USStrategic Relationshipinthe 21 ST Century

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The India-US Strategic Relationship in the 21 st Century
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EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH
Vol. V, Issue 6/ September 2017
Impact Factor: 3.4546 (UIF)

ISSN 2286-4822 DRJI Value: 5.9 (B+)
www.euacademic.org
The India-US Strategic Relationship in the 21st

Century
MOHD MANSOOR BEIG

Research scholar
Centre for International Politics, School of International Studies
Central University of Gujarat, India
ZAHOOR AHMAD WANI
Research Scholar
Centre for International Politics, School of International Studies
Central University of Gujarat, India
Abstract:
The Indo-US relationship has witnessed a major
transformation in the 21st century. However, during the Cold War, the
two countries had seen many ups and downs in their relationship.
However, after end of the Cold War, the relationship has been
improving, especially after 2000, when the former US President, Bill
Clinton visited India. Since then, the relationship has witnessed a
paradigm shift. Moreover, the US and India have common democratic
setup, political pluralism and moreover, strong faith in liberal
internationalism, which helped to overcome past bitterness between the
two countries. The relationship has become strong and deep in various
areas such as defence, counter-terrorism measures, science and
technology etc. In this regard, the study would examine how the
transformation happened in the relationship. The study would also
examine major areas, where the two countries have strong relationship.
Key words: Major Transformation, Cold War, Paradigm Shift,

Political Pluralism, Liberal Internationalism, Transformation,
Strategic Cooperation
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Mohd Mansoor Beig, Zahoor Ahmad Wani- The India-US Strategic Relationship in
the 21st Century
INTRODUCTION
The relationship of India with the US has strengthened since

1990s. However, since 2000, the relationship has strengthened
to an unprecedented level and the two countries have made
various agreements with each other. Since 2000, both the
countries had shown warmth and trust to one another.
Moreover, the US and India are the two largest democracies in
the world. Both the nations have shared many traditions and
faiths equally. In addition, both the countries are multi-
cultural, multi-lingual and are having diversity as their
strength. Moreover, both India and the US believe that
democracy and freedom are their strongest bases for peace,
stability and prosperity. Moreover, they have universal
expectations and aspirations, so they cannot be constrained by
economic and cultural levels only (Cohen 2005).
However, during the Cold War, the two countries have
not shared cordial relationship. However, presently, the two
countries are convinced that they would succeed together
towards a new and purposeful direction. Moreover, the
globalization has erased the boundaries and had built networks
among countries. So, the US and India are strongly connected
together in the globalization era. Their people, economies and
culture are mixed. They have coming together and have long
cherished aspirations to fulfil (Andersen 2010).
Moreover, India and the US represent fifth of world‟s
population and more than a quarter of world‟s economy.
Moreover, both the countries believe in creative and
entrepreneurial societies. Additionally, both the countries are
leaders in the information and technology. The business and
commerce are in the culture of the two countries. So, this link is
strong and deep. So, the 21st century would be the century of
India and the US. The relationship will play a significant role
to maintain peace, stability, prosperity, freedom and democracy
across the globe (Mohan 2016).
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 6 / September 2017

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the 21st Century
Essentially, the India-US relationship strengthened during the

tenure of President, Clinton and Prime Minister, Vajpayee.
Both the leaders have tried their best to resolve their
differences and create a new and closer relationship between
the two countries. In the last two decades, the India-US
relationship have seen unprecedented level of engagement from
partnership to strategic relationship. With the signing of the
Indo-US civil nuclear deal in 2005, there has been enhanced
cooperation in various areas, such as nuclear security, counter
terrorism, non-proliferation and intelligence cooperation
(Paranjpe 2013). From Indian point of view, the homeland
security dialogue in 2011 was a significant initiative because
India is living close to the epicentre of terrorism. In this regard,
India has applauded the US efforts to eliminate Al-Qaeda and
its leader Osama Bin Laden. In this regard, Indian former
Foreign Secretary, Ranjan Mathai had visited the US in 2001 to
hold a detailed talks with the US counterpart and other
officials. He also offered Indian help to eliminate terrorism in
South Asian region. He also talks on different matters
including bilateral, regional and global interests (Andersen
2010). Moreover, they also talked about situation of
Afghanistan and security concerns in the region.
Moreover, in June 2000, Secretary of State, Hillary
Clinton made a standstill in New Delhi and availed opportunity
to have deep and detailed discussion with former External
Affairs Minister, SM Krishna. Moreover, in same month India
had engaged the US in second Indo-US discussion and dialogue
on higher education. It was an initiative namely connect to
India. After that, strategic talks happened in Washington in
which Indian side was led by External Affairs Minister and the
US side was led by Hillary Clinton. So, the India-US
relationship had drawn its strength form shared values,
diversity, pluralism and increasing link between the people of
the two biggest democracies in the world. Moreover, officials
from both the countries promote close ties between the people of

