MODELING OF TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID BASED ON

REMOTE SENSING RECLAMATION DATA OF TELUK

LAMONG PORT

Abiyani C Huda1, Widi A Pratikto1, Suntoyo1, Anggie V R Dewi¹ and Destyariani L Putri²
1Departemen of Marine Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia
2Department of Marine Technology, Institut Teknologi Kalimantan, Kalimantan, Indonesia
Abyxavi354@gmail.com

Keywords: Total suspended solid, modeling, and remote sensing

Abstract: In relation to socio-economic development many construction projects have been carried out in
Indonesia to meet the requirements of urban, agricultural and industrial use. These projects include
urban construction, for example, metro construction, groundwater pumping, and reclamation in
coastal areas. Activities that have a significant influence on the environment are port operational
activities. Teluk Lamong Harbor is the reclaimed land product. Based on this, a physical impact
study of the Teluk Lamong Bay Multipurpose Terminal Development Port is needed to find out
how much influence the impact of the reclamation has on marine environmental resources.
Therefore a flow pattern modeling is done, Total Suspended Solid (TSS) modeling is based on
remote sensing data to see the impact after the development of the Teluk Lamong Multipurpose
Terminal Port. The objectives to be achieved in this study are: Knowing the modeling of current
patterns at the Port of Multipurpose Terminal in Teluk Lamong 2020, Knowing the modeling of
TSS concentrations at the Port of Multipurpose Port of Lamong Bay in 2020. Stages Method: 1.
modeling the flow patterns using Mike 21 software before and after reclamation, 2. TSS
concentration modeling using Mike 21 software based on remote sensing data using Google Earth
Engine (GEE). Model of the current pattern at low tide the maximum water level at low tide is -
1.0875 meters and -1.055 meters, the speed of the current under these conditions ranges between
0.01 m / s for both points. For the current tide pattern model with the maximum water level height
at tide conditions are 0.7744 meters and 0.7640 meters, the current speed under these conditions
ranges from 0.008 m / s for the yellow dot and 0.008-0.016 m / s for both blacks. (D50) sediment
concentration of 0.0738 mm around the Port of Teluk Lamong with an average TSS value of 4.998
per area.

