CLASS X

SCIENCE

LIFE PROCESS - 1
Presentation By – Abhishek Rawat
 What is
Life
Process ?
The basic functions that are
necessary for an organism to
stay alive.
E.g. - Nutrition, respiration,
etc.

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 Criteria of
LIFE ?
MOVEMENT

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How Life Processes are performed ?
FOOD provides energy to organisms which further helps to perform
basic functions to maintain survival on earth.
Without food the basic unit of life i.e. cell will not work and ultimately
tissue, organs, and organ systems too will not work.

Hence food is the only fuel to make survival continuous.

The outside sources of energy could be quite varied, since the

environment is not under the control of the individual organism.
These sources of energy, therefore, need to be broken down or built
up in the body, and must be finally converted to a uniform source of
energy that can be used for the various molecular movements
needed for maintaining living structures, as well as to the kind of
molecules the body needs to grow.

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SINGLE CELLED ORGANISM
• In the case of a single-celled organism, no specific organs for
taking in food, exchange of gases or removal of wastes may be
needed because the entire surface of the organism is in contact
with the environment.
• DIFFUSION is the key to life process in such organisms.
• Diffusion is movement of food/water molecules from higher
concentration to lower concentration inside or outside the cell.
• But it is not possible in multicellular organisms.
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Why diffusion is not possible in multicellular
organisms ?

• Diffusion is a slow process.

• Body Design of multicellular organism is complex.
• Body size is increasing/large.
• Hence they have different organs to perform different functions.
• They have division of labor unlike single celled organisms.

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COURSE OF STUDY
• NUTRITION - Plants and Animals

• DIGESTION - Humans

• RESPIRATION – Plants and Animals

• TRANSPORTATION - Plants and Animals

• EXCRETION - Plants and Animals

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NUTRITION
• The process in which an organism takes in food, utilizes it to get energy, for
growth, repair and maintenance, etc. and excretes the waste materials from
the body.

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TYPES OF NUTRITION

• AUTOTROPHIC – It is a mode of nutrition where green plants

prepare their food from simple inorganic substances like carbon
dioxide, chlorophyll, water, soil in presence of sunlight.

• HETROTROPHIC – It a mode of nutrition where an organism is

unable to synthesize its own food, and therefore, has to rely on
other sources, specifically plant and animal matter.

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TYPES OF HETROTROPHIC NUTRITION
• In nature, organisms exhibit various types of heterotrophic nutrition. They are
as follows:
• Holozoic Nutrition - Holozoic nutrition involves the ingestion and internal
processing of solid and liquid food in an organism. This involves the steps of
ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and excretion. E.g. Humans
• Saprophytic Nutrition - Saprophytes (animals which follow saprophytic
nutrition) feed on dead and decayed organisms for energy. They are an
important part of the ecosystem as they help to keep our environment clean
and recycle nutrient back into the ecosystem. E.g. fungi and bacteria.
• Parasitic Nutrition - Organisms that live in or on other organisms and acquire
food at the expense of its host are called parasites. E.g. Virus, lice, tapeworms.

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Holozoic Nutrition in AMOEBA

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NUTRITION IN PLANTS(step by step)
• Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
• Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water
molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
• Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.

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Is it necessary that these steps be followed
in particular order ?
• NO
• In desert plants order is different :
1. Stomata is open in night hours to consume Carbon Dioxide
and prepare an intermediate product.
2. This intermediate product is used as carbon dioxide to avoid
opening of stomatal pore during day hours.
3. Food is prepared in presence of sunlight.

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 Stomata and Guard Cells
• Tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves are stomata.

• It helps in exchange of gas and water.

• These stomatal pores are surrounded by kidney shaped cells called

guard cells. Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata.

• They swell when water flows in.

• They shrink when water flows out.

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Important Activities from Examination point
of view(see video links)

• To show that SUNLIGHT is important for photosynthesis.

• To show that CHLOROPHYLL is important for photosynthesis.
• To show that CARBON DIOXIDE is important for photosynthesis.

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NUTRITION IN HUMANS
• In this portion we are going to learn processes that begin from
digestion, absorption, assimilation and finally egestion.
• DIGESTION - Mechanical and chemical reduction of nutrients which
can be then converted to energy for use.
• ABSORPTION – It is absorption of digested food or nutrients.
• ASSIMILATION – It is transportation of digested food or nutrients.
• EGESTION – It is removal of undigested food or unwanted material
from the body.

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DIGESTION
• ORGANS INVOLVED ARE :

1.Mouth
2.Food Pipe (Oesophagus)
3.Stomach
4.Liver
5.Pancreas
6.Small Intestine
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MOUTH / BUCCAL CAVITY

• Physical/Mechanical digestion of food starts here with the help of

teeth.
• Food gets mixed with saliva. Tongue helps in chewing, moistening,
rolling and swallowing of food.
• A gland present in mouth called SALIVARY GLAND secretes an
enzyme called salivary amylase (in saliva) breaks down
starch(complex carbohydrate) into sugar (simple carbohydrate).
• So food is now transferred to oesophagus.
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OESOPHAGUS / FOOD PIPE

• In oesophagus food undergoes contraction and relaxation

movements which is called PERISTALTIC MOVEMENTS.
• It is also called Peristalsis.

