: comer (C) beaver: industrious
(D) fright: allay (D) vixen: cute
(E) trap: spring (E) colt: sturdy

7. QUOTATION: QUOTATION MARKS :: 13. PERJURY: OATH ::

(A) remark: colon (A) plagiarism: authority
(B) sentence: period (B) embezzlement: trust
(C) aside: parentheses (C) disrespect: age
(D) clause: semicolon (D) testimony: court
(E) interjection : exclamation point (E) jury : vow

14. EULOGY: BLAME :: 20. SNICKER: DISRESPECT ::

(A) elegy: loss (A) whimper: impatience
(B) satire,: mockery (B) chortle: glee
(C) tirade: abuse (C) frown : indifference
(D) simile: likeness (D) sneer: detachment
(E) benediction: curse (E) grower : cheerfulness

15. PRIDE: LIONS :: ANALOGY EXERCISE C .

(A) gaggle: geese Directions: Each of the following analogy
(8) honor: thieves questions presents a related pair of words
(C) snarl: wolves linked by a colon. Five lettered pairs of
(D) arrogance: kings words follow the linked pair. Choose the
 Test Preparation Material for English Section

(E) lair : bears lettered pair of words whose relationship

is the relationship expressed in the
16. RANGE: MOUNTAINS :: original linked pair.
(A) atlas : maps
(B) plain : prairie 1. MYTH: LEGENDARY ::
(C) string: beads (A) sermon : lengthy
(D) novel: short stories (8) anecdote : witty
(E) sea : rivers (C) fable: didactic
(D) epic: comic
17. EXCESSIVE : MODERATION :: (E) allegory : obscure
(A) extensive: duration
(B) arbitrary : courage 2. TIRADE: ABUSIVE ::
(C) impulsive: reflection (A) monologue: lengthy
(D) distinguished : reverence (B) aphorism: boring
(E) expensive: cost (C) prologue : conclusive
(D) encomium: laudatory
18. DEADBEAT: PAY:: (E) critique: insolent
(A) killjoy: lament
(B) spoilsport : refrain 3. EXPEDITIOUS: SPEED ::
(C) daredevil: risk (A) astute : wisdom
(D) diehard : quit (B) decorous: impropriety
(E) turncoat: betray (C) thoughtful: inanity
(D) haggard: sturdiness
19. MENDICANT : IMPECUNIOUS :: (E) portable: frailty
(A) critic: quizzical
(B) complainer: petulant 4. ANNOTATE :TEXT ::
(C) physician : noble (A) enact: law
(D) liar : compulsive (B) prescribe : medication
(E) philanthropist: prodigal (C) caption: photograph
(D) abridge: novel
(E) censor: film

5. DRUDGERY: IRKSOME :: 11. HORSE: CORRAL ::

(A) encumbrance: burdensome (A) oyster: reef
(B) journey: wearisome (B) dog: muzzle
(C) ambivalence: suspicious (C) sheep : flock
(D) compliance: forced (D) pig: sty
(E) dissonance: harmonious (E) deer: stag

6. IMPROMPTU : REHEARSAL :: 12. RUBBER: ELASTIC ::

(A) practiced : technique (A) paper: brittle
(B) makeshift : whim (B) diamond: hard
 Test Preparation Material for English Section

(C) offhand: premeditation (C) satin: sheer

(D) glib: fluency (D) metal: heavy
(E) numerical: calculation (E) dust: allergic
I
7. ELISION: SYLLABLES :: 13. REAM : PAPER ::
(A) contraction: letters (A) carton: milk
(B) thesis: ideas (B) statue: marble
(C) diagnosis: symptoms (C) tablet: clay
(D) almanac : facts (D) ink: pen
(E) abacus: numbers (E) cord: wood

8. STICKLER: INSIST :: 14. HOBBLE: WALK ::

(A) mumbler: enunciate (A) gallop: run
(B) trickster: risk (B) stammer: speak
(C) haggler: concede (C) stumble: fall
(D) laggard: outlast (D) sniff: smell
(E) braggart : boast (E) amble: stroll

9. DETRITUS: GLACIER :: 15. DETECTIVE: INFORMER::

(A) thaw: snowfall (A) spy : turpentine
(B) snow: ice cap (B) reporter : source
(C) silt: river (C) author : editor
(D) range: mountain (D) logger : timber
(E) foliage: tree (E) etcher : acid

10. DESCRY: DISTANT :: 16. SCULPTOR : STONE::

(A) mourn : lost (A) essayist : words
(B) whisper: muted (B) painter : turpentine
(C) discern : subtle (C) composer : symphony
(D) destroy: flagrant (D) logger : timber
(E) entrap: hostile (E) etcher : acid

17. MASTHEAD : NEWSPAPER:: 2. LACHRYMOSE: TEARS ::

(A) footnote : essay (A) effusive: requests
(B) credits : film (B) ironic: jests
(C) spine : book (C) morose: speeches
(D) ream : paper (D) profound: sighs
(E) advertisement : magazine (E) verbose: words

18. FRAYED : FABRIC :: 3. MOISTEN: DRENCH ::

 Test Preparation Material for English Section

(A) thawed: ice (A) enclose: confine

(B) renovated: building (B) prick: stab
(C) frazzled: nerves (C) disregard: ignore
(D) watered: lawn. (D) scrub: polish
(E) cultivated: manner (E) heat: chill

19. INDOLENT : WORK:: 4. WITCH: COVEN ::

(A) decisive : act (A) ogre; castle
(B) gullible : cheat (B) seer: prophecy
(C) perceptive : observe (C) actor: troupe
(D) theatrical : perform (D) fairy: spell
(E) taciturn : speak (E) doctor: medicine

20. INFALLIBLE : ERROR:: 5. CONTINENT : ISLAND ::

(A) irreversible : cure (A) ocean: lake
(B) invulnerable : emotion (B) isthmus: peninsula
(C) impeccable : flaw (C) cape : cove
(D) intolerable : defect (D) river: canal
(E) immovable : choice (E) plateau: plain

ANALOGY EXERCISE D . 6. SKINFLINT: STINGY ::

Directions: Each of the following (A) daredevil: alert
analogy questions presents a related pair (B) braggart : carefree
of words follow the link pair. Choose (C) blackguard: protective
the lettered pair of words whose (D) spendthrift : weak
relationship is most like the relationship (E) diehard: stubborn
expressed in the original linked pair.
7. STORY: BUILDING ::
1. INFRACTION: LAW :: (A) plot: outline
(A) interruption : continuity (B) rung: ladder
(8) renovation: structure (C) cable: elevator
(C) establishment : order (D) foundation: skyscraper
(D) enactment : amendment (E) spire: church
(E) punishment: crime