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the 21st Century
the two countries. Moreover, the private collaboration and

public partnership has become centre stage of the strategic
dialogue. The comprehensive dialogues happened regarding
counterterrorism, cyber-security, information and
communication technology, women empowerment, security
consultations and major other events (US Department of State
2015).
Moreover, the former US Defence Secretary, Leon
Panetta emphasis on security related issues. Moreover, he also
stress on the relationship of the two countries in order to
promote the shared vision for peace, prosperity and stability in
Asia, the Pacific region and in the Indian Ocean. So, the two
countries are committed to work together in this regard.
Moreover, the two countries are also affirmed about the support
for regional forums such as ADMM Plus, East Asia Summit and
the ASEAN regional forum. Thus both the countries are
committed to work in this regard (Kumar 2016).
Furthermore, the US has applauded India‟s actions in
strengthening regional economic connectivity. So, both India
and the US are affirmed to promote trade, transit and energy
linkages. In this regard, the former US Secretary of State
hailed India‟s efforts in growing engagement in the Asia Pacific.
So, both the countries want to enhance consultations on the
Indian Ocean. Moreover, India‟s former External Affairs
Minister welcomed the US interest to become a close dialogue
partner with the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional
Cooperation (IOR-ARC). He also assured the US that, India will
take the US desire with other IOR-ARC members. Moreover,
India also highlighted the significance of Afghanistan to
maintain peace in the region, especially after withdrawal of the
US forces from Afghanistan since 2014. In this regard, the two
countries are committed to sustain international commitment
to maintain peace in Afghanistan as it has taken full
responsibility for development, security and governance.
Moreover, both India and the US had signed strategic

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partnership agreement with Afghanistan. So, it is now

responsibility of the two countries to enhance their
consultations in order to achieve cooperation and strong
coordination by promoting sovereign, democratic, united, stable
and prosperous Afghanistan, which will help to maintain peace
and stability in the region (Chaudhuri 2011).
Moreover, India has also increased its relations with
other countries in order to discuss regional and global issues.
That is why, India wants its membership in the UNSC to
address issues and challenges across the globe. Moreover, to
tackle global financial crisis, international terrorism and
climate change, both India and the US have strengthen their
partnership to a new level (Bhasin 2013).
Transformation in the Relationship since 2000

The major transformation in India‟s relationship with the US
has been started in 2000, when then US President, Bill Clinton
visited India. He was only fourth President of the US who had
visited India till then. Before that, Jimmy Carter had visited in
1978. Furthermore, President Clinton‟s visit had reenergise the
India-US relationship. So, Clinton‟s visit had clearly showed
that the US wanted to develop strategic relationship with
India. In a joint statement Prime Minister, Singh and
President, Clinton stated that:
We are two of the world‟s largest democracies. We are nations
forged from many traditions and faiths, proving year after
year that diversity is our strength. From vastly different
origins and experiences, we have come to the same
conclusions, that freedom and democracy are the strongest
bases for both peace and prosperity, and that they are
universal aspirations, constrained neither by culture nor
levels of economic development. There have been times in the
past when our relationship drifted without a steady course. As
we now look towards the future, we are convinced that it is
the time to chart a new and purposeful direction in our
relationship (Clinton 2000: 21).

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Moreover, then US Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice had

argued that India had potential to become a major great power
in the world and the US would help it to do so. She also
contended that the US would like to have a cordial relationship
with India. Moreover, Bush administration had changed earlier
perception of the US and not perceived India through the prism
of non-proliferation regime. It had even regarded India as a
strategic and natural ally in the 21st century. However, after
9/11 happened the dramatic changes occurred in the US foreign
policy, especially its approach towards terrorism. Earlier, the
US had never develop bilateral relations with India in the areas
of joint military exercises, counter-terrorism and trade
relationship. So, a new era has been started in the India-US
relationship after the 9/11 incident (Ganguly, Scobell and
Shoup 2006). Moreover, when Rice became the US Secretary of
State in 2005, she argued that the US had evolved a realistic
approach to build the relationship with India. Moreover, Rice
also visited India in 2005, when she was on Asia tour. She had
put some unprecedented framework to build a strong
relationship with India even that had surprised New Delhi. In
that very visit, she had revealed that Bush administration was
willing to have a civil nuclear energy cooperation with India
(Paranjpe 2013).
Moreover, after Rice visited India in 2005, the US
Department of State had announced the Bush administration‟s
new policy with India, which had declared its aim to help India
to become a major world power in the 21 century. In this
regard, Rice also emphasised that nuclear issue had to be
solved, which became major irritant in the relationship for
longer time. Moreover, it was clear that the road through
strategic cooperation only goes through nuclear cooperation. So,
after that both the countries have tried their best to avoid the
nuclear issue because it could trigger stress in the relationship.
The US had almost accepted India as a legal nuclear power,
especially keeping into consideration of India‟s nuclear track

