Body Movement | Module 2

Movement is a medium of communication, the way in which a person moves reveals

much about the individual. It is a non-verbal communication. A person’s look/posture and
the way which he moves gives an impression of general outlook, of emotional reaction
made to situations of physical stress, and his interest in life.

What Influences How We Move?

How we move while performing any physical activity, whether that activity is
something we need or want to do, is influenced by many factors — for example, our
motivation, our abilities, and the environment. Movement is influenced by our
characteristics as individuals and by everything around us. In other words, how we move
depends on the context in which we are performing an activity. The factors that influence
our movement patterns can be broadly categorized into three types:

Personal factors
Think about how and why you move as an individual while throwing a baseball. How
you throw the ball will be influenced by many unique personal characteristics, including
your physical attributes, fitness level, coordination, confidence, attitude, emotions,
motivation, and awareness of both your body and your surroundings. For instance, factors
such as limited shoulder range of motion, feeling exhausted after a late night, or playing
baseball every summer for the past six years could all influence how you throw a ball.

Environmental factors
How you throw a baseball is also influenced by the environment you are in. For
instance, the surface on which you are standing (e.g., grass versus pavement), the
temperature (e.g., hot versus cold), weather conditions (e.g., rainy versus sunny),
background sounds or music, verbal instructions from a coach, and the presence of social
groups such as friends or peers could all influence how you throw the ball.

The task or activity

Lastly, features of the specific task or activity that you are performing will influence
your movement. When you throw a baseball, task-related factors such as the size and
weight of the ball or the type of pitch being thrown will influence how you move. Suppose
you were throwing a boomerang instead of a baseball. This difference could clearly
influence your throwing action.

The Human Body

Muscular Physiology

According to Jonathan Howard, muscles are highly specialized to contract forcefully. Muscles
are powered by muscle cells, which contract individually within a muscle to generate force. This
force is needed to create movement.

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Types of Muscles
Skeletal Muscle- responsible for body movement.
Cardiac Muscle- responsible for the contraction of the heart.
Smooth Muscle- responsible for many tasks, including movement of food along intestines,
enlargement and contraction of blood vessels, size of pupils and many contractions

Types of Muscular Contraction

Isometric- This is a static contraction where the length of the muscle, or joint angle, does no change.
Example is pushing against a stationary object such as wall.
Isotonic- Muscle fattens and there is movement at the joint.
Types of Isotonic Contraction
Concentric Muscle contracts and shortens against a resistance. This may be referred
to as the lifting or positive phase. Example is bicep curl.
Eccentric Occurs when the muscle is still contracting and lengthening at the same
time.

The Skeletal Muscle

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Two Kinds of Body Movements
Locomotor Movement are movements in which body changes location from one place to
another.

Locomotor Movement
Walking The basic means of locomotion. In
walking, the arms swing in the opposition
to the feet
Running The stride is longer, more rapid and with
a greater arm swing
Jumping Is a spring into the air from one foot or
both feet landing on both feet
Hopping It is the spring in the air from one foot and
landing on the same foot
Leaping It is the spring in the air from one foot and
landing on the opposite foot. It can be
done forward and sideward
Skipping Is made of two fundamental movements,
the step and hop.
Sliding A slide consist of a step on one foot and
a draw on the other foot up to the first
with a shift of weight.
Galloping It consists of stepping or sliding
movement and a quick cut. One foot is
always ahead of the other.

Non-locomotor or Axial Movement are movements done in place.

Non-locomotor Movements
Flexion Bending or shortening of a body part
occurring at a joint.
Extension Stretching or straightening of a body part
occurring at a joint
Rotation Turning, twisting or revolving on its axis
Pendular Swinging and swaying movements
Percussive Striking and hitting, pushing or pulling
Vibratory Shaking and vibrating
Sustained A slow flowing movement with a balance
of movement throughout
Suspended A sharp movement followed by series of
slow prolonged movements until a peak
is reached

Types of Movement at Joints

The other two movement principles you will learn about involve joint movements.
Movements at joints can be described in terms of the types of actions involved. Some of
these terms — for example, flexion and extension — have become part of our normal
English vocabulary. Some of the more common terms used when describing movement at
joints are explained below.