8. CANONIZE: SAINT :: 14. EPIGRAM : PITHY ::

(A) train: athlete (A) allegory : lengthy
(B) guard: dignitary (B) saga: heroic
(C) deify: sinner (C) anecdote: humorous
(D) lionize: celebrity (D) elegy: satiric
(E) humanize: scholar (E) proverb: modern
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9. STARE : GLANCE :: l5. BOLT: FABRIC ::

(A) participate: observe (A) lock: key
(B) scorn : admire (B) book: paper
(C) hunt: stalk (C) roll : film
(D) gulp: sip (D) needle: thread
(E) confide: tell (E) light: lamp

10. PERFORATE: HOLES :: 16. PROOF: ALCOHOL ::

(A) speckle: spots (A) cream: milk
(B) evaporate: perfume (B) canteen: water
(C) decorate: rooms (C) tanker: oil
(D) filter: water (D) octane: gasoline
(E) repent: sins (E) pulp.: juice

11. PUGNACIOUS: BATTLE :: 17. INCUBATOR: INFANT ::

(A) timorous: beg (A) henhouse: chicken
(B) loquacious: drink (B) greenhouse: plant
(C) tenacious: persist (C) archives: document
(D) veracious: lie (D) cooler: wine
(E) wicked: survive (E) hive: bee
12. CLEARSIGHTED: PERSPICACITY ::
18. CITADEL: DEFENSE ::
(A) daring: temerity
(A) chapel: refreshment
(B) reserved: impulsiveness
(B) gazebo: refuge
(C) transparent: opacity
(C) marina: contemplation
(D) severe: clemency
(D) warehouse: storage
(E) lethargic: energy
(E) rampart : supervision
13. PLEAD: SUPPLIANT ::
19. RANCID: TASTE ::
(A) disperse: rioter
(A) tepid: temperature
(B) shun : outcast
(B) glossy: look
(C) revere: elder
(C) rank: smell
(D) beg: philanthropist
(D) dulcet: sound
(E) translate: interpreter
(E) savory : odor

20. TRYST: CLANDESTINE :: 6. PHYSIQUE: STURDY::

(A) reverie: dreamy (A) intellect : noble
(B) acquaintanceship: brief (B) punctuality : tardy
(C) expectation: hopeless (C) investment : sound
(D) glance: resentful
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(E) journey: leisurely (D) fabric : worn

(E) technique : inept
Analogy Exercise E .
Directions: Each of the following 7. TRAILER: MOTION PICTURE::
analogy questions presents a related pair (A) truck : cargo
of words linked by a colon. Five lettered (B) theater : play
pairs of words follow the linked pair. (C) edition : novel
Choose the letter pair of words whose (D) commercial : product
relationship is most like the relationship (E) libretto : opera
is expressed in the original linked pair.
8. SIGN: ZODIAC ::
1. WHISPER: SPEAK :: (A) poster: billboard
(A) brush: touch (B) letter: alphabet
(B) skip: walk (C) prediction: prophecy
(C) listen: hear (D) signal: beacon
(D) request: ask (E) rhyme: almanac
(E) whimper: whine
9. LUMINARY: ILLUSTRIOUS ::
2. ELUSIVE: CAPTURE :: (A) zealot: intense
(A) persuasive: convince (B) miser: prodigal
(B) elastic: stretch (C) atheist: devout
(C) headstrong: control (D) dignitary : conceited
(D) sensible: decide (E) celebrity: wealthy
(E) gullible: trick
10. BUFFOON: DIGNITY ::
3. LINEAGE: PERSON :: (A) braggart : modesty
(A) foliage: tree (B) blackguard: strength
(B) derivation: word (C) laughingstock: ridicule
(C) adolescence: child (D) imposter- : identification
(D) title: book (E) gambler: risk
(E) landscape: portrait
11. ROUT: DEFEAT ::
4. IMPANEL: JUROR :: (A) ovation :.applause
(A) accuse: defendant (B) triumph: failure
(B) convict: culprit (C) grief: loss .
(C) testify : witness (D) pathway: ruin
(D) enroll: student (E) memory : oblivion
(E) involve. Bystander

12. METAPHOR: FIGURATIVE :: 17. DELICATE: FASTIDIOUS ::

(A) fable: contemporary (A) hard-working: diligent
(B) adage: paradoxical (B) altruistic: mercenary
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(C) precept: instructive (C) demonstrative: effusive

(D) irony: dramatic (D) deceptive: fallacious
(E) epic: literal (E) blithe: melancholy

13. CALUMNY: ASPERSIONS:: 18. RICOCHET: BULLET ::

(A) approbation : praise (A) soar : falcon
(B) slander : mockery (B) aim: crossbow
(C) Approval : criticism (C) pierce: dart
(D) expectation : threats (D) carom: ball
(E) satire : lamentations (E) catapult: missile

14. LAST: SHOE:: 19. JUGGERNAUT : INEXORABLE

(A) cuff: trousers ::
(B) finale : curtain (A) cosmonaut: worldly
(C) pattern : glove (B) colossus: gigantic
(D) buckle : belt (C) demagogue: liberal
(E) strap : slip (D) philistine: cultivated
(E) despot: immaculate
15. INDOLENT: SLOTH ::
(A) wrathful: ire 20. APOCRYPHAL:
(B) arrogant: acuity AUTHENTICITY ::
(C) covetous: enigma.. (A) nefarious: wickedness
(D) gluttonous: loyalty (B) dogmatic: assertiveness
(E) impatient : apathy (C) hypocritical: integrity
(D) perspicacious: discernment
16. GROVEL: SERVILITY :: (E) deceptive: artifice
(A) titter: arrogance
(B) fume: anger
(C) yawn: civility
(D) preen: modesty
(E) snivel: hypocrisy
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ANSWERS .