1 INTRODUCTION One of the development ideas that is being discussed

by many Indonesians is the concept of reclamation.
Indonesia has a coastal region that stretches from Reclamation can be defined as an effort to improve,
Sabang to Marauke which is rich and a variety of utilize, restore capacity, and improve the quality of
natural resources that have been utilized by the land through the empowerment of various
community as one source of economic income. In technologies and community empowerment focused
addition to providing a variety of resources, on land that is naturally of low quality or as a result
Indonesia's coastal area has various other functions, of human influence that makes the land less
such as transportation in the form of a port, industrial productive. With changes in environmental
estate, agribusiness and agro-industry, recreation and conditions can make the coastal region undergo
tourism, residential areas, and waste disposal sites. complex changes.
 The development of Teluk Lamong Multipurpose coastline, waters connecting the coast and islands,
Port will have an impact on the surrounding estuaries, bays, shallow waters, swamps, brackish,
environment due to changes in environmental and lagoons (Law No.27 / 2007 article 1 ).
conditions that adjust to environmental changes due In coastal areas there are interrelated ecosystems.
to coastal reclamation. The construction of the Coastal ecosystem is a unit that interacts between
Lamong Bay Multipurpose Port regarding organisms and the environment and together carry out
reclamation has been explained and legalized as their respective functions in habitat (Odum, 1971).
contained in Law Number 27 of 2007 article 34 junto Coastal ecosystems are a set of biological (biotic) and
Law 1 of 2014, concerning Management of Coastal non-biological (abiotic) components that are
Areas and Small Islands, explains that reclamation absolutely necessary for life and improve the quality
has the meaning of activities carried out by people in of life (Bengen, 2004). Furthermore, biological and
the context of increasing the benefits of land non-biological components are functionally related to
resources in terms of environmental and socio- each other and interact with each other to form a
economic aspects by means of confinement and system. If there is a change in one of the existing
drying of land. systems, it will affect both the functional structure
Coastal changes that occur due to abrasion and unity and balance (Bengen, 2002). One form of
accretion, the main causes of abrasion and accretion linkages between ecosystems in coastal areas is the
are the action of waves, wind and tides. The most movement of river water, runoff, runoff with various
influencing process is waves. When moving towards materials contained (nutrients, sedimentation, and
the beach, the waves undergo transformation which pollutants) which will all lead to to coastal waters. In
then generates currents near the coast. Currents addition, this pattern of movement of water mass will
moving along the coast move sediments, causing also play a role in the movement of aquatic biota
shoreline changes. The change in coastline is related (plankton, fish, and shrimp) and pollutants from one
to sediment transport that occurred at the port of location to another (Bengen, 2004). Ecosystems in the
Teluk Lamong. coastal and marine areas are natural and artificial.
The rate of sedimentation increases, so siltation at Natural ecosystems located in coastal areas, namely
the Port of Teluk Lamong will have an even faster mangrove forests, coral reefs, seagrass, sand beaches,
impact on other problems. Therefore, knowledge rocky beaches, and estuary waters.
about aquatic hydrodynamics is very important to 2.1 Reclamation
understand in order to predict the distribution of
sediment after reclamation. The results of the model Coastal reclamation is carried out taking into
that have been validated and have shown correlations account the socio-economic conditions of the
or similarities with actual conditions in the field can population, given the increasingly rapid growth rate,
be used to predict the dynamics of various processes which causes the land for development increasingly
that occur in the waters. narrow. Reclamation makes watery areas that are
damaged or of less value become better and more
useful. The new area is usually used for residential,
2 THEORETICAL industrial, business, and urban areas, ports, and tourist
attractions. In the theory of urban planning, coastal
The ecological coastal area is a transitional area reclamation is one step in city expansion.
between terrestrial and marine ecosystems, which is Usually the reclamation is carried out by the state
towards the coastal area including land areas, both dry or big city with the rate of growth and land needs
and submerged in water affected by marine processes, increasing rapidly, but experiencing constraints of
such as tides, sea winds, and sea water intrusion, land limitations. This condition is no longer possible
while towards the sea area coastal areas include ocean to expand to the mainland, so new land is needed.
waters that are influenced by natural processes such Another alternative is to form a vertical division by
as sedimentation and freshwater flow, as well as those building a port as part of the distribution of goods and
caused by human activities on land (Dahuri et al, anchoring ships. Coastal reclamation is a subsystem
1996). According to Law No.27 / 2007 article 1 of the coastal system.
paragraph 2, coastal areas are transitional areas
between terrestrial and marine ecosystems which are 2.2 Impact of Coastal Reclamation
influenced by regulations on land and sea. Coastal
waters are seas bordering the plains covering waters Based on the Minister of Home Affairs
as far as 12 nautical miles measured from the Regulation (PERMENDAGRI) No. 1 of 2008
concerning coastal reclamation, the implementation economic benefit on a sustainable basis.
of coastal reclamation must pay attention to According to Scones (1993) the carrying capacity
environmental interests, ports, mangrove forest areas, of the environment is divided into two namely
fishermen, and other functions in the coastal area and ecological carrying capacity and economic carrying
the sustainability of the surrounding coastal capacity. Ecological carrying capacity is the
ecosystem. Planning in reclamation activities should maximum number of organisms on a land that can be
be aligned with the city spatial plan. The new city supported without causing death due to density
spatial planning must pay attention to the social and factors, as well as the occurrence of permanent
ecological carrying capacity of the city. environmental damage. While economic carrying
Reclamation project activities around the coastal capacity is the level of production of businesses that
area require a scientific feasibility study through a provide maximum profit and is determined by the
technical study of how much environmental damage business objectives economically.
will be caused and then conveyed openly to the
public. It is important to remember that reclamation 2.4 Tidal
is a form of human intervention in the balance of the
natural environment of the coast. In a coastal Knowledge about tides will be very important
ecosystem that has long been formed and arranged as when we plan to build a port by coastal
it should, it will lose its balance due to reclamation reclamation. The ups and downs that occur in
activities. The effect of these impacts is one of which each region are not the same. In general, tides in
affects the lives of surrounding communities. Many various regions can be divided into 4 types:
fishermen and workers in the fisheries sector will lose 1. A single daily tidal (diurnal tide)
their livelihoods due to the decrease in the number of
In one day there is one tide and one tide with
fish due to damage to the ecosystem due to runoff
from sediments (Francisca, 2017).
a tidal period is 24 hours 50 minutes.
2. Install double daily shrinkage (semi diurnal
2.3 Limitations of Environmental Carrying tide)
Capacity Due to Coastal Reclamation In one day there are two tides and two tides
with almost the same height and tides occur
According to Dahuri (2000) the main problems in regularly. The average tidal type is 12 hours 24
the management of coastal areas are activities of minutes.
pollution, overfising, erosion, coastal sedimentation,
3. Tidal mixture tends to a single daily (mixed
extinction of biota types, and conflicts in the use of
the region: due to the high environmental pressure
tide prevalling diurnal)
caused by the population along with all the gait of life In one day there is one tide and one tide, but
and development of the environment of the coastal sometimes temporarily there are two tides and
area which has a limited ability to support the concept two tides with a very different height and period.
of the environment based on the idea that the 4. Tidal mixture tends to double daily (mixed
environment has the maximum capacity to support tide prevalling diurnal)
the growth of organisms (Bengen, 2002). The In one day there were two tides and two times
environmental carrying capacity classification low tide, but the height and period were
includes: different.
1. Ecological: The maximum level (both quantity
According to Haryono (2004), tides are the
and volume) of the use of a resource or ecosystem
that can be accommodated by an area before
result of gravitational forces and centrifugal
ecological decline; effects. Centrifugal effect is the movement or
2. Physical: The maximum amount of utilization of push towards the outside center of rotation of the
a resource or ecosystem that can be absorbed by earth. The influence of the moon's gravitational
an area without causing physical quality force is two times greater than the force of the
degradation. sun in generating the tides, because the distance
