LG1: Economic Issues Government Agencies

SDG 8 Bureu of labor and employment statistics (BLES)

decent work and economic growth - develops policies, programs standards and provides reviews
relative to generation, analysis, and dissemination of statistics
Employed on labor and employment
- refers to having a job, especially one that pays wages or a - measures the market activity, price changes, etc.
salary - aims to improve local labor and employment
- gives statistics about labor and employment
Unemployment
- condition of one who is capable of working and seeking a Department of labor and employment (DOLE)
job/work but is unable to find one
- jobless Philippine statistics authority (PSA)
- no employment - Filipino: Pangasiwaan ng estadistika ng pilipinas
- gives out important documents;
Underemployment - ex. Birth certificate, marriage certificate,etc.
- workers with high skill but work at jobs that require low skill - plans, develops, disseminates, prescribes, and enforces
- people who work in lower-level position than the one for policies, rules, and regulations
which they are qualified - coordinates government-wide programs governing official
statistics, general-purpose statistics, civil registration services,
Labor force and inclusive identification systems
- refers to the group of individuals who work are either
employed or unemployed International labor organization
- devoted to promoting social justice and internationally
Labor force survey (LFS) recognized human and labor rights
- used to monitor the changes in the employment status of - brings together governments, employers, and workers of 187
persons in the working-age population member states to set labor standards, develop policies, and
- used to track changes in the employment status of people devise programs promoting decent work for all men and
working-age over a given time period women

Labor participation rate Department of trade and industries

- the percentage of civilian noninstitutional population aged 15 - Filipino: Kagawaran ng kalakalan at industriya
and up who are employed or actively seeking employment - the main economic catalyst that enables innovative,
competetive, job generating, inclusive business, and empowers
Full-time worker costumers
- working 8 hours a day - provides protection to consumers through consumer
- employees that work a set number of hours determined by education and information dissemination programs
their employer
Technical education and skills development authority
Part-time worker - approve skills standards and tests, develop an accredition
- working 4 hours or less a day system for institutions involved in middle-level manpower
- a flexible work arrangement in which you work less than full- development, fund programs and projects for technical
time workers education and skills development, and assist trainers in training
programs
Human resources (HR) - gives training certificates for free
- required to create, produce, and distribute goods to the
people Philippine overseas employment administration
- responsible for opening the benefits of the overseas
Working age population employment program of the Philippines
- classified as individuals who are either employed or seeking - assigned to monitor and supervise overseas recruitment and
work and are 15 years of age or older manning agencies in the Philippines
- assists the creation and preservation of qulity jobs for Filipino
Blue-collar job migrant workers, as well as their protection and easy
- individuals who perform jobs that require manual labor reintegration into Philippine society
- ex. Construction worker, farmer, fishermen * RA 11641
- signed on December 30, 2021
Economically engaged - creating the department of migrant workers
- A person still working or in a job - absorbed the seven offices of DOLE and DFA namely;
-OUMWA, POLO, ILAB, NRCO, NMP, OWWA, POEA
Economically inactive
- not employed
- full-time students, stay-at-home mothers, and retired people Causes of Unemployment
who do not look for work and do not put pressure on the labor
market Frictional unemployment
- occurs when workers leave their current positions in search of
White-collar job a new one
- positional job
- frequently found in offices Seasonal unemployment
- jobs that do not require physical or manual labor - occurs when workers lose their seasonal employment due to
declining demand
Long-term unemployment / structural unemployment Industrial revolution
- the skills that the government employees have to give don’t - 19th century
match those that the businesses require - various modern inventions, industries, and equipment were
developed during this age
Cyclical unemployment - industrial factories were built
- due to a period of weak or negative economic growth - cause of globalization : oversupply
- typically increases significantly during a recession - started in Great Britain/ United Kingdom
- unemployment peaks coincide with changes in the economic
cycle 20th century
- the development of technology aided to the rapid spread of
Lack of employment globalization
- possibilities for undergraduate students, lack of skill, and
underage or overage workers 21st century
- “you don’t have a job because you are not qualified” - ushered in the information age

Population growth Aspects of Globalization

- more applications/applicants for the position you need to fill
1. Communication
Mismatch - technology has paved the way for cultural globalization
- between education or training and available jobs - information spreads faster and more quickly through the
- underemployed internet and cyberspace technology

