Readings 2: (Proclamation) Act of Proclamation of Independence of the Filipino People

In the town of Cavite-Viejo, Province of Cavite, this 12th day of June 1898: BEFORE ME, Ambrosio
Rianzares Bautista, War Counsellor, and Special Delegate designated to proclaim and solemnize this Declaration
of Independence by the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines, pursuant to, and by virtue of, a Decree issued
by the Egregious Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy,

The undersigned assemblage of military chiefs and others of the army who could not attend, as well as the
representatives of the various towns,

Taking into account the fact that the people of this country are already tired of bearing the ominous yoke
of Spanish domination,

Because of arbitrary arrests and abuses of the Civil Guards who cause deaths in connivance with and even
under the express orders of their superior officers who at times would order the shooting of those placed under
arrest under the pretext that they attempted to escape in violation of known Rules and Regulations, which abuses
were left unpunished, and because of unjust deportations of illustrious Filipinos, especially those decreed by
General Blanco at the instigation of the Archbishop and the friars interested in keeping them in ignorance for
egoistic and selfish ends, which deportations were carried out through processes more execrable than those of the
Inquisition which every civilized nation repudiates as a trial without hearing,

Had resolved to start a revolution in August 1896 in order to regain the independence and sovereignty of
which the people had been deprived by Spain through Governor Miguel Lopez de Legazpi who, continuing the
course followed by his predecessor Ferdinand Magellan who landed on the shores of Cebu and occupied said
Island by means of a Pact of Friendship with Chief Tupas, although he was killed in battle that took place in said
shores to which battle he was provoked by Chief Kalipulako of Mactan who suspected his evil designs, landed
on the Island of Bohol by entering also into a Blood Compact with its Chief Sikatuna, with the purpose of later
taking by force the Island of Cebu, and because his successor Tupas did not allow him to occupy it, he went to
Manila, the capital, winning likewise the friendship of its Chiefs Soliman and Lakandula, later taking possession
of the city and the whole Archipelago in the name of Spain by virtue of an order of King Philip II, and with these
historical precedents and because in international law the prescription established by law to legalize the vicious
acquisition of private property is not recognized, the legitimacy of such revolution cannot be put in doubt which
was calmed but not completely stifled by the pacification proposed by Don Pedro A. Paterno with Don Emilio
Aguinaldo as President of the Republic established in Biak-na-Bato and accepted by Governor-General Don
Fernando Primo de Rivera under terms, both written and oral, among them being a general amnesty for all
deported and convicted persons; that by reason of the non-fulfillment of some of the terms, after the destruction
of the Spanish Squadron by the North American Navy, and bombardment of the plaza of Cavite, Don Emilio
Aguinaldo returned in order to initiate a new revolution and no sooner had he given the order to rise on the 31st of
last month when several towns anticipating the revolution, rose in revolt on the 28th, such that a Spanish
contingent of 178 men, between Imus and Cavite-Viejo, under the command of a major of the Marine Infantry
capitulated, the revolutionary movement spreading like wild fire to other towns of Cavite and the other provinces
of Bataan, Pampanga, Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna, and Morong, some of them with seaports and such was the
success of the victory of our arms, truly marvelous and without equal in the history of colonial revolutions that in
the first mentioned province only the Detachments in Naic and Indang remained to surrender; in the second, all
Detachments had been wiped out; in the third, the resistance of the Spanish forces was localized in the town of
San Fernando where the greater part of them are concentrated, the remainder in Macabebe, Sexmoan, and Guagua;
in the fourth, in the town of Lipa; in the fifth, in the capital and in Calumpit; and in the last two remaining
provinces, only in their respective capitals, and the city of Manila will soon be besieged by our forces as well as
the provinces of Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pangasinan, La Union, Zambales, and some others in the Visayas where the
revolution at the time of the pacification and others even before, so that the independence of our country and the
revindication of our sovereignty is assured.
 And having as witness to the rectitude of our intentions the Supreme Judge of the Universe, and under the
protection of the Powerful and Humanitarian Nation, the United States of America, we do hereby proclaim and
declare solemnly in the name and by authority of the people of these Philippine Islands,

That they are and have the right to be free and independent; that they have ceased to have any allegiance
to the Crown of Spain; that all political ties between them are and should be completely severed and annulled;
and that, like other free and independent States, they enjoy the full power to make War and Peace, conclude
commercial treaties, enter into alliances, regulate commerce, and do all other acts and things which an
Independent State has a right to do,

And imbued with firm confidence in Divine Providence, we hereby mutually bind ourselves to support
this Declaration with our lives, our fortunes, and with our most sacred possession, our Honor.

