(B.Pharma 8th Sem.

CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus is a silent killer of mankind that leads to huge
economic loss in a developing country like India. There is a need for better
treatments with less adverse effects to minimise the burden on the health and
economy of an individual and the society. The main aim of the study was to
prepare a polyherbal powder for diabetes mellitus and evaluate the powder
based on organoleptic, rheological and physico and phytochemical
characteristics. Herbs used in the preparation of the polyherbal powder
were Ocimum sanctum, Aegle marmelos, Emblica officinalis, Trigonella
foenum-graecum, Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia chebula, Momordica
charantia, Syzgium cumini, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Curcuma longa.
Evaluations were done using standard procedures. Organoleptic characters of
the polyherbal powder were found to be dull brown in colour, characteristic
odour and astringent taste with moderately fine texture. Phytochemical
qualitative analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids,
tannins, steroids, carbohydrates and glycosides. Physicochemical analysis
revealed longer stability with good flow property of the polyherbal powder.
Thus, the polyherbal powder was evaluated, which has a potential to treat
diabetes mellitus.

Keywords
Polyherbal powder, ash value, Carr’s index, phytoconstituents, moisture
content

India is considered as the diabetic capital of the world. Diabetes mellitus (DM)
is the systematic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin
resistance and relative insulin deficiency with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat
and protein metabolism. Its incidence is increasing throughout the world at an
alarming pace, which is expected to cause grave secondary complications over
time like neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular disease,
retinopathy and dyslipidemia. In today’s scenario, about 90 % of the young

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population accounts for a major share in the incidence of type II diabetes

mainly due to a shift to the sedentary lifestyle comprising of unhealthy diet
habits and less physical activity. Various synthetic drugs such as oral
hypoglycemic drugs along with insulin are available to control the level of
blood sugar, but their cost, complications, limited tolerability and various side
effects hamper wider acceptance. Thus, it is notably one of the refractory
diseases identified by the Indian Council of Medical Research for which there
is a dire need for alternative medical treatment[1-5].

Considering the facts, the most commercially successful and widely used
branch of alternate or complementary medicine is phytotherapy, which
acquires to be ‘synergy’ that is more effective than the sum of their parts. India
is considered as the emporium of medicinal plants because in different
bioclimatic zones, there exists a diverse availability of several thousands of
medicinal plants and thus has a rich history of using herbal plants for medicinal
purposes. Traditionally, herbal medicines and their preparations are being used
in various therapies owing to its natural origin and lesser side effects than
synthetic drugs[6-11].

Phytotherapy flourishes having more than one herb in the formulation to

achieve the extra therapeutic effectiveness known as polyherbalism. To acquire
the synergistic effect, either pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic synergism
is required i.e. either the herb will target the therapeutic activity to a receptor
or will facilitate absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of the
other herbs[12]. The present study was conducted on a polyherbal powder
(PHP) to study its pharmacognostic and physiological parameters. Some of the
herbs of the PHP are discussed that hold a promise to treat DM.

Ocimum sanctum or O. tenuiflorum (family: Lamiaceae) also known as the

holy basil or tulsi has pharmacological activities such as antioxidant,
antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, antihypertensive, cardioprotective,
hepatoprotective and renoprotective. It is highly recommended and one of the
most potent traditional plant to manage diabetes. Extract of tulsi leaf has been
shown to increase the insulin secretion from isolated islets, perfused pancreas

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and clonal pancreatic β-cells and thus possess antihyperglycaemic effect[5,13-

15].

Emblica officinalis or Phyllanthus emblica (family: Euphorbiaceae),

commonly known as amla is the most extensively studied plant containing
tannins, alkaloids, phenols and its fruit juice contains the highest concentration
of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). The high concentration of vitamin C is effective
in controlling diabetes. It is reported to be effective in reducing the fasting
blood glucose level, post prandial blood glucose levels and HbA1c levels.
Scientists have reported the possible mechanism by which it acts as an
antidiabetic and prevents its complications. Ellagic acid in it is the potent α-
amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitor. It is also reported to show the
improvement in biomarkers of oxidative stress (nitric oxide, glutathione and
malondialdehyde), HbA1c levels and high sensitivity C-reactive protein
levels[16,17].