ANALOGY EXERCISE A ANALOGY EXERCISE D

1. C 6. C 11. B 16. D 1. A 6. E 11. C 16. D

2. E 7. D 12. A 17. B 2. E 7. B 12. A 17. B
3. A 8. C 13. C 18. B 3. B 8. D 13. E 18. B
4. D 9. C 14. C 19. A 4. C 9. D 14. B 19. C
5. C 10. C 15. E 20. B 5. A 10. A 15. C 20. A

ANALOGY EXERCISE B ANALOGY EXERCISE E

1. A 6. E 11. B 16. C 1. A 6. C 11. A 16. B

2. B 7. C 12. C 17. C 2. C 7. D 12. C 17. C
3. C 8. A 13. B 18. D 3. B 8. B 13. A 18. D
4. C 9. C 14. E 19. B 4. D 9. A 14. C 19. B
5. A 10. B 15. A 20. B 5. D 10. A 15. A 20. C

ANALOGY EXERCISE C

1. C 6. C 11. D 16. A
2. D 7. A 12. B 17. B
3. A 8. E 13. E 18. C
4. C 9. C 14. B 19. E
5. A 10. C 15. B 20. C
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Directions: Read each sentence and fill in the blanks with an appropriate
preposition. More than one answer may be correct.

1. I learned English _________ practicing with native speakers.

2. I feel nervous __________ living away from home .
3. My father isn't very good _________ cooking.
4. We are interested _______ learning more about the customs of other
countries.
5. I can't get used __________ working everyday.
6. They didn't have enough money so __________ going to a fancy dinner;
they went skating in the park.
7. _______ not smoking the athletes kept themselves ready for competition.
8. We have tried to get over our fear ________ flying.
9. The teacher suspects someone __________ taking her pen.
10. He was asked to stay after school _________ disrupting the class.
11. Take the back roads and you can get out of the city quickly __________
being caught in all this traffic.
12. As citizens we should be concerned __________ international peace.
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PASSAGES AND ESSAYS FOR SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS

LIFE IS ACTION, NOT CONTEMPLATION
rPanauuaP ioasrH mauurGf rrfsrforP
Life is a blessing of Allah and it is meant for action. We come to the world
to avail ourselves of life only once. And that only one life matters most. Positive actions
bring brilliant success and planned action win laurels. History is witness to the fact that
behind all actions that led to brilliant successes, there was will power and determination
that made them possible. It is evident from wonderful achievements by scientists and
amazing adventures of great adventurers that their actions led to wonders and miracles.

The person who first crossed the Atlantic Ocean most probably have
thought about his mission seriously. But it was his action that brought him the honour of
achieving greatest success man has ever achieved. Likewise, the first person that
surmounted K-2 summit for the first time definitely had thought of hazards of that
obviously impossible mission. But, again, it was his action that enabled him to surmount
the summit. There have been great tourists that passed most dangerous and longest
deserts. Marco Polo is one of them who crossed the Gobi Desert and gave a great
example of human action. Thomas Alva Edison invented more than 50 scientific things
by working hard day and night. Great religious reformers such as the Holy Prophet
(P.B.U.H) Buddha Christ and Mosses worked very hard for spread of their beliefs and
won millions of followers with the passage of time. Again, it was tireless efforts and
positive actions that led to capturing big areas of the world at the hand of superb army
generals and conquerors.

Geologists and archaeologist explored the earth and discovered wonderful

things and places beneath the earth and on the surface of the globe. The first navigators
who circumnavigated must have faced roughness and rudeness of the oceans and suffered
a lot of hardships to complete their journeys. There have been many great altruists who
devoted their all energies and lives. There are the greatest examples of Mother Teresa and
Florence Nightingale who devoted their whole lives for the betterment and welfare of the
poor people to their best. The first man who encountered with a ferocious lion and
subdued him was alive to his action not contemplation. There are several thick dangerous
forests that abound in innumerable wild animals. The men of action passed through them
fearlessly and faced all those ferocious animals that came in their ways. Brilliant victories
and enviable successes have always gone to the credit of all those undaunted souls who
resorted to action leaving contemplation far behind. The history of the world teems with
brilliant examples of triumph by small, brave and well-disciplined armies that won
smashing victories over very big but disorganized armies, infected by disunity
indiscipline and lack of action. The greatest army generals such as Sultan Salahuddin
Ayubi, Tarique Bin Ziyad, Napoleon Bona Parte, Alexander the Great and Hitler
achieved smashing victories over largest armies mainly due to action.
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A proverb says, “Stitch in time saves nine”. Another proverb says “Fruits
of labour are sweeter than the gifts of fortune”. Another proverb says, “Better late than
never”. These and many other proverbs hint at definite action supported by will power
and confidence They indicate that right action in earnest, besides timely planning and
sincere endeavours, bring the man of action with enviable success.

To recapitulate, action leads to a positive result, whereas contemplation in

most cases remains dormant and inactive. It is action that invites efforts, struggles and
confidence in right earnest. Action seldom fails the doer because it aims at positive result
in the form of a brilliant success or smashing victory. Great are those souls that strive for
fulfillment of their aims, and they really deserve tribute. Action brings success, whereas
mere contemplation is a brown study that leaves man in wilderness or wasteland.
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RAEDING-A DYING HABIT

