Gael GROOBYEN

V
HS - General rules for interpretation

Understanding the legal basis of classification
www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 1

The General Interpretative Rules (GIRs)
A major goal of the HS was to establish a global

classification system that facilitated consistency
and predictability in classification.
However, a nomenclature covering all possible

goods is invariably a complex system with
multiple possibilities for classifying many goods.
So a set of rules that give a compulsory method of

classification is essential to facilitate consistency
and predictability.
Rules on resolving ambiguity in
classification are needed for consistent
results in classification systems.
Cats
With yellow,
With green
With blue eyes brown or gold
eyes
eyes

Six GIRs
Establishes the legal basis for classification (terms, Notes

GIR 1 and other GIRs) and establishes the priority given to the
terms of headings and Notes over the remaining GIRs.
Extension of the scope of the headings to cover

GIR 2 mixtures, composites, unassembled, unfinished or
incomplete goods
Resolution of classification when two or more headings are

GIR 3 possible

Six GIRs
GIR 4 Provides for completely unforeseen goods that are

not otherwise covered
Covers the treatment of packaging materials

GIR 5 and containers
Provides that the same process is independently

GIR 6 followed at each subheading level

GIR 1
The titles of Sections, Chapters and

sub-Chapters are provided for ease of
reference only; for legal purposes,
classification shall be determined
according to the terms of the headings and
any relative Section or Chapter Notes and,
provided such headings or Notes do not
otherwise require, according to the
following provisions :

GIR 1 – Main Points
• The titles of Sections, Chapters or Sub-Chapters

are provided for ease of reference only (no legal
value).
• Legal classification at heading level must be made
according to:
• the terms of headings (the wording) and any
relative Section or Chapter Notes; and
• only if the headings or Notes do not otherwise
require, according to Rules 2 to 5.

GIR 1 fully resolves the heading classification
when:
• there is only one heading whose terms
encompass the whole good; or
• the terms or Notes direct the classification
to a specific heading; or
• the terms or Notes direct the method of
classification
Under these circumstances, the headings or
Notes “otherwise require” and GIRs 2, 3 and 4
are not usable at heading level.
Notes may “otherwise require” by dictating
the place of classification
Surgical Catgut – Note 4 (a) to Chapter 30
“4.- Heading 30.06 applies only to the following, which are to
be classified in that heading and in no other heading of the
Nomenclature
(a) Sterile surgical catgut, similar sterile suture materials
(including sterile absorbable surgical or dental yarns)
and sterile tissue adhesives for surgical wound
closure;”
This Note directs the place of classification and hence it
“otherwise requires”. GIR 3 cannot be used in classification.
Classification at heading level is fully resolved by GIR 1.
Notes may “otherwise require” by dictating a
method of classification
Section XVI Note 2 gives a complete set of rules for

classifying parts of machines of Section XVI,
including precedence when there are multiple
possibilities for their classification.
By directing the method of classification, Note 2 to

Section XVI requires that GIR 3 is not used for the
goods it covers.

Terms may “otherwise require” by making
classification intent explicit in their coverage
“Travel sewing kit”
Heading 96.05 : Travel sets for personal toilet,
sewing or shoe or clothes cleaning.
Heading 96.05 encompasses the entire set by name
and is the only heading where the full set is covered.
As such it clearly indicates the intent of coverage and
“otherwise requires”, therefore GIR 3 cannot be
invoked to classify it to a component.
It is classified by GIR 1 at heading level.

Terms may otherwise require by directing
between headings
Heading 4601 reads as follows.
PLAITS AND SIMILAR PRODUCTS OF PLAITING MATERIALS,
WHETHER OR NOT ASSEMBLED INTO STRIPS; PLAITING
MATERIALS, PLAITS AND SIMILAR PRODUCTS OF PLAITING
MATERIALS, BOUND TOGETHER IN PARALLEL STRANDS OR
WOVEN, IN SHEET FORM, WHETHER OR NOT BEING
FINISHED ARTICLES (FOR EXAMPLE, MATS, MATTING,
SCREENS).
The phrase “whether or not being finished articles” directs that
sheets of plating material processed as per the terms are included
even if they have the character of finished articles. This heading
otherwise requires and prevents the use of GIR (3) to send these
articles to a finished article classification.