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the 21st Century
record. India had never involved in the proliferation of nuclear

technology and nuclear weapons (Mohan 2006).
Moreover, it was clear from Bush administration
behaviour towards India after 9/11 that the two countries had
improved their relationship to an unprecedented level. So, Bush
had accepted India as a trusted partner, which was never
happened earlier in the India-US relationship. He was also
sceptics towards certain states that could not be trusted with
highly sensitive nuclear technology because of their political
instability and authoritarian regimes. On the other side, he
argued that states such as India with its trustful track record
vis-à-vis nuclear non-proliferation had to be rewarded. So, Bush
administration had clearly declared that only through this
criteria the global non-proliferation could be strengthened. In
this context, Ashley Tellis argued that the Bush
administration‟s own disagreement to nuclear arms control
regimes, such as Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT) and
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) should be resolved.
He further argued that the strong expectation of new states to
own nuclear weapons had increased threats across the globe.
Tellis further argued that both neo-conservative and realist
factions within the Bush administration had to take a more
relaxed view point vis-à-vis India‟s nuclear capabilities and
should support its ambition of becoming a major power, which
will also help the US to secure its interests in Asia (Tellis
2005).
Moreover, the US had always appreciated India‟s plural,
secular and democratic image, which had also attracted other
countries as well. Moreover, Bush administration supposed that
the spread of Western values and ideals would promote peace
across the globe. So, India would help the US to maintain its
status quo in the world (Cohen 2000).
Furthermore, Indian democracy, liberal values,
secularism and free market economic model had inspired from
the US. Besides, India being the largest democracy in the world

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the 21st Century
could not be ignored when promotion of democracy was at the

heart of the US foreign policy. Moreover, Bush administration
had argued that the US statecraft had to be guided by the
liberal values that would be only assurance for lasting peace
between the two states. In this regard, the US aspired to have a
firm foundation of the liberal principles on which peace and
security would be maintained. So, in this context, scholar and
analyst, Nicholas Burns argued that both the US and India are
liberal, secular, multi-ethnic and multicultural countries, with
a strong democratic values within civilian control over the
military. So, for both the countries security interests has been
converge as their central issues of foreign policy that are
growing terrorism, proliferation of nuclear weapons, drug
trafficking, illegal migration, international crime, narcotics and
climate change (Burns 2007).
Cooperation in the area of Climate Change and Clean

Energy
Climate Change
The US and India have shared common concerns about the
climate change. Both the countries are trying to produce more
clean energy. In this regard, both the countries are working
together to fight against climate change. Moreover, both the
countries are committed to work together and promote climatic
awareness in order to address the threats that posed by climate
change. Moreover, the leaders are also ready to pursue a
strategy in order to achieve low greenhouse gas emissions. In
addition, the US and India are also working to adopt an
hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) amendment in 2016 by increasing
financial support from donor countries by providing funds to
developing countries in order to implement rules and
regulations that would lead towards low carbon emissions. So,
both the countries are working to address concerns about
increasing gas emission from the international aviation. In

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addition, the two countries would work to pursue the eleventh

G20 commitments. Moreover, to promote the heavy-duty vehicle
efficiency in accordance with respective national capabilities
and priorities. Moreover, the signing of the Memorandum of
Understanding (MOU) in order to enhance cooperation on clean
energy, climate change and to enhance collaboration in the field
of gas hydrates. Moreover, to strengthen the cooperation on
wildlife conservation as a strategy to increase development
imperatives. So, the signing of the MOU has helped to
strengthen cooperation in the area of the wildlife combating
and their conservation (Ministry of External Affairs 2016).
Partnership in the area of Clean Energy

The US wants to support Indian ambition about solar power
energy by installing 175 GW of renewable energy power plants
that also includes 100 GW from solar energy power plants.
Moreover, the US also acknowledging the international Solar
Alliance (ISA). It would play as a critical role in deployment
and development of solar power plants. Moreover, the US
intends to pursue the membership in ISA. In addition, the US
and India are working together to launch third initiative of the
ISA that will focus on the off-grid solar energy. Moreover, the
US has remained committed with other countries in mobilizing
almost $100 billion every year in order to address genuine
needs of developing countries in the process of mitigation and
adaptation activities. In addition, the US is also committed to
bring technical capacity, private and resources sector that is
going to launch new efforts in order to invest more in Indian
renewable energy sector that would serve as a model for the
other ISA countries (Mishra 2015).
Moreover, the US and India have announced $20 million
US-India clean energy finance (USICEF). So, the project is
expected to mobilize almost $400 million that would help to
provide renewable and clean electricity to one million
households by the 2020. It is a commitment that would help to