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Flexion / Extension
• Flexion is the action of bending at a joint such that the
joint angle decreases. An example of flexion is when
you bend your elbow to bring your palm up toward
your face.
• Extension is the opposite of flexion. It occurs when you
increase the joint angle. When you straighten your arm
from the flexed position, you are extending your arm.

Abduction / Adduction
• Abduction occurs when you move a body
segment to the side and away from your
body. An example of abduction is when you move
your arm out to the side and bring it level with your
shoulder.
• Adduction is the opposite of abduction and occurs
when you move a body segment toward your body.
You adduct your arm when you bring it back down
to your side.

Supination / Pronation
 Supination is rotating the wrist such that the palm
of your hand is facing forward. When you catch a
softball underhanded with one hand, you must
supinate your wrist.
 Pronation occurs in the opposite direction of
supination. When you dribble a basketball, you first
have to pronate your wrist.

Dorsiflexion / Plantar Flexion

• Plantar flexion is also specific to the ankle joint.
It occurs when you point your toes.
• Dorsiflexion occurs when you bend at the ankle
to bring the top of your foot closer to your shin. It
is essential when walking or jumping.

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 Inversion / Eversion
• Inversion is a result of standing on the outer
edge of your foot. It is normally what
happens when you twist your ankle.
• Eversion also is associated with the ankle
joint. Eversion is a result of standing on the
inner edge of your foot.

Internal Rotation / External Rotation

• External rotation results when you twist or turn a body
part outward from the midline, for example when you turn
your toes outward. • Internal rotation results when you
twist or turn a body part inward toward the midline, for
example, when you turn your toes inward.

Circumduction
• Circumduction is a combination of flexion, extension,
abduction, and adduction all wrapped up into one
movement. An example of this occurs in softball, when
a pitcher throws the ball with a windmill action.

Fundamental Gymnastic Positions

 HANDS ON HIPS- place the hands firmly just above the hips with palms on the crest
of the hip bones, the four fingers forward and together and the thumbs behind.
 HANDS ON WAIST-place hands firmly at the smallest part of the trunk.
 HANDS ON NECK-Hands are placed at the back at the lower part of the head.
 HANDS ON SHOULDER- With elbows in line with the shoulder, placed hands on
shoulders with fingers straight
 SHOULDER FIRM- forearms are raised upward, elbows flexed and kept close to the
sides as much as possible.
 HANDS ON FOREHEAD- with palms facing, placed hands on the forehead.
 HANDS ON HEAD- hands are on the head with palms facing downward, fingers
closed together.
 ARMS FORWARD- both arms are raised horizontally forward and keep them in a
straight line from shoulder to tips of fingers.
 ARMS SIDEWARD- both arms are raised sideways, in lining with shoulders.

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 ARMS UPWARD- both arms are raised upward in a perpendicular position above the
head in a straight line from shoulders to tips.
 ARMS OBLIQUELY UPWARD- arms are raised halfway between sideward and upward
position, with fingers closed together.
 ARMS OBLIQUELY DOWNWARD- arms are raised halfway between sideward and
downward position, with fingers closed together.
 ARMS BENDING UPWARD- the forearms are raised upward to bend at the elbow-joint
as much as possible.
 HANDS ON CHEST- the upper arms are raised horizontally sideways with the forearms
sharply bent upon them in front. This is also called Arms Bending Forward
 ARMS BENDING HALF FORWARD- raised horizontally sideways both the upper arms
with forearms bent to a right angle at the elbow joints.
 ARMS IN T-POSITION- with elbow bent at right angle, place both arms at side
horizontally with forearms parallel to body and palms facing backward.
 ARMS IN REVERSE T POSITION- with elbows bent at right angles, arms are placed at
side horizontally with forearms parallel to head.
 ARMS THRUSTING- raise forearms in front and flex the elbows, fists closed with knuckles
turned down and elbows close to the body
 ARMS FORWARD THRUST- From arm to thrust position, the arms is stretched forward
parallel to each other with knuckles turned upward.
 ARMS SIDEWARD THRUST- with the similar starting position as arms forward thrust,
stretch the arms sideways with arms in level with shoulders.
 ARMS UPWARD THRUST- stretch arms upward to a perpendicular position, elbows and
wrist extended.
 STRIDE SIDEWARD- the foot is lifted, move 2 ft. length to the side.
 STRIDE FORWARD- the foot is lifted, move 2 ft. length to the front.
 STRIDE BACKWARS- the foot is placed backward in the same manner as stride
forward.
 JUMP TO STRIDE FORWARD- spring in both feet, lifting the whole body and land with
feet apart.
 FOOT TOUCHING FORWARD-lift the right foot and touch the floor lightly in front.
 FOOT TOUCHING SIDEWARD-lift the right foot and touch the floor lightly in sideward.
 FOOT TOUCHING BACKWARDS-lift the right foot and touch the floor lightly in rear.
 HEEL RAISING- keeping the knee straight and heels together, rise high on tiptoes.
 LEG RAISING- the leg is raised in front until the left is in the right angle.
 KNEE RAISING-raise knee in front of the level of the hip.
 FULL KNEES BENDING- the knee are flexed until the thigh and foreleg touch each
other.
 HALF KNEE BENDING- the knee are flexed until a right angle is formed at the knee.
 FULL KNEE REST POSITION- with similar position of full knee bending, keep the arms in
between legs resting lightly.
 FORWARD LUNGE- with left leg in rear straight, place the right foot forward bending
the right knee.
 CHARGE- performed with similar position to lunge with the distance of two feet from
heel to feet.