GIR 1
GIR 1 is the primary rule for classification.

On the face of it, it is quite simple. Just read the
terms and any Notes to find the heading.
So we will look at how this might work in practice.

GIR 1 – three examples
Consider:
• an ignition wiring harness for a
car;
• a side-view mirror for a car,

and
• a seat belt for a car
These items’ only commercial use is as car parts.

GIR 1
Heading 87.08 reads:

- Parts and accessories of the motor
vehicles of headings 87.01 to 87.05.
The ignition wiring harness, the rear-view mirror
and the seat belt are all for vehicles of heading
87.03. So the terms fit the goods.
However, you also need to read the Notes and
consider if there are any other headings that
might also be relevant.

Notes and Terms are read together
GIR 1 gives equal status to terms and Notes.
There are two Notes relevant to heading 87.08

at Section level we need to consider.
(There are actually others as well, like the Note

sitting in the metals Section which defines
‘parts of general use’ and various exclusion
Notes to Chapters, but we will only look at two
Notes in the transport Section for this example.)

Section XVII
2.- The expressions “parts” and “parts and accessories” do not apply to the following articles, whether or not they
are identifiable as for the goods of this Section :
(a) Joints, washers or the like of any material (classified according to their constituent material or in
heading 84.84) or other articles of vulcanised rubber other than hard rubber (heading 40.16);
(b) Parts of general use, as defined in Note 2 to Section XV, of base metal (Section XV), or similar goods of
plastics (Chapter 39);
(c) Articles of Chapter 82 (tools);
(d) Articles of heading 83.06;
(e) Machines or apparatus of headings 84.01 to 84.79, or parts thereof, other than the radiators for the articles
of this Section; articles of heading 84.81 or 84.82 or, provided they constitute integral parts of engines or
motors, articles of heading 84.83;
(f) Electrical machinery or equipment (Chapter 85);
For GIR 1, these
(g) Articles of Chapter 90; must be to see if
(h) Articles of Chapter 91; they affect our
(ij) Arms (Chapter 93); wiring harness,
(k) Lamps or lighting fittings of heading 94.05; or windscreen or
(l) Brushes of a kind used as parts of vehicles (heading 96.03). seatbelt.
3.- References in Chapters 86 to 88 to “parts” or “accessories” do not apply to parts or accessories which are not
suitable for use solely or principally with the articles of those Chapters. A part or accessory which answers to a
description in two or more of the headings of those Chapters is to be classified under that heading which
corresponds to the principal use of that part or accessory.

Section XVII Note 2 (f) excludes “Electrical
machinery or equipment” from being covered by
the term “parts” in Section XVII and directs such
goods to Chapter 85.
So although the ignition wiring harness is a part, it
is not a part for classification.
(Classified in heading 85.44 instead)
If the Notes for vehicle parts seem complex and

daunting, that is because they are. It is an
extremely difficult area of classification.

More than one heading
There is no Note on the inclusion or exclusion of mirrors as parts in

heading 87.08.
So the rear-view mirror could be classified under “Parts and
accessories of the motor vehicles of headings 87.01 to 87.05 …
… however, it could also be covered by heading 70.09.
Glass mirrors, whether or not framed, including rear-view
mirrors.
In this case, neither the terms or Notes
direct the classification to a specific heading. This is a
case where you need to consult the other GIRs as well.
It cannot be classified to a heading by GIR 1 alone.

Finally a ‘simple’ classification …
There is no Note on the inclusion or exclusion of seatbelts as

parts in heading 87.08.
So the seat belt can be classified under “Parts and
accessories of the motor vehicles of headings 87.01 to
87.05 …
You have carefully read all possibly relevant Notes and checked
the chapters relevant to textiles, metals, plastics, straps and
clasps! There is no other heading that covers a made-up
seatbelt.
It is classified, at heading level, to 87.08 by GIR 1.