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the 21st Century
establish the India-US clean energy hub. It would also focus the
US efforts to build the partnership with major Indian financial
institutions that will increase the renewable energy investment
in India. Moreover, the US-India Catalytic Solar Finance
Programme (CSFP) that had supported by both the countries
would provide much needed liquidity to smaller-scale
renewable energy investments. This programme would help to
reach electricity to rural and far flung areas, which are not
connected with the main grid. In addition, the US and India are
committed to the major goals of mission innovation, which both
the countries have launched during the COP-21 in order to
double their respective research and development on clean
energy programme. Moreover, both the countries are also
committed to research on grid storage and smart grids
(MacArthur Foundation 2016).
Growing Ties of Energy Security

The energy security is becoming one of the top most priority for
Indian economic and foreign policies. Due to rapid economic
growth in Indian economy since 1990s, it has generated an
enormous drive for energy and made it significant for Indian
policymakers to introspect seriously vis-à-vis the issue of
energy. Moreover, booming energy consumption and intense
drive for energy security are raising that had posed number of
questions and issues for India. The most significant issue for
India is to tackle the growing need of energy (Mohan 2006). So,
India needs to explore its own indigenous resources, however,
they are not sufficient to balance the growing demands.
Therefore, India are dependent on external resources. Thus,
energy security has become a new phenomenon that drives
social, economic and political transformation in India (Tellis
2006) Moreover, India are trying to meet out the growing
energy security with the realization that, it had far behind with
other actors such as China. That was main reason India has
developed its diplomatic relations with other countries across

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the 21st Century
the globe. So, India is doing similarly, what China had done to
reshape its diplomacy in order to serve its energy needs.
Moreover, India‟s booming economy also needs some new
supplies in order to ensure its continued growth (Cohen 2000).
Moreover, India drives to secure its energy resources
across the globe. So, it had faced stiff competition with China.
However, China are already ahead as for as securing its energy
resources in the world are concerned. There are several voices
for a cooperative approach with China for innovating new
energy resources that would be win-win situation for both the
countries. So, the energy security would shape the future India-
US and India-China relationships. Moreover, on the other
hand, dominance of the US in the Gulf countries are compelling
India to re-evaluate its foreign policy vis-à-vis the region
(Ganguly 2011).
Partnership in the Maritime, Air, Land, Space and Cyber

Security
The US and Indian officials have completed the roadmap for
partnership under the 2015 India-US Joint Strategic Vision for
the security of the Indian Ocean and the Asia-Pacific. It will
help both the countries to collaborate in the upcoming years.
So, in this regard, both the countries are looking each other as a
close partners in the Indian Ocean and the Asia Pacific region
(Mishra 2015. Moreover, the maritime security dialogue would
help to fulfil mutual interests in other security domains. So,
both the countries are affirmed that they would mutually work
in promoting maritime security in the region. Because both
India and the US know the significance of the freedom of
navigation and exploitation of resources, that too according to
the international law. Thus, both the countries are assuring
that, it should be in accordance with the UN Convention on the
Law of the Sea. In addition, the leaders of the two countries
have enhance military to military cooperation between the two
countries particularly in the areas of the military training, joint

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military exercises, humanitarian assistance and disaster relief.

Moreover, they also want to explore other areas that would help
in bilateral defence cooperation. So, both the countries have
also applauded the Logistics Exchange Memorandum of
Agreement (LEMOA)1 in 2016. In this regard, the agreement
would be very helpful to strengthen defence cooperation
between the two countries. Moreover, the defence cooperation
can become an anchor to maintain peace, order and stability in
the region. So, by increasing defence cooperation, the US would
consider India as a vital defence partner in the 21 st century
(Ministry of External Affairs 2016).
Moreover, the US will continue assist India and would
provide technology as it did to its closest partners and allies in
past. Moreover, officials from both the countries also reached to
an understanding that India will receive license free technology
to wide range of dual use technologies. For that, India has
shown its commitment, that it would not violate international
law regarding non-proliferation. Moreover, the US would
support New Delhi‟s make in India programme. So, the US
would provide all essential support in development of defence
industries and their incorporation into worldwide chain. So, the
US will facilitate export of technologies and goods to India that
would be in accordance with the US laws. Moreover, in defence
1 It is an India-specific version of the Logistic Support Agreement (LSA). The US had