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STOMACH
• Here food stays for 3 hours.
• Stomach has 3 gastric juices which are Hydrochloric Acid, Pepsin,
Mucus.
• Hydrochloric acid due to its acidic medium makes sure to kill
bacteria which may have entered with food. Also, it provides acidic
medium to pepsin because pepsin works only in acidic medium.
• Pepsin is a digestive enzyme which breaks down protein molecules.
• Mucus provides inner lining to stomach to protect it from
Hydrochloric Acid which is corrosive in nature.
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SMALL INTESTINE (Part 1)
• Sphincter muscle in stomach helps to transfer food to small intestine where
final digestion would occur.
• Small intestine receives secretions of two glands :
1. Liver (Bile Juice)
2. Pancreas (Pancreatic Juices)
• Liver secretes Bile juice which is alkaline/base in nature. It neutralises acidic
food coming from stomach and also emulsifies fat globules.
• Pancreas secretes pancreatic juices called Pancreatic amylase, Trypsin and
Lipase.
• Pancreatic Amylase breaks down starch into sugar, Trypsin facilliate
breakdown of protein and Lipase digests fat.

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SMALL INTESTINE (Part 2)
• Intestinal juices perform the final digestive process :
1. Carbohydrate into sugar/glucose.
2. Fats into fatty acid.
3. Protein into amino acid

• And finally digestion completes.

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ABSORPTION
• After final digestion of food which is done at small intestine it is now ready to
be absorbed which takes place in the same organ itself.
• The inner lining of the small intestine has numerous finger-like projections
called villi which increase the surface area for absorption.
• The villi are richly supplied with blood vessels which take the absorbed food to
each and every cell of the body, where it is utilized for obtaining energy,
building up new tissues and the repair of old tissues.

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ASSIMILATION
• It is the transportation of absorbed nutrients derived from digested
food.
• It is done with the help of blood which reaches to all cells and
tissues in the body to meet their requirements like energy, repair of
cells and tissues, etc.

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EGESTION
• The unabsorbed food is sent into the large intestine where its wall
absorb more water from this material.
• The rest of the material is removed from the body via the anus. The
exit of this waste material is regulated by the anal sphincter.

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 CLASS X
SCIENCE

LIFE PROCESS - 2
Presentation By – Abhishek Rawat
 RESPIRATION
It is the breakdown of glucose
by oxidation in cell to derive
energy. Although, different
organism have different
pathways to break down
glucose.

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Difference Between Breathing and Respiration

• Breathing is inhalation and • Whereas respiration is using

exhalation of gases i.e. inhaling that inhaled oxygen to
oxygen and exhaling carbon breakdown glucose derived
dioxide is called breathing. from digested food to get
energy.
• This breakdown of glucose is
called glycolysis.

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Types of Respiration

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Glycolysis via different pathways

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 Breathing and Respiration in Plants
• Plants breath at night i.e. they inhale oxygen and exhale carbon
dioxide in night just like humans.

• But during day time they respire because at this time they perform
photosynthesis and so reverse exchange of gases takes place. In
simple terms they use carbon dioxide and release oxygen as by-
product.

• Both these processes are performed via diffusion.

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Breathing of Aquatic and Terrestrial
organism

• Since terrestrial organisms are in direct contact with oxygen, so

they breath at normal rate.

• On other hand since aquatic organisms have to use dissolved

oxygen, so their rate of breathing is faster than terrestrial
organisms

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Breathing in HUMANS(step by step)
• Organs Involved are :
1. Nose
2. Trachea(windpipe)
3. Rings of cartilage
4. Bronchi
5. Bronchioles
6. Alveoli
• https://youtu.be/dkAe4DjHwMM
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Who Transports OXYGEN ?
• HAEMOGLOBIN(red coloured pigment) present in RBCs in blood has
high affinity for oxygen and therefore binds with it and travels to all
cells of the body.

• DIFFUSION is impossible in multicellular organism(you already

know that).

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 CLASS X
SCIENCE

LIFE PROCESS - 3
Presentation By – Abhishek Rawat
TRANSPORTATION

All the organisms need to transport

water, food, minerals, oxygen to
different parts of the body. They
help in the growth and respiration
of the cells.
The waste products are transported
to the excretory organs for
elimination from the body. Plants
and animals have different organs
and processes for the
transportation of substances

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TRANSPORTATION IN HUMANS
• Transportation is also known as Circulatory system.
• In humans it is primarily performed by Heart and blood vessels –
arteries + veins.
• The arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to different
parts of the body and the oxygen-deficit blood is transported
through the veins from all parts of the body to the heart.
• The heart is the main organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

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Difference between Arteries and Veins
Arteries Veins
• This blood vessel travels from HEART to • This blood vessel travels from BODY PARTS
BODY PARTS. to HEART.
• They carry oxygenated blood(except • They carry de-oxygenated blood(except
pulmonary artery). pulmonary vein).
• They are thick walled because blood flows • They are thin walled as blood is no longer
at high pressure in them due to heart. under high pressure because they collect
blood from different parts of body. They
rather have valves to prevent back flow of
blood.
• Arteries are red in colour. • Veins are blue in colour.