Cinnamomum zeylanicum (family: Lauraceae) commonly known as dalchini

has been shown to exhibit insulin potentiating effect in glucose metabolism. It
is reported to enhance the glucose uptake by activating the insulin receptor
kinase, autophosphorylation of the insulin receptor and glycogen synthase
activity[18].

Trigonella foenum-graecum (family: Fabaceae) is commonly known as

fenugreek (meethi). Fenugreek seed is used as a source of the antidiabetic
compound in various model systems. It lowers fasting serum glucose level. A
study revealed its use in delaying the onset of diabetes in prediabetes subjects
by lowering blood glucose level in prediabetes and has an insulinotropic effect.
It exerts hypoglycaemic effects by stimulating glucose-dependent insulin
secretion from pancreatic beta cells, as well as by inhibiting the activities of α-
amylase involved in carbohydrate metabolism[19-22].

Momordica charantia (family: Cucurbetaceae) is a commonly used vegetable

in Asian cuisines and is known as karela. Its chief chemical constituents
include momorcharin (glycoprotein), momordicin (alkaloid), momordin and
charantin (glycosides), polypeptide-p (insulin-like peptides) which have been

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found to possess hypoglycaemic properties. The possible mechanism of action

as suggested by the scientists includes inhibition of glucose uptake and
suppression of key glucogenic enzymes and enzymes of hexose
monophosphate pathway. Thus, it is utilized as an antidiabetic[23].

Syzygium cumini (family: Myrtaceae) is effective in controlling high blood

sugar levels and this has been indicated in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. It is
popularly known as jamun. Several putative mechanisms have been reported to
explain the antidiabetic potential. It reduces the free radicals and improves
functioning of β-cells of the pancreas leading to lowering of blood sugar
levels. It may also reduce the activity of α-amylase, which is upregulated in
DM[24-26].

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CHAPTER – 2

LITRETURE REVIEW

Selection and collection of plant material:

Leaves of O. sanctum, A. marmelos and fruits of E. officinalis were procured

from the Botanical Garden of Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology. T.
foenumgraecum, T. bellirica, T. chebula, M. charantia and S. cumini seeds,
barks of C. zeylanicum and rhizomes of C. longa were freshly procured from
the local market. These raw materials were shade dried and ground properly in
an electrical grinder. They were mixed in a specific ratio with maximum of O.
sanctum, A. marmelos, C. zeylanicum, T. bellirica and T. chebula and
remaining herbs were added half of the quantity of above mentioned herbs.

Organoleptic, Physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation[27-31]:

Organoleptic evaluation refers to the evaluation of the formulation by the

colour, odour, taste and texture. The method adopted for the organoleptic
evaluation was as described in Wallis[26]. Various physicochemical
parameters like moisture content, pH, ash value were determined. PHP was
also subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening to detect the presence of
organic constituents using standard methods.

Moisture content:

Loss on drying is a parameter to keep the moisture content under check as the
large amounts of moisture can promote hydrolytic reactions and microbial
growth. The moisture content was measured using the gravimetric method and
loss on drying was calculated. Two grams of PHP was placed in a weighed
preheated porcelain dish and then was kept in a hot air oven and dried at 105°
till constant weight or two consecutive weights differing by 0.5 mg was
observed. Weight was taken after drying and was transferred to the desiccator
to cool and then again porcelain dish was reweighed. Percent moisture content
was calculated using the Eqn., % moisture content = (W1-W2)/W)×100,

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where, W is the weight of the sample (2 g), W1 is the weight of the sample
before drying and W2 is the weight of the sample after drying.

