Review And Analysis Modern

Operating System

K I C GUNATHILAKA

20814
 • CONTENT

ABOUT MICROSOFT WINDOWS

WINDOWS

• KERNAL OF THE WINDOWS

• WINDOWS ARCITECHTURE
• WINDOWS ARCITECHTURE
• WINDOWS VERSION HISTORY
• MAIN COMPONENTS OF WINDOWS
• FEATURES OF WNIDOWS
• COMMON APPLICATIONS IN WINDOWS
• ADVANTAGES OF WINDOWS

LINUX

• ABOUT LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM

• THE LINUX KERNEL
• LINUX KERNEL ARCHITECTURE
• LINUX KERNEL ARCHITECTURE
• COMPONENTS OF LINUX SYSTEM
• BASIC FEATURES IN LINUX
• IMPORTANT OF LINUX OPERATING SYSYTEM
• APPLICATIONS OF LINUXOPERATING SYSTEM
 1. ABOUT MICROSOFT WINDOWS

Operating systems are found on all computers and computer-like devices, such as
your laptop, tablet, desktop, smartphone, smart watch, router, and so on.
To run other programs, every computer must have at least one operating system.
Chrome, MS Word, Games, and other applications require a specific environment in
which to execute and do their tasks. The operating system enables you to
communicate with a computer without learning its language. A user cannot use a
computer or mobile device without first installing an operating system. A Windows-
based computer is used by the vast majority of home users. The majority of today's
software and games are only built to work on Microsoft operating systems.

Microsoft windows is a one of the OS which has biggest market share in the world. It
is a computer operating system developed by Microsoft Corporation. It is a
operating system which mainly focus on personal computers.
Featuring the first graphical user interface (GUI) for IBM-compatible PCs, the
Windows OS soon dominated the PC market. Approximately 90 percent of PCs run
some version of Windows.1
The initial version of Windows, introduced in 1985, was merely a graphical user
interface (GUI) that was supplied as an add-on to Microsoft's existing disk operating
system, MS-DOS.

It is a system program that manages, controls, and coordinates overall desktop

publishing operations. It acts as a bridge between the computer system's hardware
and other software. It assigns memory addresses to data and other computer
programs. During data processing operations, it manages other computer resources
such as files and programs, input/output devices, computer memories, and so on. It
also diagnoses hardware and software to detect faults and errors.2

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https://www.britannica.com/technology/Windows-OS
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CHAPTER 7 OLUSANYA O.O., OGUNBANWO A.S., USMAN O.L., & ODULAJA G.O. yinka_olusanya@yahoo.com,
ogunbanwoas@tasued.edu.ng, usmanol@tasued.edu.ng, odulajago@tasued.edu.ng
 2. KERNAL OF THE WINDOWS

The kernel is a fundamental part of any operating

system. It is the core of the operating system. An
operating system's kernel is comparable to a car's
engine. We couldn't accomplish much with our
computer if the Kernel wasn't installed.

The kernel is a computer software that runs at the

heart of a computer's operating system and has
complete control over all of the system's components.
There are three main categories of kernel architecture,3
 Monolithic Kernel
 Micro Kernel
 Hybrid Kernel
According to this Microsoft windows uses Hybrid Kernel Architecture. Windows
uses the Windows NT kernel. It is different from UNIX /Linux and MacOS9.

Windows contains its own processes, file systems, and drivers, among other things.
So there should be some program to manage all of these processes, file systems,
drivers, and so on, and the kernel is the software that manages all of these low-level
stuff and delivers services to the user. As a result, there is a kernel for Windows as
well.

Because Microsoft took a different approach to the Kernel's creation than LINUX, the
Kernel of the Windows operating system is slightly different from that of LINUX. The
phrase "Kernel mode" encompasses not only the Kernel, but also the HAL and other
system services. The HAL (hal.dll) would be on the bottom layer, and the Kernel
would be on the second tier. The Kernel is the third layer. We have several
managers for Objects, processes, Memory, Security, Cache, Plug in Play (PnP),
Power, Configuration, and I/O above that (fourth level). This is also where the file
system and Win32 GDI are located. The Windows Executive is the aggregate name
for several of the objects at this fourth level (ntoskrnl.exe). System services are
located at the top and fifth layers of the Kernel mode.

