EET SCIENCE 8- STATES OF MATTER WORKSH! NAME: _—_—_—$_—_—__ 14. av a ce a a Contracts Mase Slide past each other ee rae ate Stowe lu iks for the Use your notes from pages | ~ 2 and the terms in the vocabulary box ‘ofl in the blanks for following nine questions. You will not need f0 use every te 1 Mass js the amount of matter that makes up something. 2) volume is the amount of space that a material takes up. 15. 3) Anything that has mass and volume is called _ YY ker a’ 4) When you add energy to matter, the particles move faster and the matter » 2 pands : 5) Particles in a solid are packed so close together they can only _\\# ate 6) Particles in a liquid can__S\tde each other . 7) Particles ina gas can_ Move around quick : 8) When you remove energy from particles they move__Sl0WCr and the matter le G@ntracts ur a 2) 9) The netic. malél las te explains how particles act 9 when thelr spacing and movement change °) 10) Match each Term on the left with the best Descriptor on the right. Each Descriptor may be used @ only once Term Deseriptor C | Mass A. | Anything that has mass and volume D | soiia B. | Amount of space an object takes up 1 E | Gas C. | Amount of matter in an object a b Q\ | Matter par f; F | Liquid D, £3 E. YY ce & | Volume ad | \omplete the following table to describ y ea lescribe three states of matter. The table has been partially | Solid Liquid Gas . not fixta Sha Not fixed; takes the we Siveadshape | grape of the container | yours shi? conn Volume Fixed volume Ciyed volume. not fixed, fills the con taier hs in tte Spaces between ve TT lot particles ven He, pot ruc thas o solid fide past Can move freely and Movement of | yy\uote Side PE oe ° s Nn o quickly in all directions particles etry in the container 12) Use your knowledge of the kinetic molecular theory o explain the following statements: (a) Solids have a definite shape because yi quell ave Clope fo tach othe ond awe aa otthan eating f (b) Liquids and gases flow because thet Ue _ny athrachve fests Letpiay Fee malycvss Close fo tach other (6) 1ee cubes form in the freezer because _ jdt icy Slaw dawn erage causing fhe wale poleculy ta shiek 2 edn ofhur CL dawn nes du (@ Ice cream melts quickly on a hot day because Cousin them 10 Seperate J (©) Gases do not have a definite shape because N01 Thou Jb fouticUs Clase erage fomak « Shop 9s pushes more guilty ¢ gpeadoud uyKinetic Molecular Theory Model 1 Representation of Atoms in Different Phases i 1 3 op? | | ihe J @ ee e Heat or 9g |) rete Gas Liquid Crystalline solid http:/itl.chem.ufl.edu/2045_s00/lectures/lee_f.html Key Questions 1, What are the key characteristics of atoms and molecules in gases, liquids, and solids? In Table 1 below, describe the characteristics of particles for each phase of matter based on Model 1. Be specific with regard to spacing, the potential of Particles for movement, and whether or not the particles will fill the container. Table 1. Characteristics of the Phases of Matter SOLID LIQUID Gas SPACING yt) Que wt joc POTENTIAL FOR MOVEMENT Wino Naa n Sogt proves FILLING A CONTAINER NO No \ as ©PoGn - 2005 Authored by 22 died by Linda Padwa and David Hanson, Stony Brook University saKinetic Molecular Theory 2. In which phase of matter is there the least spacing between particles? sod 5. In which phase of matter is there the most potential for movement? DY } ay the container? Aqui’ 5.In terms of spacing, what would be necessary to change from a solid to a liquid? What is this process called and how is this accomplished? Spread out > odd hat ) matin } fusien. 6. In terms of spacing, what would be nece: erms ssary to change a liquid to a gas? What is this Process called and how is this accomplished? Sprcad out > add wat ) We puleetion. )) 7. In terms of spacing, what would be necessary to change a liquid to a solid? What is this process called and how is this accomplished? contime > reMNE Mat, tetany |sdification. (Model 2 POSTULATES OF THE KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY . Gases consist of tiny particles (atoms or molecules), . These particles are so small, compared with the distances between them that the volume (size) of the individual particles can be assumed to be negligible (zero). The particles are in constant random motion, colliding with the wale of the container. These collisions with the walls cause the pressure exerted by the gas. . The particles are assumed to not attract nor repel each other. . The average kinetic energy of the Gas particles is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature of the gas. ©POGIL - 2005 us ‘Athored by )) Edited by Linda Padwa and David Hanson, Sony Brook University 17) Kinetic