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 FORWARD FALL OUT- the foot is placed forward similar in lunge position with trunk
inclining forward, creating a straight line.
 FORWARD BENDING- the trunk is bent horizontally forward.
 SIDEWARD BENDING- the trunk bends directly to the side, as far as possible.
 TRUNK TWISTING- twist trunk on vertical axis without twisting the head or hips
 HEAD BEDNING FORWARD-let head fall forward as far as possible with chin drown
down and in.
 HEAD BENDING SIDEWARD- let the head fall sideward as far as possible.
 HEAD BENDING BACKWARD- move the head strongly backward with chin up.
 HEAD TWISTING- twist the head sideward to the left/right and attempt to bring the
chin in line with the shoulder.
 PRONE- with face down, body straight from head to foot, lie down with the stomach
flat on the floor. This is also called Forward Lying Position
 SUPINE- with body straight from head to foot, lie down with the back flat on the floor.
Also called as Back Lying Position.
 PRONE LEANING REST- with trunks and legs straight, stretch the leg backward from
deep-knee-bend-rest position.
 LEANING REST-from supine lying position, raise the trunk up with hands supporting the
weight of the body.
 PRONE ELBOW SUPPORT- from prone-lying position, the body is raised and is
supported in the forearms and toes.
 SUPINE ELBOW SUPPORT- from supine-lying position raise the trunk upward until it is
inclined at 30degree angle.
 SIDE LEANING REST- from prone-leaning rest position, turn left supporting the body
with right hand.
 LONG SITTING-sit on the floor with legs together out in front, stretching the knees.
 LONG SITTING REST-sit on the floor with legs together out in front with hands placed
on both sides.
 HOOK SITTING- from the long-sitting position, the knees are bent and slightly parted
keeping the heels together.
 CROSS SITTING- from long sitting position, the legs are crossed in front in a tailor-like
fashion.
 KNEELING- knees are on a kneeling position with body at the right angel to the floor,
back erect, and knees and heels together.
 STRIDE KNEELING-from kneeling position, open the knees a little to keep balance
steadier.
 STRIDE KNEELING SITTING- from stride-kneeling position, sit down on the heels, keeping
the back straight.
 HALFT KNEE STANDING POSITION- from kneeling position, place the other foot and
knee in front with the thigh at right angle to foreleg.
 CROOK LYING POSTION-flex the knees upward, from supine lying position.
 SHOULDER STAND POSITION-from supine-lying position, raise legs and hips with elbows
placed on the floor.
 FOREARM STAND POSITON- from prone elbow support position, raise the legs and hips
upward.

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  FORE BASE- lower the trunk forward from kneeling position, placing the hands on the
floor.
 BRIDGE STAND- revers the position of the trunk in fore base with feet and hands
bearing the weight of the body.
 HALF KNEE STRIDE STANDING-kneel on left knee with the right leg stretched sideways.
 FOLDED POSITION-from kneeling position, bend trunk forward until head is closed to
the knees.
 STRIDE LONG SITTING- from long-sitting position, open legs apart.
 OPEN CROOK SITTING- from crook sitting position, open and lower the knee outward.
 CLOSE CROOK SITTING- from wide-crook sitting, close the legs until the knees and
feet are touching.
 SIDE SITTING- from long-sitting position, bend both legs to left side.
 HURDLE SITTING- from long sitting position, bend one leg while the hands are raised
upward.

