ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PDSl&S'tSiEIILAB . . BUTIONLAB
EE,,.3D. PODD& l"RASIIISSION AND DISTRI

EXPERIMENT N
Alli Da-amination of Smge Impedance Loading of the transmission
Line'Cable~

APPARATUS REQUIRED
l. TmNDission Line/Cable model
2. Resistive Load
3. Ammeter (0-1 OA):, MI Type
4. ~oltmeter (0-300V), ~fl Type

THEORY
1k -~ mprcbwre loading or SIL of a transmission line is the MW loading
ef a tr:1WS111Mioa line at which a natural reactive power balance occurs.

of a line is die power transmitted when it is transmitted through a

re---m:oce eqnl ro smge impedanre

Wi:cre Z is me natural impedance or surge impedance of the line.

Ill
rrmperianr.e loading can be defined as the load (of unity power factor) that
re cfldn--aai by the line of negligible resistance.
'
_," - p o =~
z 'D

r~ 21!0Ve ~ on gives a limit of the maximum power that can be delivered by

a. !me ad is useful in designing the transmission line. This can be used for the
of loads that can be carried on the transmission lines at different
m~ . From tire above expression power transmitted through a long

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POWER SYSTEM LAB
EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

transmission lines can be either increased by increasing the ,value of the receiving
end line voltage (VLL) or by reducing the surge impedance (Zo)- Voltage
transmission capability is increased day by day; this is the most commonly adopted
method for increasing the power limit of the heavily loaded transmission line. But
there is a limit beyond which it is neither economical nor practical to increase the
receiving end line voltage
By applying some methods such as introducing series capacitors (capacitors in
series with the transmission line) or shunt capacitors (capacitors in parallel with
transmission lines) can be used to reduce the value of surge impedance (Z0 ).

Voltage Behavior of a Long Transmission Line

: Without Shunt ,Reactor Installed
l ! \ . ! J
t I l l
- - - 8 - - - -- - - - - - - - ·-~- - - - - • - -~ - - __._ - - - - ... - - - - -l- - - - -- ,.
l I I l

: : No load Condition
I , I

- •7 ;
......... - - - - - - '
- - 1.. ,.. - - '!' .,.

---,. --·i:~i' Coai eon<iition ----· ----

3 - ,.
'
''
-- • 2 ----~---M-r----~~----~--••-~~
' .
'
)
------------
)

_,
I
I
I
I
0 I

0 2
I I
3
I
I
4 s
I .
Sending Voltage Receiving Voltage
Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) b . ·
of the line. From the above exprca~ e Zmcreased by reducing the Surge impedance
. ess1on 0 can be decre d b . h . .
capacitance (C) of the line orb d . h . ase Y e1t er mcreasmg the
y re ucmg t e inductance (L) of the line. Inductance

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT --------------._, • ·
POWER SYSTEM LAB ',
EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

(L) of the transmission line cannot be reduced easily. By use of the series
capacitors surge impedance (Z0 ) and the phase shift get reduced due to decrease in
the line inductance (L). This improves the system stability limit. These capacitors
also help in reducing the line drops and so voltage variations. But this method
cause's difficulty under short circuit conditions of the system as capacitors will get
damaged.

LABORATORY LINE/CABLE MODEL

Actual underground cable: 30KM, 500KV, 4000MW(SIL), 50Hz
Cable Model (Scaled down to): 30KM, 230V, 20A, 50Hz
To represent the 30 km length of line we use 6-1t-sections each of 5 km length.
Cable model elements values for each section:
Series Resistance=0.01176.Q
..
Series Inductance=0.7185mH (approx. 0.79 mH aue to design limitations)
Shunt capacitance=4.l 7345µF .(approx. 4µF due to market availability)

-
C)

I Section 1

Single TT section of power cable model

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 ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
POWER SYSTEM LAB
EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

CIRCUIT
(0-10)
(0-10)

Single
LINE/CABLE
Phase (0-300) MODEL
230V,
50Hz
(0-300)

PROCEDURE

1. Connect mains cable to three pliaie'supplywi;!

..,,_ proper earth connection.

2. Keep MAINS MCB in OFF position and the variac in Zero position.
3. Make the circuit connection with the receiving end open.

4. Switch on MAINS MCB.

5. Connect pure resistive load to the circuit.

6. Set the voltage of sending end to required level ( 11 0V) with the variac.

7. Apply Resistive load in steps with observations of Vs and VR, until the Power
(W) of the sending/receiving end increases to a certain limit, remains constgmt
and then decreases.

8. Note down the value of maximum Power rating (or loading). This value gives
the SIL of the line. (Hint: This value should be near 390W for the given model
and VR is equal to Vs ie.ll0V)

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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT .
POWER SYSTEM LAB
EE-303: POWER TRASMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LAB

9. Reduce the load and Switch off the Mains MCB and the power supply.

OBSERVATION TABLE-
VR
LOAD
S.No Vs POWER(P)W

;er
,;:ji" :).i',:.:: .,
,.,
·•·

-ij'

CALCULATION

Verify the Surge impedance loading with . P= V'/Z, in kW with --j+ = Zn

RESLULT:

Surge impedance of line # =

Surge impedance loading of line =