Molecular Theory Key Questions 1, » a . In terms of the kinetic-molecul: What causes a gas to exert pressure when confined in a container? Collisions Witty walls of conlAintr . How does the total volume of gas particles compare to the volume of the space between the gas particles? Spa betwee ge pats is uUully cero As the temperature of a gas decreases, what change occurs in the amount of kinetic energy? if decreases ( duect velaunshyp ) What property of gas particles is measured by temperature? onerays Lannie onegyy What is the relationship between temperature and molecular motion? dwect lar theory of gases, how can increase in the temperature of a gas confined in a rigid container cause an increase in the pressure of the gas? tye moles. spefd Up, nuening will bid inty Te UA of TAL canletiner ee often, incase phe presser 4i4 ©POGIL - 2005 Authored by Faited by Linda Padwa and David Hanson, Stony Brook University 18Kinet Molecular Theory Applications 1. There is a government warning on all aerosol cans that states: Do not store at a temperature above 120° F (50°C). \ a) Explain why this warnin, g is required in terms of the relationship between temperature and pressure and the kinetic molecular theory. AN The Fempuatuie NUCASES thu meucUS more more victly Wilting the wallsot th tontainer more often, pncieashng pressure, b) What could happen if the can were to be heated above 120° F (50°C)? Wwouid explede 2. What would happen to a completely inflated balloon if it were taken from inside a house to the outside in the middle of January in Minnesota? Explain this prediction in terms of the Kinetic Molecular Theory. Tt wold deacase In volume bemused the paunicus » Slow dow , hitting Te walts of Thy pyulloon less 0 Her, MAY ing INS LL pressure Jower than outside. pressure, onlbwe allow) THe balloon to shunt 8. Why do the manufacturers of tires su; car has been driven any distance? Tf the +e 18 tod full ggest that tire pressure be checked before a dong lang dRlanus will quse The diets fo (ual YP , @usin feo much. pressure. on ThE inside cuusing a blown tre , sis ©POGIL - 2005 ) Authored by ; Edited by Linda Padwa and David Hanson, Stony Brook University \4SS POGIL: Pressure Honors Chemisty -chaper 2 APOGIL Lesson Page 1 of 4 Group Members: Explain and define pres Explain how the Quantity, temperature, and vol iner affect gas, Ys i Pressure. ae ; lume of the container affect g. yes in ity, Ses In quantity, pressure, and temperature on the Pressure exerted by a gas sample. Model |: Gas Molecules and Pressure Alll gases exert pressure. Atany point, a gas exerts an equal pressure in all directions at any point within a gas, Pressure is defined as the force per unit area, Please note the diagram showing a sample of gas molecules enclosed ina container. The arrows indicate the velocities of the molecules Key Questions: |. How do the gas molecules move in a sample of a gas? (Cil your chvces below) a. Relative to the molecules of a solid or liquid, do they move Quick ‘or SLOWLY? b. Do they move in AN ORGANIZED FASHION or((N RANDOM MOTION? . Dothey move in CPRAGHT UND. in a ZIG-ZAG PATTERN? The motion of a gas molecule is usually stopped by collision with two different things. Based on the diagram *“Gther moleiday and the SUL of TPL Container Somewhat gently, make a fist with one hand and “collide” it with the palm of your other hand. What does a collision cause to be exerted? pr SSure, 4. ItIS true that collisions of gas molecules cause pressure. How? i e) yes. When thing Cullide with eachother pressure (otic ‘Thinking about the pressure of the gas inside the balloon, in what direction does pressure act? out Seen gd OAD ey sprad ar caviy mac 5 5.Honors Chemistry - Chapter 12 POGIL Prosure APOGIL Lesson Page 2 of 4 shen a gas atom/molecule co), 7. With regard to the two items in question 2, the pressure a gas exerts is caused when a ga lides with what single item? The walls of te Conia ii Model Il: The Barometer closed end ABAROMETER is a simple piece of equipment used to measure pressure, near perfect, Asimple barometer is made by obtaining a long tube sealed at one end and filling it completely with mercury. ‘The tube is then inverted and the open end is placed in a dish partially filled with mercury and the tube is held ver- tically. The mercury in the tube falls to a height, h, deter- mined by the pressure of the air on the surface of the mer- cury in the dish. There is essentially no pressure in the tube above the mercury. There are two forces acting on the mercury in the tube - the force of gravity trying to pull it down and the force due to the air pressure pushing up, Key Questions: 8. Why does some