Legal interpretation of the meaning of
words is often not ‘simple’
Classifying by the terms (the wording of the headings)

and Notes is often complex.
Usually the terms are construed by considering their
“ordinary meaning” (an imprecise concept) or their
trade meaning (also sometimes imprecise and
whether the meaning encompasses a specific
product: “does the product fall within the scope?”.
It is not unknown to find oneself considering deep
philosophical questions, such as …

… are mutants, or other
people with super-human
powers, actually human?
“to be properly classifiable as a

“doll” under the HTSUS, a toy
figure must clearly represent a human
being”
“The task of the court is to ascertain which
meaning the words “representing” and
“only” were intended to carry in the phrase
“dolls representing only human beings” in
heading 9502 of the HTSUS” (Toy Biz v. US,
CIT (2003) Slip Op. 03-2)
(Heading 95.02 was deleted in the 2007 edition.)

What about the other GIRs?
The next GIR, GIR 2, is different in that is does NOT

direct the classification of goods.
• GIR 2 (a) and GIR 2 (b) only extend the scope of

classifications to allow incomplete, unfinished,
unassembled, disassembled, mixed, combined
and multi-material goods coverage.
• GIR 2 does not direct which, if any, of the

classifications opened by GIR 2 should be used.
• GIR2 is used with GIR 1 or with GIR 1 and 3

GIR 2 (a)
(a) Any reference in a heading to an article shall

be taken to include a reference to that article
incomplete or unfinished, provided that, as
presented, the incomplete or unfinished
article has the essential character of the
complete or finished article. It shall also be
taken to include a reference to that article
complete or finished (or falling to be
classified as complete or finished by virtue of
this Rule), presented unassembled or
disassembled.

Important points in GIR 2 (a)
• Only extends references to articles in

headings
• Applies to goods “as presented”, i.e. in the
state they are presented at the border
• Has an “essential character” test
• Subject to the essential character test, it
allows for a combination of an incomplete or
unfinished condition with an unassembled or
disassembled condition.

Essential character in GIR 2 (a)
• The “essential character” provision is aimed at

separating goods that have acquired the
essential character of the final good from parts
or assemblies of parts.
• The essential character test (also used in GIR

3 (b)) is one of the most legally challenging
aspects of classification.

Are these unfinished dolls … or just parts or
assemblies of parts?

Blanks
The Harmonized System Committee has applied the

unfinished provision to blanks, defining a blank in the ENs as:
“an article, not ready for direct use, having the approximate
shape or outline of the finished article or part, and which can
only be used, other than in exceptional cases, for completion
into the finished article or part (e.g., bottle preforms of plastics
being intermediate products having tubular shape, with one
closed end and one open end threaded to secure a screw
type closure, the portion below the threaded end being
intended to be expanded to a desired size and shape).”

Blanks
39.23 – Articles for the

conveyance or packing of
goods, of plastics;
stoppers, lids, caps and
other closures, of plastics.

GIR 2 (b)
(b) Any reference in a heading to a material or

substance shall be taken to include a
reference to mixtures or combinations of that
material or substance with other materials or
substances. Any reference to goods of a
given material or substance shall be taken to
include a reference to goods consisting
wholly or partly of such material or
substance. The classification of goods
consisting of more than one material or
substance shall be according to the
principles of Rule 3.

Example:
73.23 - Table, kitchen or other household articles and
parts thereof, of iron or steel; iron or steel
wool; pot scourers and scouring or polishing
pads, gloves and the like, of iron or steel.
74.18 - Table, kitchen or other household articles and
parts thereof, of copper; pot scourers and
scouring or polishing pads, gloves and the
like, of copper; sanitary ware and parts
thereof, of copper.
Under GIR 2 (b), heading 73.23 can cover kitchen

articles of steel and copper, and heading 74.18
can cover kitchen articles of copper and steel.
Without GIR 2 (b) these steel and
copper pans would not be covered.
With GIR 2 (b), there is a choice of
two headings for them.