rPanauuaP ioasrH mauurGf rrfsrforP

INTRODUCTION: In olden days people used to study books for hours together.
Educated people studied books of their choice as their hobby. Such books of interest and
entertainment included story books, books on journalism, books on agriculture, forestry
and wildlife, books on space travel, novels and books on science fiction. Of these, story
books and printed fairytales occupied time and mind of human beings for quite some
time. Even today most educated people take keen interest in reading stories very close to
life. It is observed that light entertainments, detective movies, feature films, thrillers and
operas have largely replaced reading habit slowly and gradually. Today the number of
good and regular readers has largely decreased. Most educated people take serious
reading as a burden and time consuming activity. They therefore, resort to other activities
that can yield maximum entertainment and fun in a short time.
There are scores of activities that have engaged mind and leisure time of
modern man. He feels at ease when he spends his time in activities other than reading
books. Modern man is reluctant to afford much of his leisure time for book reading ,
because there are several other attractions that attract his interest and attention without
costing much money and consuming much time.
Another reason for affording negligible time for reading is hectic schedule
of modern man. He is too busy to spare time for useful exhaustive reading of some good
books on various subjects. Therefore, he is obliged not to keep up reading habit for
longer hours. Since modern media afford ready and interesting entertainments, man has
switched over to other pastimes than book reading. He has replaced reading habit with
certain other amusing pastimes.
Another reason for affording nominal interest for reading books is divided
attention of man. He wants to be versatile in various subjects by giving least possible
time, and that is impossible for him. He has certain other activities that tax his time,
engage his mind and attract his interest. His priority for reading is not strong enough to
stick to reading habit for an ample time. Modern man finds reading an expensive and
extra time-talking activity. It is because good books are either becoming rare or are very
expensive. Therefore, he resorts to other pastimes that involve less effort, less money and
a little time to entertain. Reading habit is therefore becoming scarce, and it is particularly
limited to some studious people. Since they are fond of good books, they enjoy
themselves very much by reading them through.
Another important reason of dying reading habit is addiction of watching
T.V for longer hours. Most people keep watching television up to the early hours in the
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night. Some watch television till break of the day. Therefore they cannot enjoy good
sleep and feel hangover most of the time during their working hours.
Last, we badly lack reading aptitude and reading atmosphere. Only a
decade or so ago, there were literary societies and literary forums that contributed a lot to
academic atmosphere and catered for reading habit, Studious youths and keen readers
used to go to libraries where they scanned good books, studied for hours together and
made original notes and maintained diaries for their personal records. Libraries were used
as meeting places of learners. Scholars who professed profound knowledge seem to have
disappeared from the scene. Absence of such studious and learned people has caused a
great dearth of reading atmosphere and habit. Only those people are found studying who
have quest for knowledge and who take examination for obtaining degrees from
universities and other degree awarding institutions.
Recapitulation: Reading being oput of practice, most people feel bored and suffocated
when they start reading books. Our moral values have changed drastically. Men and
women have changed their tastes and habits with the passage of time. Social conditions,
social preoccupations and electronic media have surprisingly affected leisure time the
educated people all over the country. Formerly, reading was taken and made as pastime.
Whereas, it has now become an activity of some learned and interested people. These
days they read books for entrainment and learning and for imparting knowledge to others.
The percentage of thorough and interested readers has awfully decreased. As a result,
reading habit among the learners and educated people is dying day by day. We need to
look into such thousands of valuable books; some of them are rare ones. Most precious
books are so full of entertainment and instructions that dying reading habit is revived and
strengthened.
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A BRAVE SOUL, A GREAT ROLE AND A BRILLIANT GOAL GO

TOGETHER.
rPanauuaP ioasrH mauurGf
Almost every sensible and responsible person has some goal to achieve.
He takes it as a target to reach an aim to fulfill. Therefore, he makes some plan in right
earnest and strives to materialize his aim or object. Goal is obviously a well-thought and
well-planned purpose for which man strives to peruse it and ultimately wins it, provided
everything goes well and he does not give up.

Plan is a systematic arrangement of some object to achieve something in a

given period of time. It involves methods, steps, strategy and way out to get something
for which man aspires. A plan depends upon the planner’s will power, determination and
intelligence as to how he puts everything in right order at the right time. A proverb says,
“Strike the iron while it is hot”. It means a good planner should make best of the
opportunity as soon as he gets it. Another proverb says, “Make hay while the sun shines”.
It means one should avail oneself of a favourable opportunity well in time. Another
proverb says, “A bird in hand is worth two in the bush”. It means whatever one has at
one’s disposal; it is the best and can do well at least for the time being. A long waiting for
a better chance and missing the good one, leaves one devoid of either. Such uncertain and
hesitating situation tantalizes man and invokes frustration and unrest in him. It is,
therefore, wise to utilize the available opportunity to its best, and whatever is at man’s
disposal at the moment should be availed of, rather than sitting idle and wavering in vain.

Proper role at the proper time plays a vital part for a man of action. Since
excess of everything is bad, man should adopt moderation and prove himself determined
and committed at all. When it comes to a positive action, he should be decisive and
determined. A slight hesitation and infirmity of will power might leave him beaten or
failed. His role as a well-organized man of action can win him laurels. The moment he
believes that the can win what he aspires and endeavours for he gets it. It is a state of
mind and determination that enables man of action to achieve a brilliant success. So a
moderate and definite plan paves way to a sure success that lies ahead of a man who
thinks he can make difficult things possible. His role plays part of a movers and potent
doer that steals the show surprisingly. His goal is the destination that attracts him like a
magnet and a beacon light that guides him to his most aspired aim of life.

To recapitulate, plan, role and goal go hand in hand. They inspire man to achieve
something great he looks for and strives for. It is evident from achievements of great men
that are written in golden letters in history that their wise plants, energetic actions and
superb roles led them to amazing successes and enviable achievements. Their lives and
wonderful successes serve as role models for all those who are ambitious to perform great
deeds and win a lasting name and fame. It is therefore, right to say that brave souls, great
roles and brilliant goals are integral part of life of those great souls who remain calm,
cool and collected but look active and mindful about their targets. Their keen eyes,
burning spirits and unfailing endeavours win them laurels. These are the people who
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made miracles and surprised their friends and foes alike with their never-failing and
evergreen spirits and hard work.

HUMAN RIGHTS, THEIR IMPORTANCE AND SAFEGUARD

rPanauuaP ioasrH mauurGf rrfsrforP

Human beings abide all over the world. They inhabit even in forests,
mountains, deserts and plains. They adapt to all circumstances, seasons and
environments. They have certain needs in common with one another. Their needs and
wants are universal. For example, all human beings need food, neat and clean atmosphere
and shelter. Basic necessities of life are unavoidable and they ought to be supplied by all
means. Besides basic necessities, man needs much more and that much more is known as
fundamental human rights. Regardless of kinds of community and society, these basic
human rights ought to be respected and provided for so that human beings may live
happy lives and enjoy peace and tranquility.

There are several fundamental human rights such as right of education,

right of work, right of business, right of movement, right of speech, right of marriage and
right of holding a public office as an office bearer. By virtue of these rights, a citizen
enjoys freedom and takes part in all noble and healthy activities as a respectable member
of a respectable society.

By means of education, human beings come to know about importance of

life, society and respectable survival through fair means of living. Suffrage, known as
right of vote to elect representatives, enables human beings to exercise their free and
independent will and elect suitable political representative to run the government. Right
of speech enables them to speak for their rights, rightful actions and safeguard of their
legitimate social, political legal rights. Freedom of movement and freedom of work allow
them to avail themselves of opportunities at their disposal. Freedom of marriage and
freedom of religion afford them to choose their life companions at their sweet will and
adhere to their well-chosen faiths and their teachings in letter and spirit. In this way they
can enjoy their conjugal rights without any fear or social barriers and observe their
religious ceremonies, festivals and prayers without any check or fear. So, these human
rights go a long way in human existence as peaceful and law-abiding humans to make
best of their rights and discharge their important duties as responsible citizens in return of
the rights they enjoy and preserve.