Ash content:

The ash values usually represent the inorganic residues such as phosphates,
carbonates and silicates present in herbal drugs. These are important indices to
illustrate the quality as well as purity of herbal medicine. The objective to
evaluate is to remove all traces of organic matter, which may otherwise
interfere in an analytical determination.

Total ash:

Empty silica crucible was weighed (W1). About 3 g (W2) of the air-dried PHP
was added to the previously weighed crucible. The sample was ignited
gradually in an electrical muffle furnace, increasing the heat to 500- 600° until
it is white, indicating the absence of carbon. Then it was cooled in a desiccator
and reweighed (W3). Total ash content was calculated as % total ash = ((W3-
W1)/(W2-W1))×100.

Acid-insoluble ash:

Twenty five millilters of dilute HCl was added to the total ash containing
crucible. It was then covered with watch-glass and boiled gently for 5 min.
With 5 ml of hot water, the watch glass was washed and the washings were
added to the crucible. Then, ashless filter paper was used to filter the insoluble
matter and washed with hot water until the neutral filtrate was obtained. The
filter paper containing the insoluble matter was transferred to the original
crucible, dried on a hotplate and ignited to constant weight (W4). The residue
was allowed to cool in a desiccator for 30 min and then reweighed. W1 is
weight of empty silica crucible, W2 is the weight of sample including crucible
for ignition, W3 is the final weight of sample including crucible weight after
ignition and W4 is the constant weight after addition of HCl. Acid-insoluble
ash content was calculated as, % acid-insoluble ash = (W4–W1)/(W2–
W1)×100.

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Water-soluble ash:

In the total ash containing crucible, 25 ml of water was added, boiled for 5 min
and filtered through an ashless filter-paper. The insoluble matter collected on
the filter paper was washed with hot water and then the filter paper ignited in a
crucible for 15 min at a temperature not exceeding 500°. The residue was
allowed to cool in a desiccator for 30 min and re-weighed (W5). %
watersoluble ash was calculated as, (W7–W6)×100, where, W1 is the weight
of empty silica crucible, W2 is the weight of sample including crucible weight
for ignition, W3 is the final weight of sample including crucible weight after
ignition, W6 is the weight of residue, which is W5–W1, W7 is the weight of
ash, which is W3–W1 and water-soluble ash is W7–W6 mg/g.

Flow characteristics of powder (rheological parameters):

A preformulation study is defined as the principal investigation technique in

the development of a drug product to obtain information on the previously
known properties of the compound to propose a development schedule.
Rheological characteristics of the formulated powder were studied and
estimated like an angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility
index. The angle of repose was measured by the fixed funnel method, where a
funnel was placed above the graph paper on a flat horizontal surface secured
with its tip at a given height (h). Through the funnel, PHP was poured until the
tip of the funnel was just touched by the apex of the conical pile. The radius (r)
formed on the base by the heap of the conical pile was measured. Angle of
repose (θ) = tan-1 h/r, where, h is the height of the cone, r, the radius of the
cone base and tan θ is h/r.

Carr’s Index defines the measure of the intensity by which the powder can be
compressed and Hausner’s ratio is defined as the indirect ease of the flow of
the powder. Thus, their determination requires the determination of true
density and tapped density. Carr’s index is calculated using the following
formula, Carr’s index = (ρtap-ρb)/ρtap)/×100. Hausner’s ratio is calculated using
the formula, Hausner’s ratio= ρtap/ρb.

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Bulk density is determined as follows, 5 g of PHP (M) was added into a dry
100 ml cylinder, without compacting the powder was carefully levelled and the
unsettled apparent volume (V0) was read and noted. The bulk density (ρ b) was
calculated as ρb= M/V0, where, M is the weight of sample and V is the
apparent volume of powder. Tapped density is determined by tapping the PHP
500 times, followed by additional taps of 750 times, then 1250 until the
difference between succeeding measurement is less than 2 % and then tapped
volume (Vf) was measured. The tapped density (ρ tap) was calculated, in g/ml,
using the following formula, ρtap = M/Vf, where M is the weight of the sample
and Vf is the tapped volume of powder. Summary of the relative flowability of
the powder concerning the angle of repose, Carr’s index and Hausner’s ratio is
depicted in Table 1.