2. Travel
The implication of unemployment and poverty - traveling around with ease helps globalization
- people do not have the income to sustain their living and daily - also helped spread many diseases around the world
needs
- some people commit crimes like robbery and stealing. They 3. Popular culture
are pursuaded to choose a life of crime to meet their wants. - foreign culture or products spread to other countries
- ex. Foreign movies, music, cothing, food, etc.
Globalization - “Korean wave” is an example of pop culture globalization
- process of interaction, exchanging ideas, and integration of
the people around the globe 4. Economy
- extensive integration of global process - brought about closer international relations
- some economies were strengthened due to the rise of
multinational companies and international companies
Global processes
5. Politics
1. People - UN : United Nations
- tourists, migrants, imigrants, foreign investors, emigrants - founded in Oct. 24, 1945
- migrants = to work abroad - Big 5 countries of the UN
- imigrants = to permanently settle - USA, France, Russia, China, and the UK
- emigrants = to return to where you came from -* permanent members
-* has the power to “veto”
2. Products FED’s
- goods, foods, clothes, cars, gadgets - United states federal reserve
- import and export - central bank of the united states
- the three branches of the government (Judicial, executive,
3. Information legislative) cannot control the federal reserve
- culture, norms, news, media
Federal
History of Globalization - states have autonomous power to handle/control their
territories
Silk road
- from China to Rome, Italy Why is the USD the most influential currency in the world?
- ushered the merging of languages, cultures, and religion - the following countries who own the most % of the world
- spread of ideas bank are:
- trade rout between china and different countries
United States of 16.74% or 17%
Alexander the great empire America
- 334 B.C Japan 6%
- spread hellenistic culture Germany 5%
- it is surmised that the invasion by Alexander the great was on France 4%
of the reasons for globalization United Kingdom 4%
- founded the city of Alexandria
- Gold and silver reserves
European colonization - another reason why the USD became influential
- one of the goals of the europeans was to bring and spread - USD became the first fiat money in 1971
christianity to the countries they colonized
Fiat money
- currency not based on external resources
Agencies and organizations that regulates globalization - has 153 member nations
- create in Geneva, Switzerland
Agencies Positive and negative effects of globalization
- sells services to business Positive
- supplier of organization - development of trade among countries in the world
- low tariff
Organization - growth of international transactions
- businesses that sell products to consumers - increase foreign investments that gives jobs and increase
production to meet the needs of people
World bank - existence of world market
- Founder: John Maynard Kaynes * highest export of the philippines: cellphone and
- established in 1945 after WW2 laptop parts
IBRD - faster and broader spread of technology and knowledge
- international bank for reconstruction and development - more job opportunities abroad
- aims to help europe and japan after WW2 - faster response and help from various countries due to
- geographical aspects calamities
- Target : to reduce poverty and increase posperity
: Economic growth Negative
: development - lack of support for local agencies due to the removal of
- Approx. 10,000 employees policies that protect them
- Funds from : issuing bonds - increase in the level of poverty of a high level of
- long-term goals unemployment and competition in the world market
- aims to help low-income countries - lower wages of workers
- strict enforcement of labor laws
IMF - closure of bankruptcy of local industries that cannot keep up
- international monetary fund with the global competition
- Founder: John Maynard Kaynes - lack of skilled workers or brain drain in the country because
- Target : stabalize the monetary system they are attracted to higher wages offered by rich countries
: economic stabilization - spread of biological weapons caused by the rapid spread of
: giving advances to stabilize your country’s currency information worldwide
- Approx. 2,500 employees SDG 17
- Funds from: Quotas (ambagan in filipino) Partnership for the goals
- short-term loans Aim
- aims to help developed and developing countries - to rekindle the international alliances for sustainable
development
Privitization
- tranfer of business, industry, or service from public to private Economy - sustain - economic growth
ownership and control
- by partnering with other countries we can lower prices for our
Liberization daily needs
- the removal or loosening of restrictions on something
What actions are necessary to achieve partnership
Deregulation 1. Utilize our resources
- the removal of regulations or restrictions, especially in a 2. Buy from local shops
particular industry 3. Produce services and jobs
- collateral 4. Form an organization who can help implement economic
World trade organization stability