this agreement with several other countries, which it has close military relations. There
are three foundational agreements in it. The Logistic Support Agreement (LSA),
Communications Interoperability and Security Memorandum of Agreement (CISMOA)
and Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement for Geo-spatial Cooperation (BECA).
These are considered as foundational agreements which the US signs with countries
with which it has share close military cooperation. It will help to build a basic ground
and would promote interoperability between militaries by creating common standards
and systems. It would also help to guide sale and transfer high technologies. The
LEMOA has given access to military facilities on both the sides for refuelling and
replenishment. It will cover primarily four areas, which are port calls, disaster relief,
joint military exercises, training and humanitarian assistance. Any other agreement
would be possible if both the sides agree to do so. There will be no basing of the US
troops on Indian soil. It is purely a logistical agreement. Moreover, India can access the
US facilities across the globe for logistical support. The US, which has a huge stack in
Asia-Pacific will benefit from Indian facilities (Dinakar 2016).

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cooperation, the US would provide assistance to India.

Moreover, the US officials are committed to support India‟s
make in India initiative and would also provide technology
under the India-US Defence Technology and Trade Initiative
(DTTI)2. According to this initiative, the US would provide
India, naval, air and other weapon systems. In this regard,
both India and the US have agreed to work on outer space that
would expand human endeavours and would help to enhance
cooperation on earth observation, spaceflight, space education
and mars exploration. In addition, the officials would also work
towards the establishment of ISRO-NASA working group that
will help in MOU for the exchange of earth satellite (Mohan
2015).
Furthermore, the officials from both the countries
emphasise that cyberspace will enable economic development.
They have shown their commitment to open, secure and reliable
internet facilities. So, both the countries are committed to
strengthen cooperation on cyber-security and are willing to
finalize the framework for the US-India cyber cooperation. They
are ready to make collaboration on crucial issues such as
cybercrime, capacity building, malicious cyber activity by the
state and non-state actors and cybersecurity research and
development. Moreover, they want to continue all aspects of
trade technology and other related services that also includes
market access. They have also committed to continue the
dialogue process in regard of internet governance that also
includes the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers (ICANN), Internet Governance Forum (IGF) and
various other venues. Moreover, the active support has shown
2 DTTI is neither treaty nor law. It aims to enhance the India-US cooperative research,
co-production and co-development of capabilities that are needed for the enhancement
and modernization of military. The formal defence cooperation of the India-US has
started in 1995, when Defence Policy Group (DPG) has been established. However, in
2005, new Defence Framework Agreement was signed between the two countries. This
focussed on joint exercises, collaboration in maritime security and counter pricy
operations, personnel exchanges, exchange between services, etc. Moreover, in 2015, the
US and India have renewed the DFA for next ten years.
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from all stakeholders of the two countries in these

opportunities. In addition, both the countries officials want to
promote stability in the cyberspace that is based on
international law in accordance with the UN charter. So, they
want to promote the norms of peace, stability and development
(Pant and Joshi 2015).
Moreover, to implement practical confidence building
initiatives, both India and the US have affirmed their
commitment to the norms that no country will conduct or
support the online activity that will intentionally damage
critical infrastructure or impairs the services to the public.
Also, both the countries have affirmed that no country should
assist or support the activity to prevent national computer
security that are responding to cyber incidents. Moreover, there
should be cooperation regarding online activity that intended to
prevent incidents regarding computer security or other online
activity that intended to harm other countries. In this regard,
each country should cooperate with domestic law and other
international obligations. Moreover, assistance from other
states in mitigating most malicious cyber activity coming from
other countries territory. Moreover, countries should avoid to
support the Information and Communication technology (ICT)
theft regarding intellectual property rights that includes trade
secrets or other confidential information regarding business
(Mishra 2015). In addition, the intent of providing more
competitive advantages that relates about other companies and
commercial sectors.
Stand Against terrorism and Extremism

Since 9/11, the perception regarding terrorism and extremism
has been changed across the globe. Before the incident, it was
considered domestic problem of any particular country.
However, after 9/11 it has been considered the serious security
threat to entire human civilization. However, both India and
the US are facing this threat from long time. That is why, both