Angle of Hausner’s Carr’s Relative

repose ratio Index flowability
25-30 1.00-1.11 <=10 Excellent
31-35 1.12-1.18 11-15 Good
36-40 1.19-1.25 16-20 Fair
41-45 1.26-1.34 21-25 Passable
46-55 1.35-1.45 26-31 Poor
56-65 1.46-1.59 32-37 Very Poor
>66 >1.60 >38 Extremely
Poor
The angle of repose, Carr’s index and Hausner’s ratio values specifies the
relative flowability of the powder within the specific range

Table 1: Flow Characteristics of the Powder

Phytochemical screening, test for alkaloids: The phytochemical tests were

carried out on the PHP using standard procedures to identify the components.
Dragendorff’s test was used to detect alkaloids. To 0.5 ml of aqueous PHP
solution, Dragendorff’s reagent (potassium bismuth iodide solution) was
added. The appearance of reddish-brown precipitate confirms the presence of
alkaloids. Hager’s test was carried out by adding to 0.5 ml of aqueous PHP

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solution a few drops of Hager’s reagent. Formation of a yellow colour

precipitate confirmed the presence of alkaloids. Wagner’s test was carried out
by adding Wagner’s reagent (solution of iodine in potassium iodide) to 0.5 ml
of aqueous PHP solution, formation of a reddishbrown precipitate confirmed
presence of alkaloids. Mayer’s test was done by adding to 0.5 ml of aqueous
PHP solution, Mayer’s reagent (potassium mercuric iodide solution) and the
formation of a white creamy precipitate indicated that the test is positive.

Tests for carbohydrates:

Molisch test was conducted by adding to 0.5 ml of aqueous PHP solution a few
drops of alcoholic α-naphthol solution followed by the addition along the sides
of test tubes 0.2 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid. Formation of a reddish-
violet ring at the junction of the two layers indicated the presence of
carbohydrates. For reducing sugars Benedict’s test was performed by taking
0.5 ml of aqueous PHP solution, shaking with 2.5 ml of water, filtered and the
filtrate was heated to concentrate. To the concentrated filtrate, 5 ml of
Benedict’s solution was added and boiled for 5 min. Formation of a brick red
precipitate indicated the presence of free reducing sugar. Fehling’s test was
conducted by mixing equal volumes of Fehling’s A (copper sulphate in
distilled water) and Fehling’s B (potassium tartrate and sodium hydroxide in
distilled water) reagents and to the mixture a few drops of aqueous PHP
solution were added and boiled. A brick-red precipitate of cuprous oxide
indicated the presence of free reducing sugar.

Monosaccharides were detected using the Barfoed test. About 0.5 ml of

aqueous PHP solution was diluted with distilled water, filtered and 1 ml of the
filtrate was mixed with 1 ml of Barfoed reagent and heated on a water bath for
2 min. The brick-red precipitate of cuprous oxide confirmed the presence of
monosaccharides. Starch was detected by the appearance of a dark blue colour
when 0.5 ml of aqueous PHP solution was mixed with iodine reagent and the
colour disappears on heating and reappears on cooling.