Precedence of GIR 1 over GIR 2
The provisions of GIR 2 apply only in the

absence of specific provisions in the
Nomenclature covering goods consisting of
more than one material or substance.
Example: heading 33.02 covers
“Mixtures of odoriferous substances”.
This “otherwise requires” and
GIR 2 (b) is not used.

GIR 2 to GIR 3
2 (b) (…) The classification of goods consisting

of more than one material or substance
shall be according to the principles of Rule
3.
GIR 2 (b) leads us into GIR 3.
3. When by application of Rule 2 (b) or for

any other reason, goods are, prima facie,
classifiable under two or more headings,
classification shall be effected as follows :

GIR 3 (a)
(a) The heading which provides the most

specific description shall be preferred to
headings providing a more general
description. However, when two or more
headings each refer to part only of the
materials or substances contained in mixed
or composite goods or to part only of the
items in a set put up for retail sale, those
headings are to be regarded as equally
specific in relation to those goods, even if
one of them gives a more complete or
precise description of the goods.

• Has a “most specific” test
• Qualifies the test to stop it being used for

mixtures, composite goods or sets unless
candidate headings reference the whole
mixture, composite good or set.

What is the “most specific” description
of an object?
There is no definition of “most specific” in the
Nomenclature. The Explanatory Notes (ENs) give
some limited guidance.
Generally (but not always) accepted principles in
practice:
• a description by name is taken as more specific
than a description by class
• a description which more narrowly defines the
goods or which is covers more of the goods
characteristics is generally taken as more
specific than a broader description or one which
covers fewer characteristics.

An example from the ENs:
Least specific to most specific for
an electric shaver
84.67 - Tools for working in the hand, pneumatic,

hydraulic or with self-contained electric or non-
electric motor.
85.09 - Electro-mechanical domestic appliances,
with self-contained electric motor, other than
vacuum cleaners of heading 85.08.
85.10 - Shavers, hair clippers and hair-removing
appliances, with self-contained electric motor.

Back to our side-mirror …
We noted two possible headings for the side-

mirror:
87.08 - Parts and accessories of the motor
vehicles of headings 87.01 to 87.05 …
70.09 - Glass mirrors, whether or not
framed, including rear-view mirrors.
“Glass mirrors, whether or not framed” is
considered to be more specific than parts of
motor vehicles. So the side-mirror is classified
in heading 70.09 vide GIR 1 and 3 (a).

GIR 3 (b)
(b) Mixtures, composite goods consisting of

different materials or made up of different
components, and goods put up in sets for
retail sale, which cannot be classified by
reference to 3 (a), shall be classified as if
they consisted of the material or
component which gives them their essential
character, insofar as this criterion is
applicable.

Important points in GIR 3 (b)
• Only for:
• mixtures;
• composite goods consisting of
different materials or made up of
different components; and
• goods put up in sets for retail sale
• Sets under this rule must be “put up” for
retail sale

Important points in GIR 3 (b) cont.
• Has an “essential character” test which

requires that the “essential character” of the
whole can be identified as provided by a
material in or a component of the goods
• Has an undefined rider “insofar as this
criterion is applicable”

GIR 3 (b) : Essential character
“The factor determining the essential character

will vary as between different kinds of goods.”
The Explanatory Notes mention:
• nature of the material,
• nature of the component,
• bulk,
• quantity,
• weight or value,
• role of a constituent material in relation to use
of the goods.

The question to ask is what gives the goods their

identity, their character?
What gives the character may vary widely

between goods.

Consider a pair of gloves made of leather and textiles.
Most of the palm, the lower side of the fingers and

almost all of the thumb and index finger are of leather.
Everything else is textile.
There are headings for leather gloves and textile gloves,

but each of these covers only part of the materials, so
under GIR 3 (a) are equally specific.
As composite goods, they can be

classified under GIR 3 (b), but does
the leather or textile give the essential
character?