Activity No. 4 LOCOMOTOR AND NON-LOCOMOTOR MOVEMENTS

Perform all the Locomotor and non-locomotor movements. Submit the video through FB
Messenger.

Activity No. 5 FUNDAMENTAL GYMNASTIC POSITION

Execute all the Fundamental Gymnastic Positions. Complete the table below by supplying
photo with appropriate/exact execution of the following positions:

FUNDAMENTAL GYMNASTIC POSITION

HANDS ON HIPS- place the hands
firmly just above the hips with palms
on the crest of the hip bones, the four
fingers forward and together and the
thumbs behind.
HANDS ON WAIST-place hands firmly
at the smallest part of the trunk.
HANDS ON NECK-Hands are placed
at the back at the lower part of the
head.
HANDS ON SHOULDER- With elbows in
line with the shoulder, placed hands
on shoulders with fingers straight
SHOULDER FIRM- forearms are raised
upward, elbows flexed and kept
close to the sides as much as
possible.
HANDS ON FOREHEAD- with palms
facing, placed hands on the
forehead.

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HANDS ON HEAD- hands are on the
head with palms facing downward,
fingers closed together.
ARMS FORWARD- both arms are
raised horizontally forward and keep
them in a straight line from shoulder
to tips of fingers.
ARMS SIDEWARD- both arms are
raised sideways, in lining with
shoulders.
ARMS UPWARD- both arms are raised
upward in a perpendicular position
above the head in a straight line from
shoulders to tips.
ARMS OBLIQUELY UPWARD- arms are
raised halfway between sideward
and upward position, with fingers
closed together.
ARMS OBLIQUELY DOWNWARD- arms
are raised halfway between
sideward and downward position,
with fingers closed together.
ARMS BENDING UPWARD- the
forearms are raised upward to bend
at the elbow-joint as much as
possible.
HANDS ON CHEST- the upper arms
are raised horizontally sideways with
the forearms sharply bent upon them
in front. This is also called Arms
Bending Forward
ARMS BENDING HALF FORWARD-
raised horizontally sideways both the
upper arms with forearms bent to a
right angle at the elbow joints.
ARMS IN T-POSITION- with elbow bent
at right angle, place both arms at
side horizontally with forearms
parallel to body and palms facing
backward.
ARMS IN REVERSE T POSITION- with
elbows bent at right angles, arms are
placed at side horizontally with
forearms parallel to head.
ARMS THRUSTING- raise forearms in
front and flex the elbows, fists closed
with knuckles turned down and
elbows close to the body

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ARMS FORWARD THRUST- From arm to
thrust position, the arms is stretched
forward parallel to each other with
knuckles turned upward.
ARMS SIDEWARD THRUST- with the
similar starting position as arms
forward thrust, stretch the arms
sideways with arms in level with
shoulders.
ARMS UPWARD THRUST- stretch arms
upward to a perpendicular position,
elbows and wrist extended.
STRIDE SIDEWARD- the foot is lifted,
move 2 ft. length to the side.
STRIDE FORWARD- the foot is lifted,
move 2 ft. length to the front.
STRIDE BACKWARS- the foot is placed
backward in the same manner as
stride forward.
JUMP TO STRIDE FORWARD- spring in
both feet, lifting the whole body and
land with feet apart.
FOOT TOUCHING FORWARD-lift the
right foot and touch the floor lightly in
front.
FOOT TOUCHING SIDEWARD-lift the
right foot and touch the floor lightly in
sideward.
FOOT TOUCHING BACKWARDS-lift the
right foot and touch the floor lightly in
rear.
HEEL RAISING- keeping the knee
straight and heels together, rise high
on tiptoes.
LEG RAISING- the leg is raised in front
until the left is in the right angle.
KNEE RAISING-raise knee in front of
the level of the hip.
FULL KNEES BENDING- the knee are
flexed until the thigh and foreleg
touch each other.
HALF KNEE BENDING- the knee are
flexed until a right angle is formed at
the knee.
FULL KNEE REST POSITION- with similar
position of full knee bending, keep
the arms in between legs resting
lightly.