Tests for flavonoids and glycosides:

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Flavonoids were detected by adding 5 ml of dilute ammonia to 1 ml of aqueous

PHP solution, followed by the addition of concentrated sulphuric acid. The
appearance of a yellow colour indicated the presence of flavonoids.
Anthraquinone glycosides were detected using Born Trager test. To 0.5 ml of
aqueous PHP solution, 0.5 ml of dilute ammonia solution and 1 ml of benzene
were added. The appearance of reddishpink colour indicated the presence of
anthraquinone glycosides. Keller Killiani’s test was performed to detect
cardiac glycosides. A mixture of 0.5 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid, 0.4 ml
of glacial acetic acid containing traces of ferric chloride was added to the
aqueous PHP solution carefully. The appearance of a reddish-brown colour at
the junction of the two layers and bluish green of the upper layer indicated the
presence of cardiac glycosides. Legal’s test, in which, 1 ml sodium
nitroprusside and 1 ml of pyridine were added to the aqueous PHP solution and
the formation of pink to red colour confirmed presence of glycosides.

Test for saponins, steroids and triterpenoids:

A pinch of the dried PHP was added to 3 ml of distilled water and the mixture
was shaken vigorously.

Formation of foam indicated the presence of saponin. Positive Liebermann-

Burchard test confirmed presence of steroids and terpenoids. To 0.5 ml of
aqueous PHP solution, few drops of acetic anhydride was added, boiled and
cooled. Along the sides of the test tube, concentrated sulphuric acid was added.
Formation of a brown ring at the junction of two layers with green coloured
upper layer indicated the presence of steroids whereas triterpenoids were
indicated by the formation of deep red colour. Salkowski test was performed
by adding chloroform to 0.5 ml of aqueous PHP solution with a few drops of
concentrated sulphuric acid. It was then shaken and allowed to stand. The
appearance of red colour at the lower layer indicated the presence of steroids
and the formation of yellow coloured lower layer indicated the presence of
triterpenoids.

Tests for tannins:

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Tannins were detected by the lead acetate test, in which few drops of 10 %
lead acetate were added to 0.5 ml of the aqueous PHP solution. Formation of a
precipitate indicated the presence of tannins. Ferric chloride test in which a few
drops of 0.1 % ferric chloride solution was added to 0.5 ml of aqueous PHP
solution and presence of tannins were indicated by either the formation of a
blue-black or brownish-green colouration.

Tests for phenolic compounds:

Few drops of 10 % lead acetate solution were added to the aqueous PHP
solution and the presence of phenolic compounds was indicated by the
formation of white precipitate. Few drops of neutral 5 % ferric chloride
solution was added to the 0.5 ml of aqueous PHP solution. Presence of
phenolic compounds were indicated by the formation of dark green colour.

Tests for amino acids:

Millon’s test in which to 0.5 ml of aqueous PHP solution, 2 ml of Millon’s

reagent (mercuric nitrate in nitric acid containing traces of nitrous acid) was
added. A white precipitate appeared which turned red when gentle heating,
indicated the presence of amino acids. Ninhydrin test was performed by adding
to 0.5 ml of aqueous PHP solution a few drops of 5 % ninhydrin followed by
boiling. The appearance of violet colour indicated the presence of amino acids.

Proteins were detected with Biuret test in which to 0.5 ml of aqueous PHP
solution, 4 % sodium hydroxide solution and few drops of 1 % copper sulphate
solution were added. Protein’s presence was indicated by the appearance of
violet colour. Oils and fats were detected when a small quantity of the PHP
was taken between two filter papers and pressed. Presence of oil stain on the
filter papers indicated the presence of oils and fats. Presence of coumarins was
tested by adding to 0.5 ml of aqueous PHP solution 10 % sodium hydroxide.
The appearance of an yellow colour indicated the presence of coumarins.

Result and Discussion

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Organoleptic properties of PHP were evaluated and represented in Table 2.

Previous studies reporting organoleptic evaluations of polyherbal formulations
for DM indicated the presence of bitter taste decreased patients’
acceptance[32-35]. However with the PHP developed in this investigation
patient’s acceptability would increase due to its acceptable taste with specific
combination of herbs.

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CHAPTER - 3

AIM OF OBJECTIVES

On the other side, Ayurveda underlines holistic approaches in development of

medicine in which organic herbal powders—with or without aqueous herbal
extracts—are utilised as drug ingredients.