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the countries have enhanced their efforts in order to face this

threat more inclusively and bring justice to the perpetrators
who are indulging in terrorism activities in the world and
others, who are supporting them through diplomatically,
economically or providing arms to them (Pant and Joshi 2015).
Moreover, In January 2015, the India-US Joint statement
affirmed that, the US-India cooperation is a defining
partnership to counter-terrorism in the 21st century. Moreover,
both India and the US officials have deepen collaboration
against terrorist threats. The leaders from both the countries
also affirmed to strengthen the partnership against terrorist
threats from these extremist groups such as Jaish-e
Mohammad, Al-Qaida, and Lashkar-e-Taiba and also other
affiliated groups. It also deepened cooperation on the UN
terrorist names. Moreover, the officials also identify the areas
in order to collaborate the US-India counterterrorism working
groups. Moreover, both the countries have recognized the areas
to counter terrorism and facilitate sharing of information
regarding terrorism. In this regard, the US had also asked
Pakistan to act swiftly against the perpetrators of 2008
Mumbai and 2016 Pathankot attacks (Ministry of External
Affairs 2017). Moreover, the officials are also committed to
support the UN convention on international terrorism, which
has strengthened to reinforce that no grievances justifies the
terrorism.
Strengthened Trade and Economic Ties

The US and India have aspired to expand and deepen economic
cooperation. So, both the countries are committed to support
sustainable, robust, inclusive economic growth and make
common efforts to enhance consumer demand, skill
development, job creation and innovation in different aspects.
In addition, substantial increase in the bilateral trade would
explore new opportunities to break barriers that are coming in
the movement of services and goods to make deeper integration

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the 21st Century
into the global supply of goods (Raghavan 2015). They will

generate new jobs that would lead towards prosperity in both
the countries. In addition, both the countries are looking
towards commercial and strategic dialogue in coming years.
They are committed to increase engagement on trade and
larger investment under the Trade Policy Forum (TPF), which
will encourage more substantive results for the larger TPF in
coming years. They also acknowledged engagement of the US
private sector in India‟s new launched smart city programme
(Ministry of External Affairs 2016).
Moreover, in this regard, the US can help India to
develop new smart cities, which will also boost economic
activities in the country. The officials of both the countries have
applauded strong bond between more than 1.5 billion people of
the US and India. Moreover, it have also provided a suitable
environment to flourish new relationship in diverse areas. That
includes tourism, education and business. In addition, the
officials are committed to resolve great movement of investors,
professionals and businessmen. Moreover, students and visitors
would enhance people to people contacts as well as their
technological and economic partnership (Raghavan 2015).
Moreover, signing of the MOU for development had accelerated
traveller iniative that had resolved procedures for Indian entry
into the GEP. In addition, the officials from both the countries
exchanged in 2015 and 2016 to pursue a much needed US-India
Totalization Agreement (USITA)3 and more importantly to
resolve continued negotiation on this issue. They have also
realize the importance of fostering innovation and to empower
entrepreneurship. Moreover, the US has also acknowledged
3 Total agreement would eliminate dual social security taxation. Through this
agreement, a worker who works in another country would not have to pay dual social
security taxes to both the countries for same earnings. India workers who mostly work
for tech companies contribute almost $1 billion annually to the US without getting
benefits. For that they have to stay at least 10 years in the US. However, most of the
workers come back after six years because visa are issued only for six years. So far,
India has signed this agreement with 18 countries pf which 13 have been enforced. On
the other side, the US has signed this agreement with 25 countries such as Japan,
South Korea and Australia.
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India‟s commitment to host the 2017 Global Entrepreneurship

Sumit. Moreover, both the countries also desired to enhance the
engagement on intellectual property rights under high level
working group, which works on the intellectual property rights.
They also affirmed commitment to use dialogue process in order
to make progress on the IPR issues by enhancing bilateral
cooperation in order to foster innovation in both the countries
(Ministry of External Affairs 2016). Moreover, the US has also
acknowledged Indian efforts to join the Asia Pacific Economic
Cooperation Forum (APECF). In addition, India is playing a
dynamic role in the Asian economic activities.
The Growing Defence Ties

The defence cooperation between India and the US had
improved drastically since 1990s and particularly after 2000,
when Bill Clinton visited India. In 2004, the US had declared
that it desired to pursue its goal to deploy initial phase of the
Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) in India. Moreover, India had
extend its support for the security architecture that was
proposed by the US. Further, India had hailed the US proposal
to cut its nuclear arsenals and build missile defence as a vital
effort to move away from controversial legacy of the Cold War
(Varadarajan 2004). Moreover, India had contended that
technological and strategic inevitability had made world a
hostage by doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).
Moreover, cooperative and defensive transition that had
reinforced further cuts and moreover, would de-escalate nuclear
forces (Chaudhuri 2014).
However, it was sharp contrast to India‟s earlier position
vis-à-vis BMD. Moreover, in 2000, the former India‟s Foreign
Minister, Jaswant Singh had severely criticised the BMD on
the grounds that it would undermine security across the globe
and would create international strategic instability that would
adversely affect movement of global disarmament and would
lead towards militarization of outer space (Burns 2007).