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https://www.quora.com/Which-kernel-is-used-by-Microsoft-for-Windows
 3. WINDOWS ARCITECHTURE

The architecture of Windows NT, a Microsoft-produced and-sold operating system,

is a layered design with two main components: user mode and kernel mode. It's a
preemptive, reentrant operating system that's optimized for single-processor and
symmetrical multiprocessor SMP machines. in order to minutes to read
Contributors: Windows Storage Driver Architecture This is the topic of this article.
For peripheral storage devices, the Windows operating system class and filter
drivers serve as an interface between any intermediate or higher-level drivers
placed above the class or filter driver and a system-supplied port driver. The most
up-to-date information for Windows and Windows Server Examine the architecture
and internals of Windows, as well as how the core components work behind the
scenes. Interoperability Input Architecture for Windows Forms and WPF.
Contributors takes a few minutes to read. This is the topic of this article.
Interoperability between WPF and Windows Forms necessitates the use of proper
keyboard input processing in both technologies.
First, notice the line that separates the Windows operating system's User Mode and
Kernel Mode components. User Mode Processes are represented by the boxes above
the line.

Kernel Ef Windows4

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https://medium.com/@putrasulung2108/windows-architecture-d2b022f136d3
System Architecture5

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WINDOWS VERSION HISTORY
1. Windows 1.0
Microsoft Windows has a long history, beginning in 1985 with the release of
Microsoft Windows Version 1.01. Microsoft's goal was to create a user-friendly GUI
(graphical user interface) that would make it easy to navigate the system's features.
Windows 1.01 was never a big hit. The launch was a rocky start for the tech
behemoth. The software was determined to be unreliable by users. (Windows 1.01
was remarkable in that it fit on a single floppy disk.) The point-and-click interface,
on the other hand, made it easier for new users to operate the computer.
Many of the common components seen in today's graphical user interface, such as
scroll bars and "OK" buttons, were available in Windows 1.0.6

2. Windows 2.0

Windows 2.0 was quicker,

more stable, and included more
graphical user interface (GUI)
features. The user interface was
marginally improved, but it still
looked too much like Windows
1.01. The system included the
initial versions of Excel and
Word, as well as a control
panel. Extended memory was
supported in Windows 2.0, and Microsoft modified it to work with Intel's 80386
processor. Microsoft became the world's largest software vendor at this period, just
as computers were becoming increasingly commonplace. The fact that Windows

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systems were user-friendly and reasonably inexpensive contributed to the PC
market's growth.7

3. Windows 3.0

Windows 3.0 supported 16 colors and includes the popular casual games Solitaire,
Minesweeper, and Hearts, which were familiar to most Windows users. MS-DOS was
still used to run games that required more computing power. Exiting to DOS gives
games direct hardware access, allowing them to use greater system resources. With
Windows 3.0 and 3.1, Microsoft made a huge impression.

The graphics and functionality have been greatly enhanced. The Windows 3 family
of operating systems included multimedia features as well as greatly better graphics
and program compatibility. Microsoft published Microsoft Windows 3.11 for
Workgroups, which builds on the success of Windows 3.x. This enabled Windows to
communicate over a network.

4. Windows 95

Microsoft Windows 95 was released in 1995 after a major overhaul of Windows.

This resulted in far better multimedia and a lot more refined user experience. The
desktop and Start Menu were replaced by the now-familiar desktop and Start Menu.
The ability to connect to the internet and network was pre-installed.

Despite the fact that Windows 95 was designed for home users, it proved to be quite
popular in schools and companies. With its Plug & Play feature, Windows 95 made it
easier to install electronics.

Microsoft also announced support for 32-bit color depth, greater multimedia
capabilities, and TCP/IP network connections.
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 5. Windows 98

Microsoft Windows 98 was comparable to Windows 95, except it had a cleaner

interface and better multimedia compatibility. In Windows 98, Microsoft increased
the speed and Plug & Play hardware support. In this release, the business also
unveiled USB support and the Quick Launch bar.

As Windows gaming technology advanced, DOS gaming began to fade. The OS's
popularity makes it a tempting target for viruses. Microsoft incorporated its own
web browser into the desktop and integrated web technology into the Windows
user interface.8

8
 6. Windows XP

As the first NT-based system

with a version geared
squarely at the home user,
Microsoft released Windows
XP. XP received good marks
from both home users and
critics. With colorful
themes, the system
improved the appearance of
Windows and gave a more
stable platform. With this
release, Microsoft effectively put an end to DOS gaming. DirectX-enabled 3D gaming
capabilities that OpenGL couldn't handle. XP was the first Windows version to
support 64-bit computing, however it was underutilized due to a lack of drivers and
applications.