of the mercury “fall out” of the barometer tube onc ¢ it has been inverted? forw o+ ravity 9. Why does all of the meYeury not fore ot air pressure 10. Draw in additional arrows to represent a higher level of atmospheric pressure a. What happens to the height of the mercu: “fall out” of the barometer tube once it has been inverted? iry in the barometer tube? Why? Tewovld inciedse ble the aur Pressure would be a Guatee foe than the giowity pushing it down. b. What happens to the amo! it of “near vacuum sface” at the top of the barometer tube? Why? Thuovld deucare ble a Gietler force is causing the NOG Spat ty deci(aser 11, What would happen to the height of the mercury in the tube if there was le 8 atmospheric pressure? Why? Tt wnvb eecrase le not as gat ast fice Ulodid be. hadi the muUculy in. Revised Nov aott mnPOGIL: Pressure Honors Chemistry - Chapter 12 APOGIL Lesson Page 3 of 4 Model Ill; Atmospheric Pressure and Altitude Lower eee Altitude Altitude Sea Level Pressure = 1 atm There is something called atmospheric pressure. ‘The pressure ofthe atmosphere varies with altitude. Pressure is still defined as the force per unit area. Key Questions: 12, The earth's surface isthe area over which the force is exerted, What is causing the “force” of the atmospheric pressure? +e ammount oF qe mokwi» above the gartts suttau 13, Athigher altitudes (above sea level): a. there is MORE 0 mosphere over the earth's surface, relative to sea level. b. there are MORE 01 olisions over the earth’s surface, relative to sea level. ¢. the atmospheric pressure is HIGHER or GOWER =n at sea level. 4 apna? Sina TEC 19 HES ClmOSpe Tht axe 108 coliians COSI Th pressure 4 weUtss 14, Atlower altitudes (below sea level): a. there is (aoRE) LESS atmosphere over the earth's surface, relative to sea level wb. there areQMFOREP LESS colisions over the earths surface, relative to sea level . the atmospheric pressure s@GHERY: LOWER than at sea level a. Explain le? gigue There 1S More adinasptere. thie axe. tore wilisiors cwssity The pessuc ty be more 1 Revised Nov 2011Honors Chemistry - Chapter 12 POGIL: Pressure Se eae Page 4 of 4 Model IV: Units of Pressure $millimeter of mercury = mmHg = vertical height of mercury in a barometer Storr = pressure needed to support 1 mm of Hg = 1 mmHg (named for Evangelista Force) atmosphere = atm or standard atmosphere - pressure at sea level at 0°C on a “normal day; 1 atm = 760. mmHg = 760. torr; the atmpshere can support 760. mm of Hg pascal = Pa = SI unit of pressure; very small unit of pressure so kilopascal (kPa) is used; latm = 101.325 kPa = 101325 Pa named for Blaise Pascal) pounds per square inch = psi = describes how many pounds (force) are exerted over a square inch of area; 1 atm = 14.69 psi Please note the diference between 1 spheric pressure, The first is a constant and from piace to place and even varies overtime atthe same place, Atmospheric pressure is often referred to as “barometric pressur Exercises: 15. Showing all work and using unit analysis, perform the following pressure conversions + Comer 45084 5 epee iar 45.993 10H tm. = 4 syosatn 101.3. LPa © Gamer 967 amis pa ein amore 3481 mm = Teo. mmHg = S.a4 (9 atm « Conenshgmhe eniest mane en see fa] ayo poe = U4 4 tore ss pa 7 Ae @. Convert 2.87 kPa to the equivalent pressure in mmHg. 2.87. kPa| 70 mmHa _ O13 Epa. St 2 as mom tg. Wrap Up: 16. What causes a gas to have pressure? Collisions 117. To increase the pressure of a gas, you need to increase the collisions. List three things to do to a sample of a gas that would inerease the presure. Explain how each item would increat the pressure, inciease temp (the maewles would Mave mwre uictly ) J decrtASe. volun (Less SpA4 42 move would mean mbre eo|lisicas inertare 20t pacicles (remo pasticlts, thmuc cullisiens ) Revived Nov2ottPhase Diagram POGIL Name:, D. ate: Model 1 PHASE DIAGRAM Amoi -Eauitbrium sublimatisn oN gas ene depéstion. TRIPLE POINT entsicmnnretortee rae 7 (0) nder which equilibria exist between the ‘A phase diagram is a graphical way to summarize the conditions w that is stable at any given different states of matter. It also allows us to predict the phase of a substance t temperature and pressure. Critical Thinking Questions 1. What Label is on the x-axis? temp 2. What Label is on the y-axis? press ure 3. List the three phases of matter that are on the diagram. gorid, Liquids gas 4, At which point do all three phases on the diagram meet? sn ple point . , 5, In your own words, define what you think the triple point is. : whina 3 staltsot matter arc pesent ia equilibuum 6. The line extending from the triple point to the critical point stops. What does this mean