3. Social: The level of comfort and appreciation of of the moon is closer than the distance of the sun
users of a resource or ecosystem to an area due to to the earth. Within a month, the daily variation
the presence of other users at the same time. of the tidal range changes systematically to the
4. Economy: The level of scale of effort in the
lunar cycle. The tidal range also joins to the
utilization of a resource that provides maximum
shape of the volume of the water and the shape
of the ocean floor undergoing movement. 2.6. Total Suspended Solid
Vertical water movements associated with the
ups and downs of the tides, accompanied by TSS are suspended materials (> 1µm diameter)
that are held in a filter with a pore diameter of 0.45
horizontal water movements called tidal
µm. TSS consists of mud and fine sand and
currents. microorganisms. The main causes of TSS in waters
are soil erosion or soil erosion carried into water
2.4. Wave
bodies. TSS concentration if too high will inhibit the
The main energy that forms the coastal system is penetration of light into water and cause disruption of
waves. Ocean waves are a natural phenomenon in the photosynthesis. The spread of TSS in coastal and
form of raising and decreasing water slowly and can estuary waters is influenced by several physical
be found throughout the world. Waves in the sea often factors including wind, rainfall, waves, currents and
appear irregular and change frequently. This can be tides (Effendi, 2000).
observed from the surface of the water which is Sastrawijaya (2000) states that TSS
caused by the direction of wave propagation that is concentrations in waters generally consist of
very varied and irregular waveforms, especially if the phytoplankton, zooplankton, human waste, animal
waves are under the influence of the wind. waste, mud, crop and animal residues, and industrial
According Pratikto (2000) said that the shape and waste. Materials that are suspended in natural waters
propagation of waves that vary and irregularly greatly are not toxic, will occur if excessive amounts can
affect the characteristics of the waves that occur in increase the value of turbidity which further inhibits
these waters. In addition to changes in height, length the penetration of sunlight into pools of water
and speed of waves also occur other phenomena such (Effendi, 2000).
as silting, refraction, diffraction and reflection before Remote sensing technology has been widely
the wave breaks. The process resulted in changes in applied to study water quality, one of which is TSS.
wave speed. Sea waves that move into coastal waters The quality of waters has different light penetration
experience a high increase which makes the waves to in certain areas, can be determined by multispectral
increase. Furthermore, the speed of water particles at techniques (Barret and Curtis, 1982). The higher TSS
the peak of the wave approaches the speed of the concentration will have a higher reflectance value.
wave, so that when the water particles are greater than
the speed of the wave, the wave becomes unstable and
breaks (Duxbury, et. Al., 1994). 3 METHOD
2.5. Current This research was conducted at the Lamip Bay
Multipurpose Terminal Port, located in the border
The current is a very broad movement of water, area between Surabaya City and Gresik Regency,
often occurring throughout the ocean. Waves that which is adjacent to two ports owned by PT
come towards the coast can cause nearshore current. Pelabuhan Indonesia III, namely Gresik Port to the
Currents are also formed due to the wind blowing in west and Tanjung Perak Main Port to the east. The
a very long time interval, can also be caused by waves selection of research sites is done purposively. Based
that form the beach obliquely. It can also be caused on the results of reading the literature and information
by waves coming towards the coastline. Currents can related to the existence of port development by means
also carry suspended sediments or those found at the of coastal reclamation that can affect coastal
bottom of the sea. resources, this location was chosen to be used as a
Circulation of ocean currents is divided into two research location. Based on the Port Development
categories, namely surface circulation and circulation will affect the condition of coastal ecosystems and the
in the sea (intermediate or deep circulation). Sea livelihoods of coastal communities, it is necessary to
surface currents are generally driven by wind stress study the impact of coastal resources on the
acting at sea level. Wind tends to push the layer of development of Teluk Lamong Multipurpose
water on the surface of the sea in the direction of the Terminal Port from the aspect of physical impact. The
movement of the wind. But because of the influence research was carried out starting in the third semester,
of the earth's rotation or the influence of the Coriolis with the research location in Figure 1 and the survey
force. The variation of currents generated by the wind point in Figure 2.
against depth is explained theoretically by Ekman
(1905).
 Data validation is an activity carried out to
measure the extent of differences and errors.
5. Results and Discussion
It is a modeling of waters flow patterns in 2012
and 2020 based on Navy Hydrographic and
Oceanographic Center data (DISHIDROS) and the
National Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics
Agency (BMKG), and TSS concentration modeling
based on remote sensing data of the 2A Sentinel
Image 2020 National Institute of Aviation and Space
(BMKG), and modeling of TSS concentrations based
on remote sensing data of the 2A Sentinel Image in
Figure 1. Research Sites 2020. LAPAN). The input from this data processing
explains the correlation of the coastal condition of the
Teluk Lamong Multipurpose Port terminal with the
physical environmental conditions based on 2020.
6. Conclusion
It is the answer of the research objective, which is
Location of the to know the current pattern and sediment distribution.
Research
2.3.2 Data Processing Stages
In the stages of managing the impact study data
before and after the construction of the Teluk Lamong
Multipurpose Port,
1. Analyze shoreline changes using DSAS
software based on Landsat 7 in 2012 and
Figure 2. Location of the Research River
Landsat 8 in 2020 satellite image data.
2.3.1 Systematics and Research Limits 2. Determine the focal point of TSS research
using remote sensing aids, namely Sentinel 2A
satellite imagery recording on January of 2020
This thesis research is carried out for one then processed using Google Earth Engine at
semester, while the research activities include: the LAPAN Agency.
1. Problem Formulation 3. Modeling the condition of water flow patterns
this stage as the identification of problems, in the Port of Multipurpose Bay in Lamong
determinants or focus of a study. The main problem Bay based on wind, tidal and bathymetry data
of this research is the factors or impacts caused by processed using Mike 21 software.
coastal resources namely, the pattern of water 4. TSS modeling using Mike 21 software based
currents, TSS in the construction of the Port of the on remote sensing data.
Lamip Multipurpose terminal.
2. Literature Study
This activity is carried out to gather information
related to research in the form of theoretical concepts
4 RESULTS
and relevant matters. Literature sources obtained
from the internet, reports related institutions, 4.1. Total Suspended Solid Remote
scientific articles, journals, media, books, and other Sensing
documents.
3. Data Processing TSS is suspended material that causes water
Namely knowing the analysis of shoreline turbidity consisting of mud, fine sand and
changes, modeling the pattern of water currents, and microorganisms mainly caused by soil erosion or
modeling TSS concentrations based on sensing data water-borne erosion (Effendi, 2003). TSS is one of
long before and after the construction of the Teluk the important factors to measure water quality based
Lamong Multipurpose Port terminal on physical aspects including the addition of solids
4. Data Validation both organic and inorganic material into the waters so
as to increase turbidity which will further inhibit the
penetration of sunlight into water bodies. The amount
of TSS that is in the waters can reduce the availability
of dissolved oxygen. So the high TSS can also
directly disrupt aquatic biota. To identify the TSS of
Teluk Lamong Port, TSS remote sensing was carried
out using Sentinel 2A imagery in 2020 and Landsat 8
satellite imagery in 2017 and 2019.
Remote sensing of the distribution of TSS at
Teluk Lamong Port using Sentinel 2A satellite
imagery in 2020 using Google Earth Engine Software
software. In the work of remote sensing the first step
taken is to make a mosaic.Data analisi Total
Suspended Solid (TSS) Data processing from Sentinel
2A satellite imagery in 2020 uses Google earth engine
software that can produce TSS remote sensing output.
The channels in the Sentinel satellite image data
processing are used to obtain reflectance values
which are used to estimate TSS concentrations. The
first stage, radiometric correction is done to eliminate Figure 5. TSS map
errors in the sun's elevation angle and the sun-earth Source: Journal of Analysis of Changes in Total
distance. The second conversion from the DN value Suspended Solid Concentration (TSS) in Lamong
to the radiant value. Third is the conversion of the Bay Using Multitemporal Landsat Imagery By
radiant value to the reflectance value. Fourth conduct Sukojo, et., Al, (2018).
TSS analysis. Based on the TSS chart and remote sensing
image, the highest value is at a point near the Teluk
Lamong Harbor. In Situ data obtained in the journal
explained high TSS values at stations 2, 3, 4, 22 and
23 with values of 142 mg / L, 119 mg / L, 115 mg /
L, 112 mg / L and 116 mg / L. When compared to
remote sensing data in 2020 using the highest GEE
TSS software 167 mg / L, 122 mg / L, 120 mg / L,
128 mg / L and 120 mg / L.