GATT - General Agreement in Tariff and Trade * We have seen that if we are to solve the world issues,
*Tariff = tax strenthening multilateralism and international alliances are
Tariff Barrier more crucial than ever in light of the effects of wroldwide
- abormally high taxes covid-19 epidemic. The sustainable development goals
continue to serve as the foundation for developing better
8 Rounds of tariff governments.
1. Geneva round
2. Annecy round Evolution of modes of communication eme
3. Geneva round -Telegraph
4. Geneva round -Telegram
5. Torquay round -Telephone
6. Kennedy round -Telephone booth/phone booth
7. Tokyo round -pager/beeper
8. Uruguay round -radio/cellphone
-computer & internet

WTO Axis powers (main) Allied powers (main)

- tasked with developing the trade policies between countries -Germany -Great Britain (UK)
- aims to create policies encouraging and organizing free trade -Italy -USA
among its member nations -Japan -Soviet Union/USSR
- middleman of the countries within the world trade (Russia)
organization
Sdg: Sustainable Development Goals Stockholm Meeting
- a collection of 17 interlinked global goals designed to be a - 1972
“shared blueprint for peace and posperity for people and the - a UN conference held in Sweden
planet, now and into the future” - meeting wherein developing countries expressed their
- a series of measures to end poverty, protect the planet, and concerns over the effects of economic development on the
ensure the global well-being of human beings. environment and the development of the world
- a global agenda to end poverty, protect the planet, and - the concept sustainable development was formed (due to
ensure all people enjoy peace and posperity. their persistence in addressing the growth and development of
- a call to action to end poverty and inequality, protect the countries in the southern part of the world and preserving the
planet, and ensure that all people enjoy health, justice and natural resources of the developed countries in the north )
posperity. - helped in the greater awareness of people about the global
- Started in 2015 (UN General Assembly) environment and paved the way for people to understand the
- Developed in 2012 concept of sustainable development
- intended to be achieved by 2030 - the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) was
formed
Aim of the SDG
= to transform our world UNEP
- formed to pursue the idea of environmental issues and sound
SDG Program development
- developed in 2012 at the United Nations conference on - based in Nairobi, Kenya
sustainable development - the agency that examines emerging environmental and
- implemented in september 2015 at the historic “United developmental issues and makes recommendations for how to
Nations sustainable development summit 2015” deal with them

The 17 SDG’s 1987

SDG #1 - No Poverty - the UN formed the World Commission on Environmental and
SDG #2 - Zero Hunger Development (WCED)
SDG #3 - Good Health and Well-being
SDG #4 - Quality Education WCED
SDG #5 - Gender Equality - formed to examine significant environmental and
SDG #6 - Clean Water and Sanitation development problems and to suggest solutions that can be
SDG #7 - Affordable and Clean Energy implemented
SDG #8 - Decent Work and Economic Growth - presented the new concept of sustainable development
SDG #9 -Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure - aims to establish the interdependence and cooperation of
SDG #10 - Reduce Inequality within and among countries nations to address environmental and development issues
SDG #11 / Sustainable Cities - Make cities and Human Brundtland Commission
settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable - headed by: Gro Harlem Brundtland
SDG #12 - Ensure Sustainable Consumption and Production - former prime minister of Norway
Patterns - director-general of WHO from 1998-2003
SDG #13 - Climate Action - provided the momentum for the 1992 Earth Summit/UNCED
SDG #14 - Life Below Water and Agenda 21
SDG #15 - Life on Land
SDG #16 - Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions Earth Summit
SDG #17 - Partnerships for the Goals - second instance where the leaders of various countries met o
discuss environmental and development issues

Resulted to June 1992

- the UN meeting on environment and development was
1969 organized based on the reports of the WCED
- the United States established the National Environmental - after two years of meeting, the Earth Summit in Rio de
Policy Act (NEPA) Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992, 20 years after the Stockholm
meeting
NEPA
- committed to fostering and promoting the general welfare of Agenda 21
citizens and creating and maintaining conditions under which - the declaration of environment and development
man can live safely - outlined and strengthened the Agenda for the 21st century
- aims to fulfil the other nedds of the present and the future - encourages all nations to launch a detailed planning process
generation and course of action to achive what it calls supportability or
help from the local government of every country
1970 - encouraged all nations and local governments to help
- US president, Richard Nixon, passed a plan to reorganize and
establish the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