All these fundamental human rights demand certain duties on the part of
human beings and the governments that allow such rights. Besides, it is important that
these basic human rights should be safeguarded by the human beings by maintaining their
sanctity and preserving them by discharging their duties properly. In addition, the
government and its agencies should take care of the basic human rights. It should play the
role of a custodian of rights of citizens so that they are safeguarded in letter and spirit.
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To recapitulate, basic human rights are reciprocal to the duties enjoined on

the citizen of a free and independent state. For instance, right of franchise enable a citizen
to exercise his free and independent will in the form of a vote. It gives him a sense of
freedom, independence and greatness in responsible citizen of an independent state.
These rights enable him to enjoy his life in a free and peaceful atmosphere. Also, he
shoulders certain responsibilities in the form of sacred and inviolable duties as a citizen.

THE PERSONS WHO DESERVE RESPECT MOST

Professor Ghulam Hussain Manganhar
There are many people who deserve respect. Respect is commanded not
demanded. It means most people deserve it by virtue of their amiable nature and noble
character. Therefore, they ought to be respected. The persons who I respect include my
parents, teachers, elders and some of my neighbours. These persons command respect
and therefore I hold them high. Some people deserve respect by virtue of their
relationship. Some deserve respect because of their good nature and noble manners.

My parents are from among those people whom I hold high. They brought
me up and provided for my needs. They educated me and groomed my personality to
make me a good citizen of my motherland. My parents are great and kind to me. They
never disappoint me and always take care of my wants, desires and feelings. Next to my
parents are my elders from my father’s and mother’s and side. Since I am related to them,
they love me most and take care of me. They want me to get education and attain the
heights of humanity in respect of good moral character, education, means of living and
profession. They always encourage me to outshine my classmates and good friends.

After my relatives, there are some of my young neighbours and old people
living in my neighbourhood who deserve respect. Since they know me very well, they
love me and want me to work very hard for my examinations. They are my well-wishers.
Therefore, I respect them from the core of my heart. In addition, there are some friends of
mine who are proud of me and I am proud of them. They love and respect me because of
my merits and abilities. I hold them high because they are sincere to me and respect me
from the core of their hearts. They are so nice to me that I pay them high regards without
any fear or favour. Besides, there are people who I don’t meet often, but they have left
indelible impressions on my mind. It is owing to nobility of their character and
magnanimity of their souls that I respect them most. These people value good moral
character. Therefore, they take me as an important and respectable person. Since love
begets love and respect begets respect, I value these gentle and humble souls much and
hold them high. These people, who I believe to be noble souls, are a big source of
inspiration and respect for me.

Besides, I respect religious scholars, religious-minded and pious people

who are a source of inspiration for me. They are so great and noble souls that I take them
as my guide and benefactors in all the walks of life.
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To sum up, the above mentioned people have always been great
inspiration for me because they have guided me properly and remained my benefactors
all the times. I am really fortunate to have these great souls in my life that have benefited
me in and on all important matters and occasions.
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Aren’t We All Basically Selfish?

Professor Ghulam Hussain Manganhar
Selfishness is inherent in human nature. Right from early childhood, man behaves like
selfish people imperceptibly. Man is born selfish and throughout his life he
demonstrates example of selfishness. While boarding a train or a bus, we demonstrate
selfishness though; we hardly get an edge over others by half a minute. When we
reach our destination, we thrust ourselves to the exit to get down the train as soon as
possible. There are scores of conspicuous examples that reflect our selfishness. For
example, in our childhood we didn’t want to share our things with others, not even
with our brothers and sisters. In a bus or a train, we want to find a room rushing
towards a vacant one, disregarding all others, even weak and elderly people are also
ignored by us. Man has become so easy-going and selfish that he doesn’t want to face
any difficulty within or without his home. While driving a car, we want to overtake a
speedy car or wagon just to be ahead of it and to gain little, though we are already
driving fast and moving well towards our destination. At our school tuck shop or
cafeteria, we are supposed to make a queue and observe discipline. But, tempted by
selfishness, we turn impatient and become undisciplined. Where there is some good
movie such as a thriller on cinema or theatre, we become impatient at the box office
and want to in for show anyhow. Often man resorts to force to be in well in time to
seat himself comfortably at a most suitable place. Even at the church, he looks for a
suitable place to listen to sermons and benefit himself to the best by the church
services. It is observed that in times of national emergencies such as disasters,
earthquakes, train accidents and bus smashes we stay away and expect others to work
as volunteers for relief and salvation of the victims. Even at the moments when
feelings run high, we merely stay away and watch others do valuable services
selflessly, just in the name of humanity at large. In these hard days when selfishness
is noticeably rampant, we shirk responsibilities and disregard all human and moral
values. It is pity that when our aged and frail parents badly deserve out help, we
blatantly entrust our responsibilities to others and pay for the services rendered by
them. Such as nursing, feeding and looking after our ailing and weak parents and
elders. Sometimes we hear a clarion call inviting us to render yeoman services for the
needy and destitute. But we are not moved by such heart-rending situations. Gone are
the days when man used to be called an embodiment of virtue, goodness, sacrifice and
noble human moral values. We have shattered such a great image as of volunteer
service for care and comfort of badly affected humanity. We have become callous and
insensitive to the suffering humanity and shut our ears to their cries and appeals for
help. Gone are the days when altruism was the main object of man and fellow-feeling
was an integral part of his sweet nature. It appears that man has given up all those
noble qualities to a sordid boon and let himself wander in wilderness.
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THE TONGUE
Professor Ghulam Hussain Manganhar
Almost all living beings, big and small, except some, have got the tongue. They make
sounds, utter voices and create notes with the tongue. We human beings utter words,
speak in intelligible language and create wonderful audible sounds with the tongue. Birds
such as nightingale and cuckoo-bird sing sweet notes with the tongue. Out of eighteen
thousand creatures, it is man only who speaks in intelligible language. He only has got
the gift of the gab. He can articulate, mimic, sing, pray and curse with the tongue.
The tongue is used for various purposes—good and bad, small and great, worldly and
divine. We pray to Almighty Allah with the tongue. The tongue has connection with the
mind for offering sincere prayers. We express our views, utter the desired sounds and
sing beautiful songs with the tongue. Birds, animals, quadrupeds, insects and worms
make different sounds. For example, owls hoot, sweet birds sing, crows crow, parrots
speak, monkeys chatter, lions roar, elephants trumpet, dogs bark, wolves and jackals
howl, horses neigh, oxen and cows low, snakes hiss, donkeys bray, small birds chirp,
sheep and goats bleat and ducks quack.
Of all the creatures, it is man who has been blessed with the best tongue. He may glorify
his Creator and utter good words with it. He may greet, pay compliments, wish best
wishes, say regards and console a grieved person with the tongue. The tongue being a
dependent organ, man uses it as per his discretion. In anger man utters harsh words,
abuses, uses unparliamentary language and speaks loudly. In a state of peace and
contentment, he says good words, utters words of thanks to glorify and please his
Creator. In dejection and agony, he complains, grumbles and makes unpleasant sounds.
His outbursts reflect passionate and emotional expressions of mind and heart. His
profound thoughts and insight provoke noble ideas that are expressed through the tongue.
Through powerful and effective words, man expresses his outbursts, noble sentiments,
and superb ideas. It is, therefore, up to him to use or misuse his tongue. Man vows with
the tongue, swears with the tongue and promises with the tongue. He pronounces Allah’s
beautiful names and recites His Holy Book with the tongue. The tongue is a pure and
clean fleshy organ. Therefore, it should not be soiled and polluted with ill-expressions,
defiled words and unparliamentary language. When man backbites his fellowman, tells
lies and speaks defamatory words, he soils his tongue and pollutes his mind. Habit of
telling lies keeps him from speaking truth; backbiting being two-edged sword cuts him
through. Words uttered in bias and ill-will poison his mind and consume his heart. People
either welcome his words or retaliate furiously. It is words uttered by the tongue that
cause respect or disrespect, provoke laughter or anger. The tongue in action brings
respect or disrespect; begets love or hatred in the hearts of people with whom we talk.
The Holy Prophet said, “I guarantee entrance to heaven to that follower of mine, who
guarantees me safe-keeping of his eyes, tongue and private parts.”
To sum up, the tongue is the best organ of expression of thoughts and a most important
means of communication. It can be used rightly and wrongly. When used rightly, the
tongue pleads for us, wins us respect and makes us popular with the people we deal with.
When used wrongly, it becomes a two-edged sword. It not only badly affects the people
using it improperly, but also hurts other people. For example, when somebody backbites
someone, he consumes his own heart and he also damages respect and reputation of the
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person backbitten. The tongue is a means to many good ends. It is also a means of
ignominy, defamation and blasphemy.
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MONEY BREAKS DEVELOPED RELATIONS