2626
the 21st Century
In India, dramatic change of stance generated a heated debate

in the country. As for as, the opposition parties had criticised
the government and called it a hasty decision. Even some
parties criticised that it had undermine national interest
(Raghavan 2015). However, some persons from think tanks,
strategic community, and the academe had taken the
government stance and supported it. However, inspite of these
severe criticisms on BMD, the India-US engagement continued.
In this regard, the former US Deputy Secretary of State,
Richard Armitage negotiated Indian counterparts and also
emphasised Bush administration‟s vision to have strategic
framework in this regard. Moreover, the two sides have worked
strongly to frame new security regime. So, this step was also a
major signal for the US that India had moved from the Cold
War perceptions (Mohan 2006).
After that, various rounds of bilateral and multilateral
negotiations held between India and the US on missile defence.
Moreover, on the NSSP, India and the US agreed to cooperate
and extend their cooperation in areas of civilian and nuclear
domain, space cooperation and technology, trade and most
importantly to broaden their dialogue on defence sector in order
to promote objectives of non-proliferation. Moreover, it had also
eased transfer of technology to India. Further, progress on the
NSSP had increased due to continuous talks between the two
countries. These negotiations have helped a landmark India-US
civilian nuclear cooperation that was signed in 2005. Moreover,
the US had also decided to engage Pakistan vis-à-vis its defence
issues. However, on space and other high technology issues, the
two countries had not involved majorly (Burns 2007).
Moreover, the Indo-US negotiations on missile defence
have made the Indo-US Defense Policy Group strong and
successful. So, it had helped India and the US to shape bilateral
cooperation. So, in this regard, India had visited Colorado
Springs in order to attend a missile defense reproduction.
Additionally, India had also participated in the missile defense

2627
the 21st Century
conference in 2002 in Dallas. Moreover, India had also

participated in the 2003 multinational missile defence
workshop in Japan. In addition, it had also participated in
missile defence conference in Germany in 2004. Moreover, it
had also been invited missile defence exercise in 2005 in New
Mexico (Pant 2016).
Strengthening Cooperation in Science and technology

The India-US relationship has exploring main principles of
science and technology. In this regard, an arrangement has
been made from the US to assist India in Laser Interferometer
Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) that will help in the
formation of the US-India joint oversight group to facilitate an
agency to coordinate funding. Moreover, the US officials
acknowledged India‟s participation in the 2016 Ocean
Conference in Washington. Moreover, both the countries have
strengthen cooperation in ocean energy, protecting ocean
biodiversity, marine science, marine pollution and most
importantly sustainable use of ocean resources. Moreover, both
the countries officials have confirmed that they are committed
to the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) and implement
its major objectivities (Sirohi 2016).
Moreover, in this regard, Prime Minister, Modi has
noted the steering group and its importance in areas of anti-
microbial resistance and most importantly in vaccination.
Moreover, the US has also committed their support and
collaborate with the WTO. So, both the countries also recognize
emerging threat, which has been posed by the multi-drug-
resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). So, in this regard, they
committed to continue collaborate in the field of tuberculosis
and will also share best information and techniques that are
used in this area. Moreover, growing danger of non-
communicable diseases needs to address risk factors, which
would promote healthy lifestyles and strengthening efforts to
curb tobacco use. In addition, awareness of health, promote

2628
the 21st Century
yoga and other Indian medicines would help to strengthen

relationship. So, the officials from both the countries have
endorsed the expansion of the US-India Vaccine Action
Programme that has fostered partnership of public and private
research that would focus on the development and evaluation of
vaccine that prevents tuberculosis, chikungunya, dengue and
other deadly infectious diseases (Raghavan 2016).
Global Leadership Vision

The US and India are committed to continue work on the wider
international community in order to expand size of the UN that
can effectively address the grievances which are facing in the
global development and more important security challenges. In
this regard, historic adoption of the 2030 agenda for sustainable
development in the year 2015. Moreover, identifying its
universality, the leaders from both the countries affirmed their
commitment to fully implement the agenda domestically with
commitment and moreover, work in a cooperative partnership
to achieve sustainable development goals (Biswal 2016).
Furthermore, both the countries are committed to
reform the UNSC. In this regard, the US will support India as a
permanent member in the UNSC. So, in this regard, both India
and the US considered that the Security Council (SC) would
continue to play a significant role in maintaining peace and
stability in the world in accordance with the UN charter.
Moreover, the officials are also committed to continue their
approach on SC regarding its reformation in the UNSC.
Moreover, the officials are also committed to successfully
assembling leaders‟ summit on UN peacekeeping and moreover,
are committed to deepen engagement on the UN peacekeeping
and making capacity building initiatives in third world
countries. Moreover, India also wanted to organize the UN
peacekeeping course for African partners for ten participant
countries from Africa. The leaders are also committed to
support in the ongoing reform movement in the UN in order to