7. Windows Vista

After investing significant money in developing a more polished design, Microsoft

marketed Windows Vista. Vista had some amazing visual elements, but it was slow
to boot up and run.

Because of Vista's shortcomings, as well as the fact that many older machines lacked
the capacity to run it, many household and corporate users stuck with XP.
 8. Windows 7

The Vista kernel was used to build Windows 7. Windows 7 had the same graphic
capabilities as Vista, but it was more stable. Faster boot speeds, a redesigned user
interface, and the arrival of Internet Explorer 8 were the most noticeable differences
between Vista and Windows 7. Windows 7 proved to be a successful update for
Windows users, thanks to real 64-bit compatibility and more Direct X features.

9. Windows 8

Microsoft unveiled Windows 8 with a slew of new features, including the Metro user
interface, which is based on tiles. Multicore processors, solid-state drives (SSDs),
touchscreens, and other alternative input methods were better utilized in Windows
8.
 10. Windows 10

In September 2014, Microsoft unveiled Windows 10, which replaced Windows 9

and was released in July 2015. The Start menu is present in Windows 10, although it
was not present in Windows 8. Continuum, a responsive design feature, changes the
interface based on whether the user inputs with a touch screen or a keyboard and
mouse. Touch input was made easier with new features including an onscreen back
button. The operating system was created by Microsoft to have a consistent user
experience across all platforms, including PCs, laptops, and tablets.
MAIN COMPONENTS OF WINDOWS

The following are the primary components of the Windows Operating System:
1. Configuration and maintenance
2. User interface
3. Applications and utilities
4. Windows Server components
5. File systems
6. Core components
7. Services
8. DirectX
9. Networking
10. Scripting and Command-Line
11. Kernel
12. NET framework
13. Security
14. APIs9

Desktop
It's the very first screen you'll encounter when Windows starts up. Here you'll find
shortcuts to "My Computer," "My Documents," "Start Menu," "Recycle Bin," and any
other programs you've developed.

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 NOTIFICATION
START AREA
TASKBAR

4. TASKBAR
At the bottom, you'll notice a row called the taskbar. It displays the currently
running applications; you can also pin applications that you frequently use to the
taskbar by selecting the option Pin to Taskbar.

5. STARTMENU
This can be found in the bottom left corner of the Windows OS graphical user
interface. This is where the user can look for any configuration or program that they
want to use. The control panel allows users to uninstall or repair apps. By searching
through the start menu, the user can perform a variety of tasks.
 6. MY COMPUTER
Double-clicking the "My Computer" option will allow you to travel between your
various computer disks as well as the control panel tools. You may view and manage
the contents of your hard drive.

7. RECYCLE BIN

When you delete something from one of your drives using the "delete" button or by
right-clicking and selecting "delete," it is not totally removed; instead, it is relocated
to Windows' "Recycle Bin" folder. You can restore your stuff if you accidentally
erased it from here, but if you choose to delete the items from here, they will be
permanently deleted. You can use the key “Shift+Del” to remove the item in one go
rather than sending it to the recycle bin.

8. ICON

On the window's screen, an icon is an image or graphic that represents a specific

function. It's similar to a command or instruction to complete a specific task. A
computer, network neighborhoods, Recycle Bin, Internet Explorer, Start, and Tune
buttons are some of the symbols visible on the window screen. When you double-
click an icon, the window responds by displaying the operation beneath it.10

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 FEATURES OF WNIDOWS
• Interactive Package: It maintains a communication channel between the user
and the computer. As a result, it acts as a go-between for the two parties.

• Menu Driven Packages: Ms-Windows provides flexibility by allowing the user

to execute multiple functions or tasks without having to recall commands. A
menu or sub-menu choice is available.

• Program Manager: Ms-Window controls, coordinates, and manipulates the

processing of other programs, acting as a manager.

• Multi-tasking Package: With Windows operations, a user can use two or more
packages at the same time while switching from one to the other, for example.
A user can be working in MS Excel while also using PageMaker, for example.

• Windows Search: We may have a large number of files and contents on our
system, and we may occasionally lose track of the specific position of a file.
Windows Search is a built-in search engine that allows users to search their
whole computer.

• Windows File Transfer: We may need to move data and materials from our
computer to other devices, such as other computers, mobile phones, and
tablets. An Easy Transfer Cable, CDs or DVDs, a USB flash drive, wireless
Bluetooth, a network folder, or an external hard disk can all be used to
accomplish this.