Figure 3. Remote Sensing TTS TSS algorithm and In-situ

regression values
180
160
TSS Algorithm Budiman

y = 1.5719x - 58.487
140 R² = 0.8911
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 50 100 150
TSS In-Situ

Figure 6. Graph of TSS Observation Regression

Figure 4. Implementation of the 2019 TSS Budiman
Algorithm.
Tabel 1. Data In Situ TSS Teluk Lamong 4.2. Modeling of Teluk Lamong Harbor
TSS
Value
Sample Lat Long (mg/L) 4.2.1. Wind
-
ST-01 7,2005 112,6844 96 One that influences the speed and direction of the
- current is the wind factor. In Mike 21 modeling, the
ST-02 7,1985 112,6862 142 use of wind data as input wind data forcing contained
- in the hydrodynamics module. In addition to
ST-03 7,2005 112,6844 119 influencing the pattern of current movement, wind
- can influence wave generation, so that in relation to
ST-04 7,2034 112,683 114 sediment transport these three factors are intermittent.
- The wind data input used in March 2020 was adjusted
ST-05 7,2044 112,6805 77 for the timestep modeling simulation conducted. The
- following diagram of the rose wind shows the
ST-06 7,2062 112,6788 78 dominant direction coming from west to southeast.
-
ST-07 7,2138 112,6867 60
-
ST-08 7,2117 112,6885 63
-
ST-09 7,2098 112,6903 67
-
ST-10 7,2077 112,6922 68
-
ST-11 7,2059 112,694 82
- Figure 7. March winds
ST-12 7,2039 112,696 86
-
ST-13 7,2109 112,7043 53
-
ST-14 7,2129 112,7024 56
-
ST-15 7,215 112,7005 43
-
ST-16 7,2169 112,6989 38 Figure 8. Wind Conditions in 2020 (February 2019-
- March 2020)
ST-17 7,2187 112,6969 40
- 4.2.2. Depth
ST-18 7,2206 112,6945 70
-
ST-19 7,1812 112,6741 70 Data on seabed depth is a supporting data used in
- this study so it is necessary to know the seabed
ST-20 7,1864 112,6759 94 condition of the Gulf waters, using topex satellite
- imagery with file format in the form of SRTM in 2011
ST-21 7,1878 112,6773 78 to create a year boundary depth of Teluk Lamong
- Port. The data is managed using Global Mapper 14
ST-22 7,189 112,6682 112 software which is done by generating counturs with a
- contour interval of 0.1 meters. Furthermore, the data
ST-23 7,1911 112,67 116 plot has been processed in Surfer 11 software to get a
- bathymetry contour map in the form of 2D maps.
ST-24 7,1931 112,6717 86
 For the current tide pattern model in Figure
4.42 occurs on timestep 184 dated March 8, 2020 with
the maximum water level at tide conditions is 0.7744
meters for the yellow point and 0.7640 meters for the
black point, the current speed in this condition ranges
from 0.008 m / s for the yellow dot and 0,008-0,016
m / s for the second black.