Brush, mirror and comb set put up for retail sale.
Which component gives

the essential character?
Essential character is not

an easy test.

GIR 3 (c)
(c) When goods cannot be classified by

reference to 3 (a) or 3 (b), they shall be
classified under the heading which
occurs last in numerical order among
those which equally merit
consideration.

Important points in GIR 3 (c)
• Only used when GIR 3 (a) and (b) cannot be

used.
• Resolves the deadlock between headings
mechanically (last occurring).
• Has an undefined rider “those which equally
merit consideration”

GIR 3 (c): last occurring
Do you remember the brush, mirror and comb

set put up for retail sale?
If none of the items gives

the set its essential character,
then GIR 3(c) would rule
classification to the item
classified last in the HS. In
this case, the comb.
www.wcoomd.org INTRODUCTION TO THE HS 48

The remaining rules are just as vital,
but as we have limited time, we will go
even quicker over these!

GIR 4
4. Goods which cannot be classified in

accordance with the above Rules shall be
classified under the heading appropriate to
the goods to which they are most akin.

Important points in GIR 4
• Only used when:

• there is no heading which is able to
cover the goods through its terms or
notes (GIR 1); and
• GIR 2 is not able to expand
references to allow coverage of the
goods.
• Requires a “most akin” test

GIR 5
5. In addition to the foregoing provisions, the

following Rules shall apply in respect of the
goods referred to therein :

GIR 5 (a)
(a) Camera cases, musical instrument cases,

gun cases, drawing instrument cases,
necklace cases and similar containers,
specially shaped or fitted to contain a
specific article or set of articles, suitable for
long-term use and presented with the
articles for which they are intended, shall be
classified with such articles when of a kind
normally sold therewith. This Rule does not,
however, apply to containers which give the
whole its essential character ;

• The containers must be presented with the

goods (the goods do not have to be in the
container)
• The container must be shaped or fitted to
contain the article or set of articles it is
presented with
• The container must be suitable for long-term
use, so of a similar durability to the goods
• The container must be of a kind normally sold
with the goods it is presented with

Important points in GIR 5 (a) (cont.)
• GIR 5 (a) is not applicable to containers

which are the component providing the
essential character to the “whole” (that is, to
the combination of the container and its
intended contents).

GIR 5 (b)
(b) Subject to the provisions of Rule 5 (a)

above, packing materials and packing
containers presented with the goods therein
shall be classified with the goods if they are
of a kind normally used for packing such
goods. However, this provision is not
binding when such packing materials or
packing containers are clearly suitable for
repetitive use.

Important points in GIR 5 (b)
• The packing materials or packing containers

must contain the goods when presented at
the border
• The packing materials or containers are of a
kind normally used to pack the type of goods
they contain
• For packing materials or packing containers
that are suitable for reuse as packing
materials or packing containers for
international trade, countries can choose
whether or not to apply GIR 5 (b)

Suitable for repetitive use
Countries are free to choose how

to treat containers that are for
repetitive use in the transport of
goods.

Last but far from least …
There is one final rule.
You have hopefully noticed that in the GIRs so

far, we have talked about headings.
But a heading is only four digits and an

international classification is six digits ... so …

GIR 6
6. For legal purposes, the classification of

goods in the subheadings of a heading shall
be determined according to the terms of
those subheadings and any related
Subheading Notes and, mutatis mutandis, to
the above Rules, on the understanding that
only subheadings at the same level are
comparable. For the purposes of this Rule
the relative Section and Chapter Notes also
apply, unless the context otherwise requires.