On the other side, Ayurveda underlines holistic approaches in development of

medicine in which organic herbal powders—with or without aqueous herbal
extracts—are utilised as drug ingredients.

Objectives: Safoof razyanaj (SR) a Unani polyherbal powder formulation used

in dyspepsia, distension of stomach and anorexia.

Objectives: Safoof razyanaj (SR) a Unani polyherbal powder formulation used

in dyspepsia, distension of stomach and anorexia.

Specifically, the plant’s leaf and stem are characterized by pale yellow corolla,
slightly pointed bracts and cube calcium oxalate crystals scattered in the soft
tissue of the leaf; the herbal powder has twisted vascular grafts, unicellular
hairs, among others.

Patients in the HAA group underwent AP with herbal powder, which was
mainly GXSHP, and patients in the PAA group underwent AP with sham
drugs.

This study was focused to evaluate the effectiveness of Spatikadi prathisarana

(massage or rub on the gums with mechanical pressure exerted in a specific
direction with herbal powder) included in the text of Rajaushadasaraya for the
management of Sheetada.

Introduction Exploring the anti-oxidant and antimicrobial potential of a

standardized proprietary poly-herbal powder and evaluating its clinical
efficacy as an Ayurvedic gargle (Gandush) for reducing oral microbial load

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and side effects of radiotherapy in oral cavity cancer patients was the aim of
this pilot study.

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CHAPTER – 4

PLAN OF WORK

I. CollectionandAuthentication
II. Processing of raw materials
III. DEVELOPMENTOFFORMULATION
 Material & Method
IV. STANDARDIZATIONOFPOLYHERBAL
 OrganolepticEvaluation
 Flowpropertymeasurement
 Bulk density
 Tapped density
 Compressibilityindex
 Hausner’sratio
 Angleofrepose
 LossonDrying

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CHAPTER – 5

METHODOLOGY

GESTATIONAL DIABETES

Diabetes that' striggered by pregnancy is called gestational diabetes (pregnancy, to some

degree, leads to insulin resistance).It is of ten diagnose din middle orlate pregnancy.
Because high blood sugarl evelsina mother are circulated through the placenta to the
baby, gestational diabetes must be controlled to protect the baby's growth and
development.
The rate of gestational diabetes is between 2% to 10% of pregnancies. Gestational
diabetes usually resolves itself after pregnancy. Up to 10% of womenwith gestational
diabetes develop type 2 diabetes. Itcan occurany where from a few weeks after delivery
to months or years later.
Diabetes in pregnancy [gestational diabetes] maygiverise to several adverse outcomes,
including congenital malformations, increased birth weight andan elevated risk of
perinatal mortality. Strict metabolic control may reduce theserisksto thelevel
ofthoseofnon-diabetic expectantmothers.

Symptoms
The symptoms of diabetes maybe pronounced, subdued, oreven absent.
 In Type 1 diabetes, the classic symptoms are excessive secretion of
urine(polyuria),thirst (polydipsia),weight loss and tiredness.
 These symptoms may be less marked in Type 2 diabetes. In this form, it
canalsohappenthatnoearlysymptomsappearandthediseaseisonlydiagnosed several
years after its onset, when complications are already present.

Epidemiology of diabetes
The incidence of diabetic is growing rapidly in United States and worldwide. Globally
as of 2010,an estimated 285 million people had diabetes, with type IImaking up about
90% of the cases. In 2013, according to International DiabetesFederation an estimated
381 million people had diabetes, its prevalence is increasingrapidly. It is estimated that

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more than 250 million people worldwide are afflicted with diabetes and the prevalence
is expected to exceed350 million by the year 2030.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Pancreas

Figure:1 Human Pancreas

Figure: 2 Langer hans

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Hormones play an important role in regulating theme tabolic activities of the body,
particularly the hameost as is of blood glucose. The pan creasis both an endocrine and
exocrine gland, in which hend ocrine produces the pepti dehorm one insulin, glucagon
and somatost at inandexo crinegl and producesd igestive enzymes The pepti dehorm
onesare secreted from cells located in theis let of Langerhans
(βcells produce in sulin, alpha cells produces glucagon nand δ cells produce
somatostatin).