4.2.2.1. Tidal Validation

Figure 9. Depth Tidal conditions are analyzed using the
Then the data is meshed on a map plot in Arcgis harmonic analysis method, this method has a tidal
10.61 software used in the bathymetry plot in Mike pair hypothesis is the sum of several wave
21 software. The input file is boundary of land and components that have a certain amplitude and
water. Next is the display of the xyz input file frequency. This analysis is to obtain the amplitude
modeling results in Mike 21 software. and phase of the tidal components.
Tidal recording and forecasting is carried out
for 15 days in a row with observation points 7 ° 12 '17
"LS and 112 ° 40 '46" East. The high observations that
were started were analyzed using the Admiralty
method and verified with the Root Mean Square Error
(RMSE) and Cost Function (CF) methods. The
following is the tidal data presented in Table 2 and
Table 3. While graphs representing tidal data for 2012
and 2020 are presented in Figure 12.
Figure 10. Meshing Depth Table 2. Tidal Data 2012 2012
jam
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
tanggal
1 -0.192 -0.071 0.052 0.163 0.253 0.315 0.349 0.359 0.351 0.333 0.309 0.28 0.244 0.194 0.123 0.029 -0.087 -0.219 -0.351 -0.466 -0.544 -0.57 -0.536 -0.444
2 -0.306 -0.142 0.025 0.173 0.284 0.351 0.377 0.373 0.352 0.331 0.317 0.313 0.31 0.296 0.254 0.172 0.045 -0.12 -0.304 -0.479 -0.617 -0.692 -0.686 -0.598
3 -0.443 -0.245 -0.037 0.148 0.287 0.367 0.391 0.376 0.343 0.315 0.307 0.324 0.356 0.383 0.379 0.323 0.202 0.02 -0.205 -0.438 -0.639 -0.772 -0.809 -0.743

4.2.2. Tides 4
5
6
7
-0.585
-0.715
-0.813
-0.854
-0.365
-0.487
-0.592
-0.663
-0.123
-0.218
-0.311
-0.385
0.1
0.038
-0.026
-0.083
0.269
0.239
0.207
0.179
0.366
0.357
0.35
0.351
0.392
0.388
0.39
0.408
0.366
0.35
0.342
0.357
0.316
0.277
0.242
0.231
0.275
0.211
0.138
0.083
0.265
0.184
0.075
-0.033
0.296
0.215
0.084
-0.072
0.359
0.3
0.17
-0.016
0.431
0.414
0.311
0.125
0.477
0.516
0.466
0.312
0.464
0.564
0.583
0.491
0.37
0.521
0.613
0.604
0.191
0.374
0.529
0.607
-0.056
0.131
0.326
0.479
-0.335
-0.172
0.032
0.236
-0.597
-0.482
-0.3
-0.08
-0.794
-0.741
-0.607
-0.405
-0.887
-0.898
-0.826
-0.67
-0.859
-0.923
-0.914
-0.819
8 -0.821 -0.678 -0.427 -0.126 0.157 0.359 0.443 0.403 0.263 0.075 -0.101 -0.209 -0.214 -0.112 0.072 0.286 0.47 0.566 0.538 0.383 0.128 -0.173 -0.452 -0.645
9 -0.707 -0.626 -0.422 -0.144 0.141 0.367 0.484 0.471 0.339 0.129 -0.097 -0.279 -0.367 -0.338 -0.202 0.003 0.222 0.392 0.466 0.42 0.262 0.03 -0.218 -0.421
10 -0.526 -0.505 -0.362 -0.13 0.135 0.369 0.516 0.54 0.439 0.238 -0.013 -0.252 -0.423 -0.488 -0.437 -0.289 -0.087 0.114 0.262 0.319 0.275 0.145 -0.03 -0.2
11 -0.314 -0.334 -0.251 -0.078 0.145 0.363 0.524 0.587 0.532 0.369 0.132 -0.129 -0.359 -0.513 -0.564 -0.511 -0.377 -0.202 -0.031 0.095 0.151 0.133 0.059 -0.038
12 -0.118 -0.148 -0.105 0.009 0.174 0.355 0.507 0.593 0.587 0.481 0.292 0.053 -0.194 -0.405 -0.547 -0.601 -0.57 -0.472 -0.336 -0.197 -0.081 -0.007 0.023 0.022
13 0.011 0.012 0.044 0.117 0.225 0.352 0.473 0.558 0.585 0.538 0.417 0.237 0.021 -0.199 -0.394 -0.537 -0.615 -0.624 -0.574 -0.479 -0.361 -0.239 -0.127 -0.033
14 0.043 0.106 0.164 0.224 0.292 0.365 0.436 0.496 0.529 0.524 0.472 0.369 0.221 0.04 -0.157 -0.347 -0.51 -0.627 -0.685 -0.679 -0.613 -0.497 -0.347 -0.184
15 -0.024 0.116 0.228 0.308 0.361 0.392 0.412 0.427 0.441 0.449 0.445 0.417 0.353 0.246 0.095 -0.092 -0.296 -0.492 -0.653 -0.754 -0.776 -0.714 -0.577 -0.384

For the model of current patterns at low tide in

Table 3. Tidal Data 2020
Figure 4.38 occurred on timestep 191 dated March 8, jam
2020