Important points in GIR 6
• Classification at subheading level is based on

the terms of the subheadings and related
Subheading Notes
• GIRs 1 to 5 can be used with the required
changes, e.g. changing heading to
subheading
• Each level of subheadings is considered
separately, that is all the five digit
subheadings that fall under the chosen
heading are examined first, without
consideration of any six digit subheadings

Important points in GIR 6 cont.
• The procedures outlined in GIR 6 are applied

at each applicable level
• Relevant Section and Chapter Notes also
apply unless the context prevents them doing
so
www.wcoomd.org INTRODUCTION TO THE HS 62

Sections and Chapter Notes with GIR 6
Note 2 to Chapter 8: Chilled fruits and

nuts are to be classified in the same
headings as the corresponding fresh fruits
and nuts.
There is no context to “otherwise require”,

so Note 2 to Chapter 8 also applies at
subheading level.

Note 3 to Chapter 29: “Goods which could be
included in two or more of the headings of this
Chapter are to be classified in that one of those
headings which occurs last in numerical order.”
Subheading Note 2 to Chapter 29: “Note 3 to
Chapter 29 does not apply to the subheadings
of this Chapter.”
Subheading Note 2 to Chapter 29 provides the
context that “otherwise requires” and Note 3 to
Chapter 29 does not apply to subheadings.

Note 4 (B) to Chapter 71: “The expression “platinum”
means platinum, iridium, osmium, palladium, rhodium
and ruthenium.”
Subheading Note 2 to Chapter 71: “Notwithstanding
the provisions of Chapter Note 4(B), for the purposes
of subheadings 7110.11 and 7110.19, the expression
“platinum” does not include iridium, osmium,
palladium, rhodium or ruthenium.”
Note 4 (B) to Chapter 71 applies to all subheadings
of the Chapter except 7110.11 and 7110.19

The purpose of GIR 6
So what GIR 6 actually does, is it tells you to go

through the whole process you used for the
heading again to find the correct 5-digit
subheading …
… and then go through it again to find the

correct 6-digit subheading.

A brief introduction only
This has been a very brief introduction that has

covered only a few of the interesting aspects of
the General Rules of Interpretation.
I hope that your further journeys into the HS

Rules will give you a better appreciation of the
complexities and importance of this single page
of Customs’ law!

V
Ms Gael Grooby
Deputy Director, Tariff and Trade Affairs
World Customs Organization
www.wcoomd.org 68

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V

HS - General rules for interpretation

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 1

A major goal of the HS was to establish a global

However, a nomenclature covering all possible

So a set of rules that give a compulsory method of

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 3

Establishes the legal basis for classification (terms, Notes

Extension of the scope of the headings to cover

Resolution of classification when two or more headings are

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 4

GIR 4 Provides for completely unforeseen goods that are

Covers the treatment of packaging materials

Provides that the same process is independently

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 5

The titles of Sections, Chapters and

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 6

• The titles of Sections, Chapters or Sub-Chapters

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 7

Section XVI Note 2 gives a complete set of rules for

By directing the method of classification, Note 2 to

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 10

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 11

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 12

GIR 1 is the primary rule for classification.

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 13

• a side-view mirror for a car,

• a seat belt for a car

These items’ only commercial use is as car parts.

Heading 87.08 reads:

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 15

GIR 1 gives equal status to terms and Notes.

There are two Notes relevant to heading 87.08

(There are actually others as well, like the Note

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 16

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 17

If the Notes for vehicle parts seem complex and

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 18

There is no Note on the inclusion or exclusion of mirrors as parts in

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 19

There is no Note on the inclusion or exclusion of seatbelts as

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 20

Classifying by the terms (the wording of the headings)

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 21

“to be properly classifiable as a

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 22

The next GIR, GIR 2, is different in that is does NOT

• GIR 2 (a) and GIR 2 (b) only extend the scope of

• GIR 2 does not direct which, if any, of the

• GIR2 is used with GIR 1 or with GIR 1 and 3

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 23

(a) Any reference in a heading to an article shall

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 24

• Only extends references to articles in

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 25

• The “essential character” provision is aimed at

• The essential character test (also used in GIR

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 26

www.wcoomd.org The HS and its GIRs 27