Insulin
Insulin was discovered in 1921 by Banting and best who demonstrated thehy pogly
caemic action of an extract of pancreas. In 1922 an extract containing insulinwas first
used on a 14 year old boy suffering from severe diabetes mellitus with excellent
response. Insulin was then purified in a few years.

InsulinStructure
Insulin is composed of two chains of amino acids named chain A (21 aminoacids) and
chain B (30 amino acids) that are linked together by two disulfide bridges.There is a 3rd
disulfide bridge within the A chain that links the 6th and 11th residuesofthe Achain
together.
In most species, the length and amino acid compositions of chains A and B aresimilar,
and the positions of the three disulfide bonds are highly conserved. For thisreason, pig
insulin can be used to replace deficient human insulin levels in diabetespatients. Today,
porcine insulin has largely been replaced by the mass production of human proinsul in
by bacteria (recombinant insulin).

InsulinAction
The binding of insulin results in a wide range of actions that take place overdifferent
periods of time. Almost immediately, insulin promotes the uptake of glucoseinto many
tissues that express GLUT4 glucose transporters, such as skeletal muscleand fat. Insulin
increases the the activity of these transporters and increases theirnumbers by stimulating
their recruitment from an intracellular pool to the cell surface.Not all tissues require
insulin for glucose uptake. Tissues such as liver cells, red bloodcells, the gut mucosa,
the kidneys, and cells of the nervous system use a glucose transporter that is not insulin

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dependent.

Over minutes to hours, insulin alters the activity of various enzymes as are sult
of changes in their phosphorylation status.

Over a period of days, insulin in creases the amounts of many meta

bolicenzymes. The sere flectan increase ingenetran scription, m RNA,and
enzymes thesis.

Aftera Meal—theRoleof Insulin

The rise in blood glucose following a meal is detected by the pancreatic beta
cells,which respond by releasing insulin. Insulin increases the uptake and use
of glucose bytissues such as skeletal muscle and fat cells. This rise in glucose
also inhibits therelease of glucagon, inhibiting the production of glucose from
other sources, e.g., glycogenbreak down.
Diagnosis

 WHO has published recommendations on diagnostic values for blood

glucose concentration. The diagnostic level of fasting blood glucose
concentration was last modified in 1999.

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CHAPTER – 6

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A significant rise in fasting blood glucose levels was recorded in diabetic control when
compared to normal control rats. Anti-diabetic activity was recorded in Beta vulgaris
juice treated rats on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day post treatment. The haemoglobin
concentration of untreated diabetic rat was also lower than that of the other groups. It
was also lower than that of the diabetic animals treated with Beta vulgaris juice and
those treated with standard drugs like insulin. The results are shown in tables 1 and 2.
Beta vulgaris juice was found less effective than that of the insulin treatment group. The
result of the present investigation indicates that Beta vulgaris juice has the property to
lowers the blood glucose levels. Alloxan monohydrate facilitates the production of free
radicals and causes the tissue damage. The beta cells of pancreas are susceptible to such
damage. It appears from the present investigation that the Beta vulgaris juice might
have tissue repairable and restorative capacities. Kumar S, et al. [4] has also reported
that Azadirachta indica leaves fed rat shows reduction of blood glucose in alloxan
monohydrate induced diabetic rats. Finding in this regard with Beta vulgaris juice and
Azadirachta indica leaves were also no different. Kumar PS, et al. [13] has also
observed that reduction in blood glucose levels when administration of ethnolic extract
of Beta vulgaris. Findings in the present study too are in accord with the findings
discussed above; Beta vulgaris has been widely used for curing various maladies.