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

2020 at 23:00 with the maximum water level at low tanggal

1
2
3
-0.147
-0.156
-0.222
-0.154
-0.108
-0.119
-0.131
-0.044
-0.006
-0.078
0.033
0.104
0.001
0.114
0.201
0.091
0.19
0.275
0.177
0.253
0.324
0.244
0.296
0.349
0.28
0.315
0.354
0.28
0.308
0.344
0.245
0.28
0.323
0.183
0.233
0.295
0.107
0.172
0.257
0.027
0.102
0.167
-0.045
0.026
0.135
-0.102
-0.054
0.043
-0.144
-0.134
-0.07
-0.171
-0.211
-0.197
-0.188
-0.281
-0.327
-0.198
-0.338
-0.443
-0.205
-0.373
-0.527
-0.207
-0.382
-0.563
-0.202
-0.36
-0.543
-0.187
-0.305
-0.466

tide conditions is -1.0875 meters at the red point and 4

5
6
7
-0.341
-0.508
-0.707
-0.906
-0.186
-0.308
-0.476
-0.668
-0.022
-0.091
-0.211
-0.37
0.13
0.109
0.041
-0.068
0.252
0.266
0.243
0.185
0.335
0.366
0.371
0.353
0.378
0.41
0.423
0.424
0.39
0.411
0.414
0.411
0.383
0.39
0.374
0.349
0.37
0.37
0.337
0.282
0.36
0.367
0.33
0.25
0.355
0.387
0.365
0.278
0.349
0.421
0.436
0.368
0.33
0.448
0.518
0.497
0.282
0.444
0.575
0.623
0.193
0.383
0.571
0.696
0.06
0.252
0.476
0.673
-0.112
0.053
0.283
0.529
-0.305
-0.194
0.007
0.266
-0.492
-0.456
-0.315
-0.081
-0.643
-0.689
-0.631
-0.458
-0.731
-0.852
-0.884
-0.797
-0.738
-0.914
-1.028
-1.034
-0.66
-0.863
-1.035
-1.126
8 -1.057 -0.847 -0.54 -0.203 0.1 0.316 0.419 0.415 0.335 0.23 0.154 0.145 0.222 0.37 0.549 0.702 0.772 0.715 0.518 0.198 -0.195 -0.589 -0.91 -1.096

-1.055 meters at the black point, the speed of the 9

10
11
12
-1.113
-1.042
-0.847
-0.573
-0.964
-0.977
-0.869
-0.656
-0.685
-0.759
-0.734
-0.603
-0.339
-0.442
-0.477
-0.427
-0.001
-0.096
-0.16
-0.169
0.263
0.202
0.145
0.108
0.411
0.396
0.372
0.342
0.431
0.456
0.476
0.481
0.348
0.39
0.448
0.498
0.21
0.239
0.309
0.396
0.079
0.06
0.11
0.209
0.009
-0.08
-0.088
-0.013
0.035
-0.133
-0.224
-0.21
0.159
-0.075
-0.258
-0.335
0.353
0.084
-0.18
-0.359
0.562
0.301
-0.011
-0.281
0.721
0.514
0.202
-0.126
0.772
0.66
0.398
0.059
0.679
0.685
0.519
0.223
0.442
0.567
0.525
0.32
0.093
0.318
0.405
0.323
-0.303
-0.018
0.181
0.231
-0.67
-0.371
-0.099
0.067
-0.933
-0.669
-0.372
-0.124

current at this condition range between 0.01 m / s for 13

14
15
-0.292
-0.079
0.017
-0.392
-0.144
0.027
-0.394
-0.158
0.045
-0.294
-0.109
0.082
-0.113
0.156
0.144
0.107
0.148
0.227
0.315
0.305
0.318
0.464
0.433
0.402
0.518
0.502
0.458
0.466
0.493
0.471
0.32
0.403
0.431
0.115
0.246
0.337
-0.104
0.051
0.198
-0.29
-0.15
0.028
-0.406
-0.322
-0.15
-0.434
-0.439
-0.316
-0.377
-0.489
-0.449
-0.26
-0.472
-0.535
-0.117
-0.403
-0.567
0.013
-0.304
-0.545
0.098
-0.198
-0.478
0.121
-0.106
-0.377
0.085
-0.039
-0.256
0.008
-0.001
-0.132

both points.

Figure 10. Receding Conditions Figure 12. Tide Comparison Charts for 2012 and
2020

4.2.2.2. Admiralty Analysis

Calculation using the admiralty method,
which is a calculation to find the value of the
amplitude (A) and phase difference (g0) of the
observation data for 15 or 29 pigs (observation days)
and the mean sea level (S0) which has been corrected
(Smoothing). The following are tidal components of
Figure 11. High Tide Conditions the 2012 admiralty method analysis results and 2020.
Tablel 4. Tidal Component 2012 Table 6. Classification of Tidal Type

The types of tides in the Madura Strait waters in

2012 according to Formzahl (F) numbers based on the
tidal components in the table above are as follows.
F = (K1+O1) / (M2+S2)
= (0.331+0.256) / (0.259+0.181)
= 1.336
Table 5. Tidal Component 2020