2629
the 21st Century
strengthen peacekeeping operations. In addition, the bilateral

engagement with African countries such as India-Africa forum
Summit and the US-Africa Leaders‟ Summit has reflected the
India-US common interest and shared working partners in
order to promote peace, security and prosperity across the
globe, particularly in third world countries (Brewster 2016).
Moreover, the leaders are also affirmed that cooperation with
African countries would promote areas such as energy,
agriculture, health, women empowerment etc. Additionally,
both the countries are affirmed to deepen the cooperation in the
India-US global development partnership in Africa as well as in
Asia and other regions (Ministry of External Affairs 2017).
CONCLUSION
India and the US have a strong bilateral relationship in diverse

areas. The partnership is based on shared interests and goals
including economic growth and sustainable development. In
addition, both the countries are trying to develop clean sources
of energy that would help in protecting our environment for
future generations. Moreover, the two countries have organize
joint workshops, joint projects, exchange visits of scientists and
networking in various areas such as applied science, health and
medical science, environment and earth, science and
technology, mathematics and engineering, science and
innovation. So, these are some of the potential areas between
the US and India in which they can maintains active
engagement in order to foster new cooperation and build new
private-public cooperation, which will support innovation,
technology and entrepreneurship. So, the India-US current
relationship has changed from past legacies and have moved
toward a strategic cooperation.
So, in the 21st century, the India-US relationship has
passed from estrangement to strategic cooperation. The
relationship has improved due to shared common democratic

2630
the 21st Century
values, diversity in culture, and common threat from terrorism,

illegal trafficking, illegal immigration etc. So, the India-US
relationship is considered as the best in modern times,
especially taking into consideration the Cold War rivalry. So,
the relationship has lot of trust from both the sides. Moreover,
there are many convergent interests, which both the countries
would like to achieve in future.
Moreover, India and the US are representing fifth of
world‟s population and more than a quarter of world‟s economy.
Furthermore, both the countries believe in creative and
entrepreneurial societies. Moreover, both the countries are
leaders in the information and technology. The business and
commerce are in the culture of the two countries. So, this link is
strong and deep between the two countries. Further, the 21st
century would be the century of India and the US. Moreover,
the relationship will play a significant role to maintain, peace,
stability, prosperity, freedom and democracy across the globe.
There is a strong opportunity and deep responsibility for India
and the US to work together. So, the partnership would be
shared principles that will lead to natural partnership and
shared endeavours.
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2638
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The India-US Strategic Relationship in the 21 st Century

Article · September 2017

Zahoor Ahmad Wani

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Impact Factor: 3.4546 (UIF)

The India-US Strategic Relationship in the 21st

MOHD MANSOOR BEIG

Key words: Major Transformation, Cold War, Paradigm Shift,

The relationship of India with the US has strengthened since

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 6 / September 2017

Essentially, the India-US relationship strengthened during the

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 6 / September 2017

the two countries. Moreover, the private collaboration and

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 6 / September 2017

partnership agreement with Afghanistan. So, it is now

Transformation in the Relationship since 2000

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 6 / September 2017

Moreover, then US Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice had

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 6 / September 2017

record. India had never involved in the proliferation of nuclear

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 6 / September 2017

could not be ignored when promotion of democracy was at the

Cooperation in the area of Climate Change and Clean

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 6 / September 2017

addition, the two countries would work to pursue the eleventh

Partnership in the area of Clean Energy

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 6 / September 2017

Growing Ties of Energy Security

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 6 / September 2017

Partnership in the Maritime, Air, Land, Space and Cyber

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 6 / September 2017

military exercises, humanitarian assistance and disaster relief.

1 It is an India-specific version of the Logistic Support Agreement (LSA). The US had

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 6 / September 2017

cooperation, the US would provide assistance to India.

from all stakeholders of the two countries in these

Stand Against terrorism and Extremism

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 6 / September 2017

the countries have enhanced their efforts in order to face this

Strengthened Trade and Economic Ties

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 6 / September 2017

into the global supply of goods (Raghavan 2015). They will

India‟s commitment to host the 2017 Global Entrepreneurship

The Growing Defence Ties

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 6 / September 2017

In India, dramatic change of stance generated a heated debate

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 6 / September 2017

conference in 2002 in Dallas. Moreover, India had also

Strengthening Cooperation in Science and technology

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 6 / September 2017

yoga and other Indian medicines would help to strengthen

Global Leadership Vision

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 6 / September 2017

strengthen peacekeeping operations. In addition, the bilateral

India and the US have a strong bilateral relationship in diverse

EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 6 / September 2017

values, diversity in culture, and common threat from terrorism,