EPA
- an independent agency of the executive branch of the
government
- operation began on December 2, 1970
- to improve and protect the environment at the national and
international levels
 Philippine council on sustainable development Critical problems cities are facing:
- the Philippine’s swift response to the call of the Earth Summit - inequality
to bring action at the local level in support of sustainable - high levels of pollution ans energy use in cities
development
Why should I care
Executive Order No. 15 - one day, every citizen will be impacted by all these problems
- signed by President Fidel V. Ramos
- September 1, 1992 What occurs if cities are allowed to grow naturally?
- created the Philippine Council for Sustainable Development - unplanned urbanization has resulted in massive slums,
(PCSD) congested traffic, greenhouse gas emissions, and sprawling
- the council provided the mechanism for attaining sustainable suburbs worldwide
development principles and assuring its integration into the
Philippines’ national and local policies, plans, and programs
involving sectors of society Migration
- the movement of people from one place to another for
July 5, 1995 several reasons
- Memorandum Order No. 399 was issued to direct the - also refers to a transferring of a person from their original
operationalization and monitoring of Agenda 21 place of birth or living to another site or territory
- some people’s movements or travels that are not included
September 26, 1996 are/is the movement of nomadic tribes, specifically the
- Executive Order No. 370 was issued to strengthen the council Bedouins. These nomadic tribes living in the desert need to
membership to include several government agencies leave the desert before sunrise so that they do not experience
- the DILG was required by EO 370 to oversee and coordinate the desert’s climate and food supply for their animals. Another
sustainable development at the local government unit (LGU) exemption are people traveling to visit beautiful sites, relatives
level and friends abroad, and going on a pilgrimage

December 10, 2001 Different types of migrants and migration

- Executive Order 62 was issued to improve the PCSD’s 1. Migrants - a person who undergoes the process of migration
fundamental mission and membership by streamlining 2. International migrants - people living in other countries but
government representation and boosting non-government not born there
participation 3. Permanent migrants - migrants who transferred to a place or
country and become legal permanent residents due to the
December 21, 2015 marriage of a natural citizen of the country
- PCSD discussed ways to respond to socio-economic and 4. Temporary migrants - people stay in the place for a certain
political developments at the national and international levels, period and are adequately documented
including the recent adaptaion of the Sustainable Development 5. Economic migrants - the movement of people to seek jobs,
Goals as well as the formulation of the Sustainable Goals work, or better opportunities
indicators and highlights of the UN Framework Convention on 6. Irregular migrants - people who went abroad but had no
Climate Change’s (ENFCCC) 21st conference of the parties legal documents and had no plans to return at once.
Sometimes, they were known as overstaying travelers.
Powers and Functions of PCSD 7. Filipino migrants were also called Overseas Filipino Workers
According to EO 62, the PCSD is mandated to do the following: or OFWs.
1. to review and ensure the implementation of the 8. Voluntary migration - people willingly transfer to a place
commitments made by the Philippines in the light of the UN 9. Involuntary migration - people forced to leave their place for
Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) different reasons
2. to act as the coordinating mechanism with the UN 10. Permanent migration - when someone moves to a place
Commission on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) and the without plans to return to their original place
governing bodies or Secretaries of multilateral conventions thru 11. Temporary migration - people transfer to a place for a
the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) specific time.
3. to establish guidelines and mechanisms that will ensure that 12. Internal migration - human migration within a country
the sustainable development principles embodied in the Rio 13. External migration - when a person or group of people
Declaration or Agenda 21 are integrated into the formulation of leave their country and transfer to another country
national, regional, and local development policies and 14. Emigrants - people who leave their country
programs 15. Immigrants - a person who comes to live permanently in a
4. formulate policies and recommend new actions to foreign country
appropriate bodies of sustainable development issues focusing
on the environment and social interventions Levels and trends in international migration
5. to review and monitor plans, policies, programs, and *number of international migrants
legislation on sustainable development to promote efficiency 1. Europe - 76 million
and limitless execution and ensure consistency and 2. Asia - 75 million
coordination among the legislative and executive branches of 3. North America - 54 million
the government, local government units, civic society, business, 4. Africa - 21 million
labor, and other concerned entities 5. Latin America - 20 million
Carribean - 20 million
SDG 11 6. Oceania - 8 million
Sustainable Cities 7. Refugees - 2 million
Aim
- to create inclusive, secure, robust, and sustainable cities NPA
- no permanent address