Tidal types in the waters of the Madura Strait in

2020 according to the Formzahl (F) number based on
the tidal components in the table above are as follows.
F = (K1+O1) / (M2+S2)
= (0.381+0.239) / (0.253+0.180)
= 1.433
The explanation of the tidal components
above is as follows:
 S0 is MSL
 M2 is a tidal component that is influenced
by the moon's gravitational phenomenon Figure 13. Distribution of Tidal Types in Indonesian
with circular orbits and parallel to the Waters (Triatmodjo, 1999)
earth's equator.
 S2 is a tidal component that is influenced by Formzahl's numbers are 1,336 and 1,433,
the phenomenon of solar gravity with according to Table 4.9, the numbers are classified as
0.25 <F <1.5 or a mixture of double daily skew. In
circular orbits and the earth's equatorial
Figure 2, the tidal type in the Madura Strait Waters
alignment.
indicated by a red circle is the Mixed Daily Condong
 N2 is a tidal component that is influenced Mix.
by the phenomenon of changes in the
distance of the moon to the earth due to 4.2.2.3. Data Verification
elliptical paths. 2012 Tidal Analysis is used as a reference for
 K1 is a tidal component that is influenced verification of 2020 data. Quantitatively by
by the phenomenon of the declination of the calculating the amount of errors that occur from each
moon and sun systems. data can be calculated by:
 O1 is a tidal component that is influenced
by the phenomenon of moon declination.
 M4 is a tidal component that is affected by dimana :
the phenomenon of twice the angular RMSE : Root Mean Square Error
velocity of M2. y : data of 2012
 MS4 is a tidal component that is influenced ŷ : data of 2020
by the phenomenon of interaction between n : amount of data
M2 and S2. Based on the results of analysis and
 K2 is a tidal component that is influenced verification of tides obtained RMSE value of 0.253 or
by the phenomenon of changes in the a level of confidence of 74.7%.
distance of the moon to the earth due to Model verification is used to determine the
elliptical paths. accuracy of both wind data sources quantitatively by
 P1 is a tidal component that is influenced by calculating the amount of error that occurs from each
the phenomenon of solar declination. data. Wind speed verification uses a Cost Function
(CF) statistical analysis. According to George et al.
(2010), the calculation of the CF method can be done
with the formula:
 1 |𝐷𝑛−𝑀𝑛|
CF = ∑𝑁
𝑛=1
𝑁 𝜎𝐷
dengan
1
𝜎𝐷 = √ ∑𝑁 ̅ 2
𝑛=1(𝐷𝑛 − 𝐷 )
𝑁
Where N is the amount of data; n is nth data;
D is the 2012 data value; σD is the standard deviation;
M is the 2020 data value; D is the 2020 average data
and CF is the Cost Function. According to George et
al. (2010), the criteria used are: Figure 12. Sediment Data
CF < 1 = Sangat Baik 1 < CF < 2= Baik
Sources of sediment data based on the journal
2 <CF <3 = Less CF> 3 = Very Less
Study of the Impact of the Reclamation Plan in
Based on the analysis, it is known that CF is
Lamong Bay, East Java Province on Tidal Flow
obtained by 0.485 This means that verification of data
Patterns and Sediment Transports by Alwafi
for 2012 and 2020 is in the range of CF <1 or very
Pujiraharjo, et., Al (2013) and data on the tide and tide
good.
flow velocity results of Mike 21 modeling based on
BIG 2012 data Tidal current velocity of 0.2 m / s, tidal
4.3. Total Suspended Solid current velocity of 0.1 m/s and (D50) sediment
concentration of 0.0738 mm.
Sediments on the coast cannot be separated due to
oceanographic factors that occur in the waters around
the coast. Oceanographic factors that influence
sediment type and sediment distribution are tides,
wind, waves and currents. Sediment distribution
modeling uses the parameters of currents generated
by tides and wave effects. Sediment sample data
based on the journal Sediment Distribution Pattern
Analysis to Support Maintenance of Port Waters
Depth Using 3D Hydrodynamic Modeling by
Pratomo, et., Al, 2017 with a density value of 1188
kg/m³, dry density 884 kg/m³ and sediment
concentration of (D50) 0 , 0738 mm. Figure 13. the movement of particles when heading
Sediment transportation is important to know the down (2012)
speed of sediment, especially supine sediment. For
non cohesive sediments, such as sand, sedimentation Based on figure 13 the movement of particles
velocity depends on the density of sediment and water when heading downward is seen at two points (A and
mass, water viscosity, dimensions and shape of B) on March 5, 2012 at 22:00 timestep 118. A with
sediment particles (Triatmodjo, 2016). Also in an average speed of 0.056-0.064 m/s and B with an
calculating the rate of sedimentation hydrometer average speed of 0, 08-0,088 m/s.
analysis is needed which aims to determine the grain
size of the suspended sediment which intends to
determine the speed of deposition of soil grains in
water using Stoke's Law, with the formula;
1 𝐷𝑥𝑔
𝑉= + ϻ (𝛾𝑆 − 𝛾𝑤)
8 ŋ
D : grain diameter (mm)
V : speed of settling soil grains (cm / s)
γS : grain weight (g / cm³)
γw : weight of water content (g / cm³)
ϻ : water thickness
Sediment transportation is the transfer of material Figure 14. the movement of particles when heading
from one place to another. This transfer is in the form down (2020)
of an increase (inflow) or reduction (outflow). Based on figure 14 the movement of particles
(Achmad, 2011). when heading downward is seen at two points (a and
b) on march 8, 2020, at 00:00 timestep 189. A with an Based on the figure 16 the movement of
average speed of 0.05-0.06 m/s and B with an particles when heading towards the tide is seen at two
average speed average 0.07-0.08 m/s. points (A and B) on March 7, 2020 at 13:00 timestep
157. A with an average speed of 0.045-0.060 m/s and
B with an average speed of 0.090- 0.0105 m/s.

Figure 15. Particle Movements At Lowest Low Tide

(2012) Figure 17. Particle Movement When Towards Tide
(2020)
Based on the 15 particle movement at low tide
seen at two points (A and B) on March 5, 2012 at Based on figure 17 particle movements at high
19:00 timestep 115. A with an average speed of 0.04- tide seen at two points (a and b) on march 7, 2012 at
0.045 m/s and B with an average speed of 0,05-0,055 17:00 timestep 161. A with an average speed of
m/s. 0.016-0.020 m/s and b with an average speed of
0.032-0.036 m/s.