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FORWARD LUNGE- with left leg in rear
straight, place the right foot forward
bending the right knee.
CHARGE- performed with similar
position to lunge with the distance of
two feet from heel to feet.
FORWARD FALL OUT- the foot is
placed forward similar in lunge
position with trunk inclining forward,
creating a straight line.
FORWARD BENDING- the trunk is bent
horizontally forward.
SIDEWARD BENDING- the trunk bends
directly to the side, as far as possible.
TRUNK TWISTING- twist trunk on
vertical axis without twisting the head
or hips
HEAD BEDNING FORWARD-let head
fall forward as far as possible with
chin drown down and in.
HEAD BENDING SIDEWARD- let the
head fall sideward as far as possible.
HEAD BENDING BACKWARD- move
the head strongly backward with
chin up.
HEAD TWISTING- twist the head
sideward to the left/right and
attempt to bring the chin in line with
the shoulder.
PRONE- with face down, body
straight from head to foot, lie down
with the stomach flat on the floor. This
is also called Forward Lying Position
SUPINE- with body straight from head
to foot, lie down with the back flat on
the floor. Also called as Back Lying
Position.
PRONE LEANING REST- with trunks and
legs straight, stretch the leg
backward from deep-knee-bend-
rest position.
LEANING REST-from supine lying
position, raise the trunk up with hands
supporting the weight of the body.
PRONE ELBOW SUPPORT- from prone-
lying position, the body is raised and
is supported in the forearms and toes.

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SUPINE ELBOW SUPPORT- from supine-
lying position raise the trunk upward
until it is inclined at 30degree angle.
SIDE LEANING REST- from prone-
leaning rest position, turn left
supporting the body with right hand.
LONG SITTING-sit on the floor with legs
together out in front, stretching the
knees.
LONG SITTING REST-sit on the floor
with legs together out in front with
hands placed on both sides.
HOOK SITTING- from the long-sitting
position, the knees are bent and
slightly parted keeping the heels
together.
CROSS SITTING- from long sitting
position, the legs are crossed in front
in a tailor-like fashion.
KNEELING- knees are on a kneeling
position with body at the right angel
to the floor, back erect, and knees
and heels together.
STRIDE KNEELING-from kneeling
position, open the knees a little to
keep balance steadier.
STRIDE KNEELING SITTING- from stride-
kneeling position, sit down on the
heels, keeping the back straight.
HALFT KNEE STANDING POSITION-
from kneeling position, place the
other foot and knee in front with the
thigh at right angle to foreleg.
CROOK LYING POSTION-flex the
knees upward, from supine lying
position.
SHOULDER STAND POSITION-from
supine-lying position, raise legs and
hips with elbows placed on the floor.
FOREARM STAND POSITON- from
prone elbow support position, raise
the legs and hips upward.
FORE BASE- lower the trunk forward
from kneeling position, placing the
hands on the floor.
BRIDGE STAND- revers the position of
the trunk in fore base with feet and
hands bearing the weight of the
body.

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 HALF KNEE STRIDE STANDING-kneel
on left knee with the right leg
stretched sideways.
FOLDED POSITION-from kneeling
position, bend trunk forward until
head is closed to the knees.
STRIDE LONG SITTING- from long-
sitting position, open legs apart.
OPEN CROOK SITTING- from crook
sitting position, open and lower the
knee outward.
LOSE CROOK SITTING- from wide-
crook sitting, close the legs until the
knees and feet are touching.
SIDE SITTING- from long-sitting
position, bend both legs to left side.
HURDLE SITTING- from long sitting
position, bend one leg while the
hands are raised upward.

References

Corbin & Lindsey, (1994), Concepts of Fitness and Wellness with Laboratories. Brown and
Benchmark Publishers.
Jonathan Howard, (2018), “Healthy Behaviors and Wellness”. Galileo, University System of
Georgia. Galileo Open Learning Materials.
Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth. Guidelines for Fitness Assessment in
ManitobaSchools: A Resource for Physical Education/Health Education. Winnipeg, MB:
Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth, 2004. 9. Available online at
www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/physhlth/curriculum.html
Scott Flynn, (2018), “Fitness Principles”. Galileo, University System of Georgia. Galileo Open
Learning Materials.
Topend sports latest. (n.d.). Retrieved August 27,2022 from https://topendsports.cpm/home.htm

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