A1.1.2 Hydrogen Bonds As A Consequence of The Polar Covalent Bonds Within Water Molecules

A1.1.
2
Hydrogen bonds as a
consequence of the polar
covalent bonds within water
molecules.
The note blank templates are available here.
Atomic Structure
An atom is the smallest unit of matter that is
unique to a particular element. Our current
model of the atom can be broken down into
three constituents parts –
● Protons- carry a positive charge

● Neutrons - possess no net charge
● Electrons - have a negative charge
Atoms are electrically neutral if they have an

equal number of protons and electrons.
Atoms that have either a deficit or a surplus
of electrons are called ions.
Atoms
In accordance with the Standard Model of particle
physics, protons and neutrons make up the
nucleus of the atom, while electrons orbit it in a
"cloud".
The electrons in an atom are attracted to the

protons in the nucleus by an electromagnetic
force in which positive charge attracts negative
charge.
Electrons orbit the nucleus in multiple orbits. The

electron can change its state to a higher energy
level by absorbing a photon with sufficient energy.
This occurs in photosynthesis (C1.3.9)!
Atomic Bonding
Electrons may be transferred to other nearby
atoms or shared between atoms. By this
mechanism, atoms are able to form bonds. A
chemical bond is an attraction between
atoms, ions or molecules that enables the
formation of chemical compounds.
In IB Biology, the types of “bonds” to know are:
● Nonpolar covalent bond

● Polar covalent bond
● Ionic bond
● Hydrogen bond (intermolecular force, not a true bond)
Covalent Bond
A covalent bond holds together two atoms that share one or more pair of electrons
between atoms.
Nonpolar Covalent Polar Covalent

Share electrons equally. Share electrons unequally Because electrons have a
negative charge and there are
blue is the cloud of MORE ELECTRONS around this
electrons shared equally
⚫ is the nucleus of nucleus, there is a slight negative
between the two atomic
each atom charge (ઠ-) on this nucleus
nuclei
Because there are LESS

⚫ This nucleus has more
ELECTRONS around this
pull on the electrons, so it
nucleus, there is a slight
has a bigger electron cloud
positive charge (ઠ+) on
surrounding it
this nucleus
Nonpolar covalent bonds are common within the many carbon
compounds upon which life is based (B1.1.1), such as proteins Polar covalent bonds can occur in amino acid R-groups (B1.2.6) which
(B1.2.9) and DNA (A1.2.3). impacts the tertiary structure of a protein (B1.2.10).
Ionic Bond
An ionic bond is an attraction between a positively charged ion and an negatively
charged ion.
This atom has lost an Ionic bond

electron, making it a
positively charged
CATION.
Example: Na+
This atom has gained

an electron, making it a
negatively charged
ANION.
Ionic bonds can occur between amino acids as a
polypeptide folds into its tertiary structure to Example: Cl-
become a functional protein (B1.2.9).
Hydrogen Bond
A hydrogen is an attraction between two polar molecules. A polar molecule is a
molecule in which one end of the molecule is slightly positive, while the other
end is slightly negative.
The attraction between the slightly positive (ઠ+) and slightly negative (ઠ-) regions
of two different polar molecules is called a hydrogen bond.
H-bonds are represented with a dotted line.

one polar molecule another polar molecule
Hydrogen bonds form between

strands of DNA (A1.2.6), allowing for
allowing genetic information to be
easily replicated (A1.2.8) and
expressed (D1.2.2). Hydrogen bonds
also maintain the structure of
cellulose (B1.1.6) and proteins
(B1.2.8 and B1.2.9)
H-bond
Water Structure
A water molecule consists of 2
hydrogen and 1 oxygen atom,
hence…H2O.
Within a water molecule, electrons are

shared through polar covalent bonding
between the atoms.
These electrons🟡are being

shared between the O and H, so
it’s a covalent bond.
Water molecules are polar The shared electrons
(and their negative
Because the oxygen atom has
charge) are pulled
more protons, it attracts the towards the oxygen.
shared electrons more of the
time creating an unequal
distribution of charge.
δ+ hydrogens
δ- oxygen
the electrons are pulled towards the oxygen atom
the rope represents

electrons
HYDROGEN OF WATER MOLECULE OXYGEN OF WATER MOLECULE

the 1 proton in the nucleus of the H-atom the 8 protons in the nucleus of the O-atom
has less pull on the shared electrons. have more pull on the shared electrons.
Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules
The partially positive hydrogen atoms of
one water molecule are attracted to the
partially negative oxygen atom of a
different water molecule, forming a
hydrogen bond.
Each water can form up to H-bonds with

The many intermolecular hydrogen bonds
up to 4 other water molecules between water maintain its high heat capacity
(A1.1.6).
Chemistry Online
The H-bonds are made
and broken quickly as the
molecules move, however the
large numbers of bonds contribute to
the stability and retainment of water on Earth
(A1.1.7*)
Water’s ability to attract polar and charged

molecules grants it a number of emergent
properties such as cohesion (A1.1.3),
adhesion (A1.1.4), solvency (A1.1.5 & D2.3.1)
and a high specific heat (A1.1.6). Collectively
these property make water the primary
medium of life (A1.1.1).
Coffey, J. What are the parts of an atom? Universe Today (2015). Available from: What are the parts of an atom?
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A1.1.

● Protons- carry a positive charge

Atoms are electrically neutral if they have an

The electrons in an atom are attracted to the

Electrons orbit the nucleus in multiple orbits. The

In IB Biology, the types of “bonds” to know are:

● Nonpolar covalent bond

Nonpolar Covalent Polar Covalent

Because there are LESS

This atom has lost an Ionic bond

This atom has gained

H-bonds are represented with a dotted line.

Hydrogen bonds form between

Within a water molecule, electrons are

These electrons🟡are being

the rope represents

HYDROGEN OF WATER MOLECULE OXYGEN OF WATER MOLECULE

Each water can form up to H-bonds with

Water’s ability to attract polar and charged

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