Professor Ghulam Hussain Manganhar
Human relations are fragile. They are vulnerable to power, money and undue influence.
They are so uncertain that they break up in no time. They are subject to changing
conditions and volatile. Money plays a pivotal role in gathering and alienating one’s close
relations, friends, acquaintances and well-wishers. It acts as a magnet and uniting force
and a discriminating, alienating and estranging factor. Money does not remain in
possession of a particular group of people or community. It changes hands, and by
changing hands it changes human values, moral values, intentions and actions.

Money is a powerful and effective means to certain good ends and noble objects. It helps
solve many problems. But not all is well with money and its possessors and seekers. The
more one seeks for money, the more one becomes greedy for it. The more one has
money, the more one wants it.

You can see in various ways to know how money works to alienate friends, relations and
acquaintances. Lend money in good faith to a friend of yours in an hour of need, you will
soon find him avoiding meeting you. Since he doesn’t intend to pay you back, he won’t
pay you a visit soon. Most probably, his visits would minimize to few and far between.
Similarly, help a relative of yours with money as a loan to meet his pressing need, you
will find him estranged from you. Ask some known active businessmen and give them a
sum of amount to make you a business partner in earnest, they will soon devour your
money and declare themselves bankrupt on one pretext or the other. You might go to a
law court for redressal, but litigation would take a long time and involve much lawsuit
expense. Most probably your relations with your partners shall get worse and strained.

The elders bequeath property for their children and other members of their families.
Bequests mainly comprise money, gold and jewellery. The inheritors get gold, money etc
in inheritance. Often disputes take place over properties and mainly money left behind by
testators becomes a bone of contention. Close relatives fight over wealth and break their
old and developed relations with one another.

Money breaks relations among real brothers, between son and father, wife and husband.
A rich man criticizes his poor brother and his children and doesn’t like them because of
their poverty. Money intoxicates his mind so much that he forgets all blood relations and
breaks them. Children of a rich man don’t like their poor cousins because the former
think that the latter don’t have table manners and etiquettes. It is mainly money that
breaks blood relations straightaway.

There are tens of thousands of young amorous boys and girls. Most of them love one
another passionately. Most fall in love in their teens. They want to marry the persons of
their choice and kind, but they can’t marry, because money comes in their way and
breaks their developed relations. They take solemn oaths to live together and remain
constant to one another throughout their lives. But money breaks their developed
relations and they are separated never to meet again. And even if they happen to meet in
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their lives somewhere, they connive at one another and give an impression as if they were
strangers.

To recapitulate, money knows no names, faces and figures. It remains in our custody for
some time to serve our needs. It keeps on changing hands, places and pockets. It is
constant to none. Money lenders lend it in good faith; borrowers borrow it either to pay
back or devour it. Honest men earn it or get it by fair means. Dishonest men extort it,
grab it and steal it by all means to accumulate it. Money tests our sincere friends and
tempts selfish ones. For mammon-worshipper, money is an object of adoration; for
selfish people it is an allure and bait. It reconciles hearts of content and grateful people,
and tempts greedy persons. It is a best measure of sincerity and contentment, lust and
greed. It joins people for some time but alienates them for a long time. It sometimes
welds relations but often breaks developed relations, never to normalize again.
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Q1: Complete the following passage using most suitable words in the given spaces.

PASSAGE: Our country is a developing__________________. By the grace of

Almighty Allah, we have been_______________ with a lot of good things. If
we_____________ them properly, we can achieve the________________ of a developed
economy in a stipulated period of______________. We have a great number
of____________ than can be of great use in______________ of our resources. We
should, therefore,_____________ our resources to their best to get
maximum_____________ out of them. Fortunately, we are rich in
natural_____________, manpower, water resources and a great many other things. We
are in no way_____________ to any other nation of the word as regards to
national_____________ and means of economic_____________. Let us join hands,
work_____________ to make most of the resources so that we thrive as per
our_____________ and _____________ of our nation.

WORDS:
Development, Resources, Hard, Output, Exploit, Resources, Inferior, Target, One Time,
Manpower, Expectations, Exploitation, Blessed, Exploit, Wealth.