Physicochemical Analysis
1 Physicochemical Evaluation
1. Determination of Moisture Content (%LOD):
A two gram sample was put into a glass petriplate that had been heated,
weighed, and dried in a hot air oven for two hours at 130°C till construction.
After cooling in the dessicator after being weighed after drying, the glass petri
disc was reweighed. Weight loss as a percentage of moisture content was
determined [27].
W1 = weight of sample before drying
W2 = weight of sample after drying
Moisture content (%) = W1 − W2 x100

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W1
LOD= = 42.13-42.00
42.13
=0.31
1. Determination of Ash Content
Two grams of the material wereput into a pre-weighed crucible, which was then
exposed to a muffle furnace's 820°C for four hours beforebeing cooled in a dessicator
and weighed.

Ash (%) = weight of ash x100

weight of sample

2. Angle of Repose
The angle of repose was measured using the stationary funnel technique. A funnel was
positioned abovegraph paper that was laid out horizontally and fastened with its point
at a specific height (h). The mixturewas meticulously poured through the funnel until
the conical pile's peak touched the funnel's tip. Thecylindrical pile's base's radius was
calculated. The following method was used to determine the angle ofrepose :

Tan θ = h/r

= 41.57-41.3
41.57
= 0.65%

Where, θ = Angle of repose, h = Height of the cone, r = Radius of the cone base.

Angles of repose values between 25 and 30 show outstanding flow properties, 31 to

35 show good flowproperties, 36 to 40 show acceptable flow properties, and 41 to 45
show passable flow properties. Anglesof repose values between 40 and 60 imply a
poorly owing substance.

3. Bulk Density
A dry 100 milliliter measuring cylinder was filled with a 15 g powder mixture without
being compacted. Withoutcompactingvol. was measured.

The following method was used to determine the mass density.

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ρb = M / Vo

Bulk density = M
V
= 2
23
= 0.087

Where, ρb = Apparent bulk density, M = Weight of sample, V = Apparent volume of

powder.

Tapped Density = 2
18
= 0.111
= 2
17
= 0.118

15 g powder mixture is filled in dry 100 ml measuring cylinder. Then sample-

containing cylinder was firsttapped 500 times, then 750 more times until the
difference between the succeeding measurements wasless than 2%. Then tapped
volume Vf, is measured to the nearest graduated unit. Using thefollowing method, the
tapped density was determined in grams per milliliter [31].

ρtap = M / Vf

Where, ρtap = Tapped density, M = Weight of sample, Vf = Tapped volume of

powder

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BIU College of pharmacy Bareilly International University, Bareilly
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CHAPTER – 7

SUMMARY AND CONCULUSION

Nutritionists and dietitians place a strong emphasis on the idea of food's
medicinal potential. M. charantia has been used as a food supplement and in
traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes and related disorders for
millennia. As of now, M. charantia has been the subject of substantial
international research into its potential as a medicine for treating a wide range
of illnesses. The plant is so adaptable that it has the potential to cure nearly
every illness that has ever plagued humankind. Perhaps this is because there
are more than 225 different active ingredients in the plant that have therapeutic
properties. The therapeutic benefits of these many substances may result from
either independent or synergistic action. Only charantin, insulin-like peptide,
and alkaloid-like extracts contain hypoglycemic effects similar to the plant or
its crude extracts. The therapeutic benefits of these various substances in the
management and treatment of diabetes mellitus appear to be exerted via a
number of distinct pathways. Despite the wealth of information from
biochemical and animal research, the available clinical data are frequently
inaccurate due to small sample size, lack of control, and poor study designs, as
discussed in the present article. This analysis confirms the importance of
larger, more well-designed clinical studies of M. charantia as a dietary
supplement for people with diabetes. Particularly among ethnic minorities with
high diabetes prevalence and a preference for therapy based on natural
products due to cultural beliefs, M. charantia may be a viable choice.

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CHAPTER – 8

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