Figure 18. Particle Movements During High Tide

2012
Figure 16. article Movements At Lowest Low Tide
(2012) Based on the picture 18 particle movements at
high tide seen at two points (A and B) on March 7,
Based on the 16 particle movement at low tide 2012 at 17:00 timestep 161. A with an average speed
seen at two points (a and b) on march 9, 2020 at 00:00 of 0,0006 m/s and B with an average speed of 0.0054
timestep 192. A with an average speed of 0.024-0.028 -0.0060 m/s.
m/s and b with an average speed of 0.040 m/s.

Figure 16. Particle Movements on the Road to Tide Figure 19. Movements of Particles During High
(2012) Tide (2020)
 Based on the picture 19 particle movements at (bed level change) located in the area within the Port
high tide seen at two points (A and B) on March 8, of Teluk Lamong. Modeling observations were
2012 at 15:00 timestep 183. A with an average speed carried out by comparing changes in the bottom
of 0.0120-0.0135 m/s and B with an average speed an profile of the water after modeling simulations for 15
average of 0.0135-0.0150 m/s. days with the object of the port research conditions
Table 7 Observation of Sedimentary Particle before reclamation and after beach reclamation.
Movement in 2012 Based on the results of the pomedelan, TSS
No Conditions for Average speed conditions are greater in the Lamong River. Lamong
Particle Movement (m/s) River is part of the Bengawan Solo River Basin Unit
1 Heading downs tides A: 0,056-0,064 which is managed by the Solo Bengawan River Basin.
B: 0,08-0,088 The Lamong River estuary is a tidal area, where at
2 Lowest tide A: 0,04-0,045 high tide the area is submerged in seawater, but at low
B: 0,05- 0,055 tide this area becomes landlocked. As a result of this
3 Heading to the tide A: 0,045-0,060 land tends to increase sedimentation processes so that
B: 0,090-0,0105 the land area becomes wider. The Lamong River
4 Highest tide A: 0,006 downstream flows on the alluvial land with a gentle
B: 0,0054-0,0060 slope, so sediment transport is dominated by fine
fractions with relatively large amounts that can settle
Table 8 Observation of Sedimentary Particle at the estuary (Sulistyaningsih, 2000). The following
Movement in 2020 is data on river flow and river sediment
No Conditions for Average speed concentrations which empties into Lamong Bay
Particle Movements (m/s) based on research by Alwafi Pujiraharjo (2013) with
1 Heading downs tides A: 0,05-0,06 the title Study of the Impact of the Reclamation Plan
B: 0,07-0,08 in Lamong Bay, East Java Province on Tidal Flow
Patterns and Sediment Transportation.
2 Lowest tide A: 0,024-0,028
Table 9. River flow and sediment concentration data
B: 0,040
No River 1 year 5 yearly Sediment
3 Heading to the tide A: 0,016-0,020 debit discharg concentration
B: 0,032-0,036 (m³/s) e (m³/s)
4 Highest tide A: 0,012-0,0135 1 Krembangan 3,6 85 0,0134
2 Lamong 19 594 0,0738
B: 0,0135-0,0150
3 Mireng 19 594 0,0099
4 Sememi 4,3 56 0,0278
5 Brajangan 3,6 81 0,0125
With the reclamation of the waters of the
lamong bay, the narrowing of the flow of water
around the lamong river and the silting of galang
island, the velocity of the flow between the lamong
river becomes large. This will result in greater
sediment transport from rivers. Likewise, at low tide,
outflows from lamong bay pass through the lamong
river area. The currents are quite large at high tide but
at low tide, the flow velocity in the lamong river and
galang island areas becomes so small that the
sediment transported will be easily deposited and
gradually cause siltation.

Figure 20. Modeling of PT Pelindo III Sediment

Transportation in 2011 4 CONCLUSION
Changes in the bottom profile of the water can
occur due to the sedimentation process or due to The model of the current pattern at low tide in
silting. Factors affecting the sedimentation or siltation Figure 4.38 The maximum water level at low tide is -
process include the movement of currents, waves, and 1.0875 meters at the red point and -1.055 meters at
tides as well as new buildings created on the coast of the black point, the current velocity at this condition
Lamong Bay. In this study, sediment changes were ranges between 0.01 m / s for both points. For the
observed based on changes in the bed base change
current tide pattern model in Figure 4.42 occurs with Indonesian government. 2008. PERMENDAGRI
the maximum water surface height at tide conditions Number 1 Year 2008.
is 0.7744 meters for the yellow point and 0.7640 Indonesian government. 2007. Law Number 27 of
meters for the black point, the current speed in this 2007 Article 34.
condition ranges from 0.008 m / s for the yellow point Indonesian government. 2007. Law Number 27 of
and 0.008-0.016 m / s for the second black. Tidal 2007 Article 1 Paragraph 2.
current velocity of 0.2 m / s, tidal current velocity of Scones, J. B. 1993. Global Equity and Environmental
0.1 m / s and (D50) sediment concentration of 0.0738 Crisis: An Argument for Reducing Working
mm around the Port of Teluk Lamong with an average Hours in the North. World Development 19, 1:
TSS value of 4.998 per area. 73-84.
Odum, E. P., 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. Third
edition of Gadjah Mada University Press.
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