SOLUTION: Our country is a developing one. By the grace of Almighty Allah, we have
been blessed with a lot of good things. If we exploit them properly, we can achieve the
target of a developed economy in a stipulated period of time. We have a great number of
manpower than can be of great use in exploitation of our resources. We should,
therefore, exploit our resources to their best to get maximum output out of them.
Fortunately, we are rich in natural resources, manpower, water resources and a great
many other things. We are in no way inferior to any other nation of the word as regards
to national wealth and means of economic development. Let us join hands, work hard to
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make most of the resources so that we thrive as per our resources and expectations of
our nation.

Q2: Complete the following passage using most appropriate words to render it
meaningful.

PASSAGE: Thousands of____________ people are behind the____________. They

have been____________ imprisoned. Most of them are____________.
They____________ unduly, but they can't get themselves set____________. Their
pitiable condition is____________ and alarming. Police landlords, administration and
judiciary are equally responsible for such____________ injustice. Let us
join____________ and rise against such____________ of the society.

WORDS:
Persecutors, Gross, Innocent, Heart-rending, Hands, Suffer, Indigent, Free, Bars,
Unlawfully

SOLUTION: Thousands of innocent people are behind the bars. They have been
unlawfully imprisoned. Most of them are indigent. They suffer unduly, but they can't
get themselves set free. Their pitiable condition is heart-rendering and alarming. Police
landlords, administration and judiciary are equally responsible for such gross injustice.
Let us join hands and rise against such persecutors of the society.

Q3: Complete the following passage by using given words in the spaces.

PASSAGE: Civilian governments have been changing in Pakistan very ___________.

General Muhammad Ayub Khan ___________ martial law and took over ___________
of the country. He ruled the country with main and might for some time. Many
development works were ___________ out in that era. Prosperity and plenty were
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___________ throughout Pakistan. Yet general living standard of the people was badly
___________. Ayub's regime witnessed national and economic growth on a high level.
Diplomatic ties with other countries could be ___________ and ___________ on the
basis of equality and justice. Ayub's regime is known as the period of ___________,
___________ and ___________. We can't recall the past, but one can at least adhere to
good things and ___________ theories and doctrines.

WORDS:
Practicable, Reins, Conspicuous, Affected, Strengthened, Carried, Plenty, Peace, Often,
Declared, Maintained, Prosperity.

SOLUTION: Civilian governments have been changing in Pakistan very often. General
Muhammad Ayub Khan declared martial law and took over reins of the country. He
ruled the country with main and might for some time. Many development works were
carried out in that era. Prosperity and plenty were conspicuous throughout Pakistan. Yet
general living standard of the people was badly affected. Ayub's regime witnessed
national and economic growth on a high level. Diplomatic ties with other countries could
be maintained and strengthened on the basis of equality and justice. Ayub's regime is
known as the period of plenty, peace and prosperity. We can't recall the past, but one
can at least adhere to good things and practicable theories and doctrines.

Q4: Complete the following passage by using suitable words in provided spaces.

PASSAGE: Long ago our youths were ____________. They would never
____________ their elders and disobey their parents. Now, it is a critical state of affairs
that most sons and some daughters of the rich and poor people have become
____________. They go against the ____________ of the society and cause
____________. Measures are being taken for moral and ethical development and
character building of the youths who are in ____________ now. Parents can play a
____________ role in restoring their ____________ children to ____________ of life
and look into it ____________ and ____________.
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WORDS:
Problems, Defy, Docile, Norms, Potentially, Slumber, Wayward, Headstrong, Vital,
Seriously, Norms.

SOLUTION: Long ago our youths were docile. They would never defy their elders and
disobey their parents. Now, it is a critical state of affairs that most sons and some
daughters of the rich and poor people have become wayward. They go against the norms
of the society and cause problems. Measures are being taken for moral and ethical
development and character building of the youths who are in slumber now. Parents can
play a vital role in restoring their headstrong children to norms of life and look into it
seriously and potentially.

Q5: Complete the following passage filling the spaces with most appropriate words.

PASSAGE: Taking things for ___________ by their face ___________ is sometimes

__________ to running big risks. Some things look ___________ and ___________ but
they hurt and cause ___________. Most things look hard, troublesome and clumsy but
they prove ___________ and ___________. It is, therefore, wise to judge worth and
importance of things from their ___________ value. Not all things are bad, nor are all
things good. It ___________ on ___________ and importance of things. We should,
therefore, make a best of ___________ things and see that nothing goes ___________
with our choice, selections and ___________.

WORDS:
Preferences, Wrong, Granted, Value, Depends, Utility, Profitable, Intrinsic, Salutary,
Advisable, Loss, Harmless, Profitable, Tantamount

SOLUTION: Taking things for granted by their face value is sometimes tantamount to
running big risks. Some things look harmless and profitable but they hurt and cause
loss. Most things look hard, troublesome and clumsy but they prove salutary and
advisable. It is, therefore, wise to judge worth and importance of things from their
intrinsic value. Not all things are bad, nor are all things good. It depends on utility and
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importance of things. We should, therefore, make a best of profitable things and see that
nothing goes wrong with our choice, selections and preferences.

Q6: Complete the following passage by using suitable words in the provided spaces.

PASSAGE: Hard work feels difficult to everyone. _____________ everyone shirks hard
work and responsibility, forgetting _____________ a proverb, "work is _____________."
In the beginning, every work looks_____________ but once one is after it, one feels it
easy and _____________. All things that are_____________ possible can be done and
_____________ _____________ proper _____________ and _____________ are
adopted and _____________, _____________ and _____________ are observed.

WORDS:
Perseverance, Tolerance, Patience, Provided that, Humanly, Completed, Manageable,
Difficult, Completely, Almost, Planning, Strategy.

SOLUTION: Hard work feels difficult to everyone. Almost everyone shirks hard work
and responsibility, forgetting completely a proverb, "work is worship." In the beginning,
every work looks difficult but once one is after it, one feels it easy and manageable. All
things that are humanly possible can be done and completed provided that proper
planning and strategy are adopted and patience, tolerance and perseverance are
observed.

Q7: Complete the following passage on weather with suitable adjectives to render it
intelligible.