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CIRCULATION BY HEART

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SOME IMPORTANT POINTS
• SEPARATION OF LEFT AND RIGHT SIDE OF HEART – It is essential to prevent
mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Because if it happens then the
amount of oxygen would fall and energy requirements would not be fulfilled
specially in warm blooded animals like birds and mammals.

• DOUBLE CIRCULATION - In human beings, the blood goes through the heart
twice during each cycle i.e. the blood passes through the human heart two
times to supply once to the whole body. So, it is called Double Circulation of
blood.

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BLOOD PRESSURE
• The force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel is called
blood pressure.
• The pressure of blood inside the artery during ventricular systole
(contraction) is called systolic pressure.
• The pressure in artery during ventricular diastole (relaxation) is
called diastolic pressure.
• It is measured by device called sphygmomanometer.
• It is 120/80 for normal blood pressure.

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Transportation in Plants

• Just like humans have arteries and veins for transportation of

materials, similarly plants have XYLEM and PHLOEM to transport
water and food respectively.
• XYLEM is a vascular tissue that transports water from roots.
• PHLOEM is a vascular tissue that translocate food from leaves.
• Transportation in plants takes place by DIFFUSION.

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Basic Differences
XYLEM PHLOEM
• It transports water from roots. • It translocate food from leaves.

• It works in upward direction only i.e. • It works in both upward and downward
unidirectional directions i.e. Bidirectional.

• Its composition include tracheid, • Its composition include sieve tubes,

vessels, xylem parenchyma and companion cells, phloem fibres and
xylem fibres. phloem parenchyma
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Transportation by XYLEM
• Transportation of water by xylem vessels takes place by two
methods :

WATER

ROOT TRANSPIRATION
PRESSURE

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ROOT PRESSURE
In xylem tissue, vessels and
tracheids of the roots, stems and
leaves are interconnected to form a
continuous system of water-
conducting channels reaching all
parts of the plant.
By the process of osmosis/diffusion
cells in contact with water at roots
take up water and from their water
is transported to all plant parts in
upward direction.
This activity is important in night
time.

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TRANSPIRATION
It is the loss of water from aerial parts
of plants i.e. from those parts which
are in contact with air.
Transpiration occurs during day time
when stomatal pore is open for
photosynthesis.
It creates a suction pull at root level
and hence as a result this pull makes
water move in upward direction.
Transpiration helps in the absorption
and upward movement of water and
minerals dissolved in it from roots to
the leaves.
It also helps in temperature regulation.

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TRANSLOCATION OF FOOD - PHLOEM

SOURCE PHLOEM SINK CELL

(LEAF CELL) VESSEL (DESTINATION)

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 CLASS X
SCIENCE

LIFE PROCESS - 4
Presentation By – Abhishek Rawat
What is Excretion ?

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Excretory System of Humans

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What happens inside KIDNEY ?

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NEPHRON
Nephrons are the functional units
of the kidney or they are also
called filtration units of kidney.
They are over 1 million in each
kidney.

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 Structure
of
NEPHRON
1. Renal Artery
2. Glomerulus
3. Bowman’s
Capsule
4. Tubule
5. Renal Vein
6. Urine collecting
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duct
1. PCT – PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED
TUBULE
2. DCT – DISTAL CONVOLUTED
TUBULE 58
Functioning of Nephron
1. Renal artery brings blood (which contains nitrogenous substances like
urea, uric acid, glucose, amino acid, protein, etc).
2. This form a bunch of capillaries called Glomerulus.
3. From glomerulus substance like urea, water molecules, glucose,
amino acid, etc transfers to bowman’s capsule and ultimately to
tubule.
4. Tubule is surrounded by capillaries which continuously reabsorbs
important substances like glucose, amino acid, etc into it. This is
called Selective Reabsorption.
5. Now on reaching end of tubule what is left in it is only liquid with
nitrogenous waste called urine.
6. This urine is sent to urine collecting duct → ureter → urinary bladder
→ urethra → out of the body. 59
Excretion by plants
• Their mechanism is different from that of humans.
• Gases – Oxygen during photosynthesis and Carbon Dioxide during
respiration is a waste product for them.
• Water – During transpiration they get rid of excess water.
• In xylem they sometimes release gums and resins as waste
products.
• Wilting of dry leaves is also a waste product for plants.

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Excretion by Plants

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