• Windows Update: Windows has an automatic update feature that is designed

to keep the operating system secure and up to date.

• Windows Task Bar: A row known as the taskbar can be found at the bottom
right corner of your windows. It displays the currently running applications
and allows you to pin applications that you use regularly to the taskbar using
the Pin to Taskbar option. The taskbar is Windows' primary navigation tool.
 • Remote Desktop Connection: This Windows feature allows you to connect to
another computer and operate on it remotely.

COMMON APPLICATIONS IN WINDOWS

Windows is pre-installed with a number of helpful programs. These programs can

assist you with a variety of chores, including as browsing the web, managing your
calendar, and shopping for music.

The majority of these programs may be launched by first pressing the Start button,
then selecting the desired app's icon. It's possible that you'll have to search the Start
menu for the app you're looking for. To understand more, take a look at our course
on Navigating Windows.

WEB BROWSER

In Windows 10, Microsoft Edge replaces Internet Explorer but performs the same
functions. It contains a few new capabilities over Internet Explorer, such as the
ability to display webpages in an easy-to-read style, improved security, and
integration with other Windows 10 technologies.

For the past 20 years, Internet Explorer has been included with several versions of
Windows, making it one of the most well-known apps on the Internet. It includes a
straightforward user interface and most typical web browser functions, such as
bookmarking your favorite websites.

PRODUCTIVITY

Several productivity apps are included in Windows 8 and Windows 10 that can
assist you with daily chores such as managing your email and calendars, finding
directions, and organizing notes.

Mail and Calendar are apps that connect your Microsoft, Google, and Apple accounts
to other services. They combine your mailboxes and calendars from different sites
into a single window on your PC.

Maps, a Bing Maps-powered app, gives you access to the same navigation and search
functionality as Bing Maps. It also includes some additional functions, such as
pinning locations and saving directions across all of your Windows devices.

OneNote is a powerful note-taking app that was previously only available as part of
Microsoft Office but is now available as a stand-alone app in Windows 10. OneNote
allows you to create a note collection that you can search and share.

SETTINGS

The Control Panel is where you may change the settings and configurations of your
computer. The Settings app in Windows 8 gives you access to the majority of your
computer's settings, but it's designed in a new tablet style rather than the traditional
Windows style.
ADVANTAGES OF WINDOWS

• The OS is suitable for both desktop and tablet computers.

• It's incredibly simple to switch between applications.

• Operating windows does not necessitate a great deal of technical

understanding.

• Windows is the most popular operating system, with over 90% market share.

• MS OS has a big support community and the most apps of any operating
system.

• Microsoft is the most dominating participant in the OS industry because it

offers a robust combination of Enterprise-focused Operating Systems,
Applications, and Services.

• More video games

DISADVANTAGES OF WINDOWS

• The cost of upgrading

• Because of its high market share and easy-to-breach paradigm, the Windows
operating system draws a great number of virus programs.

• The Windows operating system is not particularly touch-friendly.

 ABOUT LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM

Linux is an operating system or kernel that began

as an idea in the mind of Linus Torvalds, a young
and talented computer science student. He used to
work on the UNIX operating system (proprietary
software) and thought it could be better. When his
suggestions were turned down by the UNIX
designers, he considered creating an operating
system that would be open to user-suggested updates.

As time went on, he engaged with other programmers at places like MIT, and Linux
applications began to emerge. So, in 1991, a working Linux operating system with
some programs was released, marking the beginning of one of the most popular and
open-source OS options available today. Linus Torvalds never intended for Linux to
be commercialized, and earlier versions of the operating system were designed for
computer programmers.

The fundamental benefit of Linux was that programmers could develop their own
unique operating systems using the Linux Kernel. With the passage of time, a new
generation of user-friendly operating systems swept the computer world. Linux is
now one of the most extensively used kernels, and it serves as the foundation for
major operating systems such as Debian, Knoppix, Ubuntu, and Fedora.

Nonetheless, the list does not end here, as there are thousands of Linux-based
operating systems that provide a wide range of features to consumers. The Linux
kernel is usually used in conjunction with Dr. Richard Stallman's GNU project. All
modern Linux distributions are actually Linux/GNU distributions.11

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THE LINUX KERNEL

With thousands of engineers contributing code and millions of lines of code

modified for each release, the Linux kernel is one of the world's largest open source
projects.

True multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand loading, shared copy-
on-write executables, correct memory management, and multitrack networking,
including IPv4 and IPv6, are all features you'd expect in a modern fully-fledged Unix.

Although Linux was originally designed for 32-bit x86-based PCs (386 or higher), it
now supports a wide range of processor architectures in both 32- and 64-bit
versions.

The Linux Kernel is made up of numerous layers and refers to everything that runs
in Kernel mode. The HAL is the lowest layer through which the Kernel
communicates with the hardware. The UNIX Kernel is separated into four main
regions at the intermediate level. Character devices, raw and cooked TTY, and
terminal management are all handled in the first of the four categories. Network
device drivers, routing protocols, and sockets are all handled in the second section.
Disk device drivers, page and buffer caches, file system, virtual memory, file naming
and mapping are all handled in the third category. Process dispatching, scheduling,
creation and termination, as well as signal processing, are all handled in the fourth
and final section. Above all of this is the Kernel's top layer, which contains system
calls, interrupts, and traps. Each of the lower-level functions is accessed through this
level. To interface with the functionality of the operating system, a programmer
employs system calls and interrupts.
LINUX KERNEL ARCHITECTURE

LINUX KERNEL ARCHITECTURE

COMPONENTS OF LINUX SYSTEM

Linux operating system has primarily three components.

• KERNEL

The kernel is the most important component of Linux. It is in charge of the operating
system's major functions. It is made up of numerous modules that interface directly
with the hardware. Kernel offers the necessary abstraction for system or application
applications to mask low-level hardware specifics.

• SYSTEM LIBRARY

System libraries are special functions or programs that are used to access Kernel
functionality by application applications or system utilities. These libraries
implement the majority of the operating system's features without requiring kernel
module code access.

• SYSTEM UTILITY

System Utility programs are in charge of performing specialized, unique duties.12

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BASIC FEATURES IN LINUX

• PORTABLE

Software's portability refers to its ability to run on several types of hardware in the
same way. The Linux kernel and application applications can be installed on
virtually any hardware platform.

• OPEN SOURCE

Linux is a community-based development project with freely available source code.

Multiple teams collaborate to improve the capabilities of the Linux operating
system, which is always improving.

• MULTI-USER

Linux is a multiuser system, which means that numerous users can share system
resources such as memory, ram, and application applications.

• MULTIPROGRAMMING

Linux is a multiprogramming system, which means it can run numerous programs at

the same time.

• HIERARCHICAL FILE SYSTEM

System files and user files are organized in a standard file structure in Linux.

• SHELL

Linux includes a unique interpreter application that may be used to run operating
system commands. It can be used to do a variety of tasks, such as calling application
programs.

• SECURITY

User security is provided by Linux through authentication mechanisms such as

password protection, controlled access to specified files, and data encryption.13

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IMPORTANT OF LINUX OPERATING SYSYTEM

Linux's significance in today's society cannot be emphasized. According to most

surveys, Linux users make up fewer than 2% of all computer users worldwide.

If you include users of other Linux programs outside of the standard operating
system, the total number of Linux users now is in the billions.

Linux is now installed on all supercomputers, and its uses range from rocket
research to astronomy. Furthermore, the recent rise in popularity of smart futuristic
homes with all electronic gadgets connected to a single network indicates that more
emphasis will be paid to the development of Linux-like customized operating
systems capable of managing a huge number of diverse devices.

To the average computer user, Linux may not be the most user-friendly operating
system, and most people would reasonably prefer to use a Microsoft or Apple
product.

APPLICATIONS OF LINUXOPERATING SYSTEM

Linux is now a multibillion-dollar enterprise. Thousands of businesses and

governments throughout the world use Linux OS because it is cost-effective, has
cheaper licensing prices, and saves time and money. Linux is utilized in a variety of
electronic gadgets that are sold to consumers all over the world. The following are
some examples of popular Linux-based electronic devices14

• Dell Inspiron Mini 9 and 12

• Garmin Nuvi 860, 880, and 5000
• Google Android Dev Phone 1
• HP Mini 1000
• Lenovo IdeaPad S9
• Motorola MotoRokr EM35 Phone
• One Laptop Per Child XO2

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https://www.elprocus.com/linux-operating-system/
 this is all about the Linux operating system, including its history, architecture,
features, and applications for use in computer science projects.15

***All the references are listed below as footnotes***

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