PASSAGE: It is nice to sit in the sun in winter season. It is an ___________ and

___________ activity to do so, especially when one feels cold. The sun is many countries
of Asia in winter is ___________. People go to the seaside and riversides for basking.
___________ nights are also enjoyable with their delicacies suited to the weather. Sitting
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around ___________ hearth or ___________ fire is ___________ and ___________,

especially in ___________ nights. Though wither season is ___________, it is
___________ in many parts of the world when the sun is taken as a blessing to warm-up
in ___________ winter. Sometimes the wither seasons turns ___________ and. But that
is normally the ___________ period of the year. The areas situated in Snow Belt regions
enjoy ___________ snowfalls that render the hilly tracts and valleys ___________ and
mountains snow-capped.
WORDS:
Blazing, Nice, Beautiful, Enjoyable, Wintry, Healthful, Chilly, Glorious, Soothing,
Warm, Unbearable, Severe, Short, Welcome, Still, Shortest, Heavy, Comfortable

SOLUTION: It is nice to sit in the sun in winter season. It is an enjoyable and healthful

activity to do so, especially when one feels cold. The sun is many countries of Asia in

winter is glorious. People go to the seaside and riversides for basking. Wintry nights are

also enjoyable with their delicacies suited to the weather. Sitting around blazing hearth or

warm fire is soothing and comfortable, especially in chilly nights. Though wither

season is short, it is welcome in many parts of the world when the sun is taken as a

blessing to warm-up in still winter. Sometimes the wither seasons turns severe and

unbearable. But that is normally the shortest period of the year. The areas situated in

Snow Belt regions enjoy heavy snowfalls that render the hilly tracts and valleys

beautiful and mountains snow-capped.

Q8: Adjectives used in given blanks of a passage.

PASSAGE: He grew __________ in __________ days of his __________ age. In order

to fulfill his ambitions, he left for abroad to seek fortune. After landing in a __________
land, he took stock of conditions there. He observed some __________ things and
__________ social conditions there. It was a ____________ social atmosphere there. He
had to work hard to achieve his __________ goal. He worked hard day and night. At last,
fortune smiled on him and he grew __________. Besides, he developed very __________
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relations with many people living there. After he had lived there for __________ some
time, some people grew __________ of his social status and prosperity. Some mischief-
mongers accused him of having accumulated wealth by __________ means. He was
summoned by the court of law to prove his innocence. Since he was __________, he
pleaded not __________. After long cross-examinations and investigations, the court of
law acquitted him. Since the, he lived __________ life in seclusion.

WORDS:
Guilty, Innocent, Contented, Jealous, Foul, Rich, Quite, Good, Desired, Challenging,
Ambitious, Early, Young, Foreign, Novel, Strange.

SOLUTION: He grew ambitious in early days of his young age. In order to fulfill his
ambitions, he left for abroad to seek fortune. After landing in a foreign land, he took
stock of conditions there. He observed some strange things and novel social conditions
there. It was a challenging social atmosphere there. He had to work hard to achieve his
desired goal. He worked hard day and night. At last, fortune smiled on him and he grew
rich. Besides, he developed very good relations with many people living there. After he
had lived there for quite some time, some people grew jealous of his social status and
prosperity. Some mischief-mongers accused him of having accumulated wealth by foul
means. He was summoned by the court of law to prove his innocence. Since he was
innocent, he pleaded not guilty. After long cross-examinations and investigations, the
court of law acquitted him. Since the, he lived contented life in seclusion.
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PRACTICE TESTS 1

ENGLISH
Number of Items : 15 Negative Marking : Yes Time Allowed : 05 Minutes
VOCABULARY
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ANALOGIES 8. CHICANERY
A. Declaration
1. GRAIN : GRANARY : :
B. Domination
A. Bread : Bakery : :
C. Distinction
B. Water : Reservoir : :
D. Deception
C. Wheat : Preserve : :
D. Rice : Avenue : : 9. DILAPIDATED
A. Neglected
2. CARS : GARAGE : : B. Numerous
A. Trucks : Laboratory : : C. Narrowness
B. Orchard : Trees : : D. Narrative
C. Aero planes : Hanger : :
D. Buildings : Quadrangle : : 10. PRODIGIOUS
A. Enigmatic
3. COW : CALF : : B. Endemic
A. Deer : Fawn : : C. Enormous
B. Dog : Cub : : D. Enthrall
C. Lamb : Sheep : :
D. Eagle : Hawk : : ANTONYMS
4. SQUIRRELS : DREY : :
11. WARY
A. Burrow : Rabit : :
A. Uncautious
B. Lions : Den : :
B. Unexpected
C. Pigs : Kennel : :
C. Undisciplined
D. Birds : Dovecot : :
D. Unsociable
5. CHROMATICS : COLOURS : :
12. TACITURN
A. Triangles : Trigonometry : :
A. Comfortable
B. Anthropology : Mankind : :
B. Communicative
C. Taxidermy : Writing : :
C. Concise
D. Metal : Metallurgy : :
D. Curious

SYNONYMS 13. SLIPSHOD

A. Unimportant
B. Doubtful
6. APOTHEOSIS C. Prudent
A. Glorification D. Unaware
B. Gravitation
C. Cultivation 14. PERFIDIOUS
D. Irregularity A. Harmless
B. Loyal
7. BETOKEN C. Fugitive
A. Interest D. Faithless
B. Interrupt 15. MISHAP
C. Indicate A. Fortune
D. Involve B. Fantastic
C. Fantasy
D. Failure

PRACTICE TESTS 1

ENGLISH
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Number of Items : 10 Negative Marking : Yes Time Allowed : 10 Minutes

GRAMMAR
1. Every pupil in the whole class understood the assignment except I, and that is
why I feel so stupid.
A. except I
B. expecting I
C. outside of me
D. excepting me
E. except me

2. Hamid, a chief of the Quresh tribe, lived to the age of eighty years old.
A. the age of eighty years old
B. the old and ripe age of eighty.
C. The ripe old age of eighty years old.
D. Be eighty years old.
E. Be a ripe and eighty years old.

3. When Khurram Pirzada began to give us advise, we stopped listening.

A. began to give us advise
B. begun to give is advise
C. begin to give us advice
D. began to give us advisement
E. began to give us advice.

4. Every athlete has their own way of preparing to a game. No error.

A B C D E

5. We had swam across the lake before the sun rose. No error.
A B C

6. I know that you will enjoy receiving flowers that smell so sweetly. No error.
A B

7. He is at least ten years older then she is. No error.

A B

8. Reading, writing and revising seem to be the principal activities of the graduate
A B C D

student. No error.
E

9. The color of his eyes are brown. No error.

A B

10. When she graduates college, she will have to decide whether to continue her
A

studies or seek employment. No error.

E