50 Passage 3 - Making of Olympic Torch Q27-40

Passage 3 Making of Olympic Torch
SECTION 3
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below.
Making of Olympic Torch

A
Every two years, people around the world wait in anticipation as a torch-bearing runner
enters the Olympic arena and lights the cauldron. The symbolic lighting of the Olympic
flame marks the beginning of another historic Olympic Games. The opening ceremony is
the end of a long journey for the Olympic torch. The ancient Greeks revered the power
of fire. In Greek mythology, the god Prometheus stole fire from Zeus and gave it to
humans. The Greeks held their first Olympic Games in 776 B.C. The Games, held every
four years at Olympia, honored Zeus and other Greek gods. A constantly burning flame
was a regular fixture throughout Greece. At the start of the Olympic Games, the Greeks
would ignite a cauldron of flame upon the altar dedicated to Hera, goddess of birth and
marriage.
B
The flame was reintroduced to the Olympics at the 1928 Amsterdam Games. A cauldron
was lit, but there was no torch relay. The first Olympic torch relay was at the 1936 Berlin
Summer Games and it was not introduced to the Winter Olympics until the 1952 Games.
It was lit that year not in Olympia, Greece, but in Norway, which was chosen because it
was the birthplace of skiing. But since the 1964 Olympics at Innsbruck, Austria, every
Olympic Games – Winter and Summer – has begun with a torch-lighting ceremony in
Olympia, Greece, followed by a torch relay to the Olympic stadium.
Designing an Olympic Torch
C
The torch starts out as an idea in the mind of a designer or group of designers. Several
design teams submit proposals to the Olympic Committee for the opportunity to create
and build the torch. The team that wins the assignment will design a torch that is both
aesthetically pleasing and functional. A torch can take a year or two to design and build.
And once the torch has been built, it must be tested rigorously in all kinds of weather
conditions. The look of the modern Olympic torch originated with John Hench, a Disney
artist who designed the torch for the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California.
1
His design provided the basis for all future torches. Since then, designers have tried to
create a torch that represents the host country and the theme for that Olympic Games.
D
The torch must then be replicated … and replicated. It’s not just one torch making the
journey to the Olympic stadium; it’s thousands. Anywhere from 10,000 to 15,000
torches are constructed to accommodate the thousands of runners who carry them
through each leg of the Olympic relay. Each runner has the opportunity to purchase his
torch at the end of his leg of the relay.
Olympic Torch fuel
E
The first torch used in the modern Olympics (the 1936 Berlin Games) was made of a thin
steel rod topped with a circular piece from which the flame rose. It was inscribed with a
dedication to the runners. The torch must stay lit for the entire length of its journey. It
must survive wind, rain, sleet, snow, and a variety of climates (desert, mountain, and
ocean). For fuel, early torches burned everything from gunpowder to olive oil. Some
torches used a mixture of hexamine (a mixture of formaldehyde and ammonia) and
naphthalene (the hydrogen- and carbon-based substance in mothballs) with an igniting
liquid. These substances weren’t always the most efficient fuel sources, and they were
sometimes dangerous. In the 1956 Games, the final torch in the relay was lit by
magnesium and aluminum, burning chunks of which fell from the torch and seared the
runner’s arms. The first liquid fuels were introduced at the 1972 Munich Games.
Torches since that time have carried liquid fuels – they are stored under pressure as a
liquid but burn as a gas to produce a flame. Liquid fuel is safe for the runner and can be
stored in a lightweight canister. The torch designed for the 1996 Atlanta Summer
Olympics has an aluminum base that houses a small fuel tank. As fuel rises through the
handle, it is pushed through a brass valve with thousands of tiny openings. As the fuel
squeezes through the small openings, it builds pressure. Once it makes it through the
openings, the pressure drops, and the liquid fuel turns into gas for burning. The tiny
holes maintain a high pressure in the fuel to keep the flame going through harsh
conditions.
F
The 1996 torch was fueled by propylene, which produced a bright flame. But because
propylene contains a high level of carbon, it also produced a lot of smoke – not a plus
for the environment. In 2000, the creators of the Sydney Olympic torch came up with a
2
more lightweight, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly design. To fuel their torch,
they decided on a mixture of 35 percent propane (the gas used to heat home stoves and
barbecue grills) and 65 percent butane (cigarette lighter fuel), which ignites a strong
flame without making a lot of smoke. Because the propane/butane mixture can be
stored as a liquid under relatively light pressure, it can be kept in a lightweight
container. It then burns as a gas under normal atmospheric pressure. The liquid fuel is
stored in an aluminum canister located about halfway up the torch. If flows up to the
top of the torch through a pipe. Before leaving the pipe, the liquid fuel is forced through
a tiny hole. Once it moves through the hole, there is a pressure drop, causing the liquid
to turn into gas for burning. The torch moves the liquid fuel at a consistent rate to the
burner, so the flame always burns with the same intensity. The torch can stay lit for
about 15 minutes.
G
The engineers behind both the 1996 and 2000 torches adopted a burner system that
utilized a double flame, helping them to stay lit even in erratic winds. The external flame
burns slowly and at a lower temperature than the internal flame. This flame is big and
bright orange, so it can be seen clearly, but it is unstable in winds. The interior flame
burns hotter, producing a blue flame that is small but very stable because its internal
location protects it from the wind. It would act like a pilot light, able to relight the
external flame should it go out.
H
When the 2002 Olympic Torch, in Salt lake city, the top section was glass, and the
Olympic Flame burned within the glass, echoing the 2002 Olympic theme Light the Fire
Within. The glass stood for purity, winter, ice, and nature. Also inside the glass was a
geometric copper structure which helped hold the flame. The two silver sections also
mirrored the blue/ purple colors of the Fire and Ice theme.
3
Questions 27-29
Complete the summary below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage
Write your answers in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.
The Olympic torch, as Olympic Committee requested, is carefully designed which takes
years to design and build so that it is capable of withstanding all kinds of 27…………………..
and staying lit through widely differing weather conditions. The torch used in the
modern Olympics which is to hold the 28…………………… And the torch must then be
copied and thousands are built as demanded by the thousands of runners who carry
them through. Each runner has the opportunity to 29…………………… his torch at the
completion of his journey of the relay for memorial and as for souvenirs.
Questions 30-35
Match the following statements as applying to different Olympic flames A-H.
NB There are more choices than questions. You may not need all the choices.
A ancient Greek Olympic flames
B Berlin Games torch (1936)
C 1952 Winter Games flame
D 1956 Games torch
E Munich Games torch (1972)
F 1996 torch (Atlanta)
G 2000 torch (Sydney)
H 2002 torch (Salt lake city)
Write your answers in boxes 30-35 on your answer sheet.
30 first liquid fuel torch
31 not environmentally friendly
32 began to record the runners’ name
33 potential risky as it burnt runner’s arms
4
34 special for a theme

35 flame not lit in Greek
Questions 36-40
Diagram filling
The chart below shows the structure of the 1996 Olympic torch.
Complete the chart using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each
blank.
5
ANSWER
27. climates
28. flame
29. purchase
30. E
31. F
32. B
33. D
34. H
35. C
36. fuel tank
37. openings holes
38. handle
39. propylene
40. double-flame

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Making of Olympic Torch

34 special for a theme

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