We recognize, approve, and ratify, with all the orders emanating from the same, the Dictatorship
established by Don Emilio Aguinaldo whom we revere as the Supreme Head of this Nation, which today begins
to have a life of its own, in the conviction that he has been the instrument chosen by God, in spite of his humble
origin, to effectuate the redemption of this unfortunate country as foretold by Dr. Don Jose Rizal in his
magnificent verses which he composed in his prison cell prior to his execution, liberating it from the Yoke of
Spanish domination,

And in punishment for the impunity with which the Government sanctioned the commission of abuses by
its officials, and for the unjust execution of Rizal and others who were sacrificed in order to please the insatiable
friars in their hydropical thirst for vengeance against and extermination of all those who oppose their
Machiavellian ends, trampling upon the Penal Code of these Islands, and of those suspected persons arrested by
the Chiefs of Detachments at the instigation of the friars, without any form nor semblance of trial and without
any spiritual aid of our sacred Religion; and likewise, and for the same ends, eminent Filipino priests, Doctor Don
Jose Burgos, Don Mariano Gomez, and Don Jacinto Zamora were hanged whose innocent blood was shed due to
the intrigues of these so-called Religious corporations which made the authorities to believe that the military
uprising at the fort of San Felipe in Cavite on the night of January 21, 1872 was instigated by those Filipino
martyrs, thereby impeding the execution of the decree-sentence issued by the Council of State in the appeal in the
administrative case interposed by the secular clergy against the Royal Orders that directed that the parishes under
them within the jurisdiction of this Bishopric be turned over to the Recollects in exchange for those controlled by
them in Mindanao which were to be transferred to the Jesuits, thus revoking them completely and ordering the
return of those parishes, all of which proceedings are on file with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to which they
are sent last month of last year for the issuance of the proper Royal Degree which, in turn, caused the growth of
the tree of liberty in this our dear land that grew more and more through the iniquitous measures of oppression,
until the last drop from our chalice of suffering having been drained, the first spark of revolution broke out in
Caloocan, spread out to Santamesa and continued its course to the adjoining regions of the province where the
unequalled heroism of its inhabitants fought a one-sided battle against superior forces of General Blanco and
General Polavieja for a period of three months, without proper arms nor ammunitions, except bolos, pointed
bamboos, and arrows.

Moreover, we confer upon our famous Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo all the powers necessary to enable
him to discharge the duties of Government, including the prerogatives of granting pardon and amnesty,

And, lastly, it was resolved unanimously that this Nation, already free and independent as of this day,
must use the same flag which up to now is being used, whose design and colors are found described in the attached
drawing, the white triangle signifying the distinctive emblem of the famous Society of the “Katipunan” which by
means of its blood compact inspired the masses to rise in revolution; the three stars, signifying the three principal
Islands of this Archipelago-Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay where this revolutionary movement started; the sun
representing the gigantic steps made by the sons of the country along the path of Progress and Civilization; the
eight rays, signifying the eight provinces-Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and
Batangas—which declared themselves in a state of war as soon as the first revolt was initiated; and the colors of
Blue, Red, and White, commemorating the flag of the United States of North America, as a manifestation of our
profound gratitude towards this Great Nation for its disinterested protection which it lent us and continues lending
us.

And holding up this flag of ours, I present it to the gentlemen here assembled—Don Segundo Arellano,
Don Tiburcio del Rosario, Sergio Matias, Don Agapito Zialcita, Don Flaviano Alonzo, Don Mariano Legazpi,
Don Jose Turiano Santiago y Acosta, Don Aurelio Tolentino, Don Felix Ferrer, Don Felipe Buencamino, Don
Fernando Canon Faustino, (Hijo), Don Anastacio Pinzun, Don Timoteo Bernabe, Don Flaviano Rodriguez, Don
Gavino Masancay, Don Narciso Mayuga, Don Gregorio Villa, Don Luis Perez Tagle, Don Canuto Celestino, Don
Marcos Jocson, Don Martin de los Reyes, Don Ciriaco Bausa, Don Manuel Santcs, Don Mariano Toribio, Don
Gabriel Reyes, Don Hugo Lim, Don Emiliano Lim, Don Fausto Tinorio, Don Rosendo Simon, Don Leon
Tanjanque, Don Gregorio Bonifacio, Don Manuel Salafranca, Don Simon Villareal, Don Calixto Lara, Don
Buenaventura Toribio, Don Zacarias Fajardo, Don Florencio Manalo, Don Roman Gana, Don Marcelino Gomez,
Don Valentin Polintan, Don Felix Polintan, Don Evaristo Dimalanta, Don Gregorio Alvarez, Don Sabas de
Guzman, Don Esteban Francisco, Don Guido Yaptinchay, Don Mariano Rianzares Bautista, Don Francisco
Arambulo, Don Antonio Gonzalez, Don Juan Arevalo, Don Ramon Delfino, Don Honorio Tiongco, Don
Francisco del Rosario, Don Epifanio Saguil, Don Ladislao Afable Jose, Don Sixto Roldan, Don Luis de Lara,
Don Marcelo Basa, Don Jose Medina, Don Epifanio Cirisia, Don Pastor Lopez de Leon, Don Mariano de los
Santos, Don Santiago Garcia, Don Claudio Tria Tirona, Don Estanislao Tria Tirona, Don Daniel Tria Tirona, Don
Andres Tria Tirona, Don Carlos Tria Tirona, Don Sulpicio P. Antony, Don Epitacio Asuncion, Don Catalino
Ramon, Don Juan Bordador, Don Jose del Rosario, Don Proceso Pulido, Don Jose Maria del Rosario, Don Ramon
Magcamco, Don Antonio Calingo, Don Pedro Mendiola, Don Estanislao Calingo, Don Numeriano Castillo, Don
Federico Tomacruz, Don Teodoro Yatco, Don Ladislao Diwa,

Who solemnly swear to recognize and defend it unto the last drop of their blood.

In witness thereof, I certify that this Act of Declaration of Independence was signed by me and by all those
here assembled including the only stranger who attended those proceedings, a citizen of the U.S.A., Mr. L. M.
Johnson, a Colonel of Artillery.