in terms of phase change? there 1S nd Longer a phase charge ater that péat 7. In your own words, define what you think the critical point is. Neto torn the pant at whicn Luyud and qo can ne ther On adModel 2 \ Phase Diagram for Water \ - " Pressure oS 4 XL Gu Water 16 tm, 374°C Bolling Points Metting Points Water vapor ‘Sublimation Temperature Pointe Triple Point 4558 mm, 0.0098°C. PHASE DIAGRAM OF H,0 2am © Liquid > Water 0% 100°C. Temperature Critical Thinking Questions 8. Identify the following points: A, B,C, D . A-inple pant c- ssblimvn | apsitun points B- Chal point oy melting [aaa Teerzing points 9, If the line AD represents the melting/freezing line for water, what would the AB line represent? What would the AC line represent? Sublimation! depsiticn me AB boiling Ieondensing UAL : qy 10. Given the phase diag a. 50°C, ang erm abou €, what phas a S atm pressure F “S® Would water bein if t had the following properties: as m Pressure Solid » and 1.0 atm pressure Model 3 5 “s b. -50°C, ando.s c. 125°, Pressure (not 10 scale) 11. In the diagram above, what do (s), (1), and (g) represent? Sad, Qqurd ' g”° Using the phase diagram of the liquid above, describe any changes in phase present when HzO is: 12. kept at 0°C while the pressure is increased from | atm to Satm (vertical line) melhny ( solid > Aiquid 13. Kept at 1.00 atm While the temperature is increased from 0 °C to 125 °C. (horizontal line) solid > Liquid > gas malting LWa.perations \0Name: Phase Diagram Worksheet —. i rnd temperature on the phase of a substance i shical way to depict the effects of pressure a! ‘A phase diagram is a graphical ete under which ‘The CURVES indicate the conditions of temperature and Se ‘heen different phases of a substance can exist. BOTH phases ox! solid and liguid ths ne (pressure & temperature) the substance is both ture) the substance is both solid and gas ‘Melting/Freezing: Any point on ‘Sublimation/Deposition: Any point on this line (pressure & temperat aporzation/Condensation: Any point on this ine (pressure & temperature) the substance is both liquid and gas ‘above which the gas cannot be liquefied no matter how NOTE: the vapor pressure curve ends atthe critical point, the temperature ter ho forces to overcome). Any substance beyond this critical ‘much pressure is applied (the kinetic energy simply is too great for attractive point is called a supercritical uid ~ indistinguishable between gas or liquid (neither one) ‘The TRIPLE POINT is the condition of temperature and pressure where ALL THREE phases exist in equilibrium (solid, liquid, gas) Remember that pressure can be expressed in many units where: 1 atm = 101.3 kpa = 760 mmHg Refer to the phase diagram below when answering the questions on the back of this worksheet: NOTE: “Normaf refers to STP — Standard Temperature and Pressure. 2.00 L 475 Z 150) an B12 | Gos | a) 025| 0.00! es ekesseees ® Fo FR 8 FRB BE BS ‘Temperature (degrees C) ° 4) What are the values for temperature and pressure at STP? T= Co, p= _\.00 amr 2) What is the normal freezing point of this substance? _} 00°C \3) What is the normal boiling point ofthis substance? _ 345 °C . 100°C 4) What is the normal melting point of this substance? For chemistry help, visit waww.chemfasta.com ° i Cavalcade Publishing, Al Rights Reservedre ower What is the phase (s, 6) Whatis the phase ( S, |, 9) of a sub: — 7) Whats the phase ( stance at 0.75 atm and 100°C? 2 S, |, 9) of a substance at 0.5 at aq 8) What is the phase (s, |, g zene. Of a substance at 1.5 atm and 50° \ ‘ so°c? 5S J 9) What is the phase (s, 1, g) 10) w 7 Of a substance at 1.5 atm and 200 °C? 2 ) What is the phase (s, I, g) of a substance at 1.5 atm and 800°C? an 9) Of a substance at 2.0 atm and 100 °C? S 11) What is the condition of the triple point of this substance? T= 100°C, P=_O+ WS atin 12) Ifa quantity of this substance was at an intial pressure of 1.25 atm and a temperature of 300° C was lowered to a pressure of 0,25 atm, what phase transition(s) would occur? @VAQorat Un 13) If a quantity of this substance was at an initial pressure of 1.25 atm and a temperature of 0°C was lowered t sure 25 atm, what phase transition(s) would occur? _Suplimaticn 14) If a quantity of this substance was at an initial pressure of 1.0 atm and a temperature of 200° C was lowered to a temperature of -200° G, what phase transition(s) would occur? Freezin 415) Ifa quantity ofthis substance was at an intial pressure of 0.8 atm and a temperature of coe was lowered to a temperature of -200# C, what phase transition(s) would occur? _d-¢ Posi few 46) If this substance was at a pressure of 2.0 atm, at what temperature would it met? _| 70°C 47) If this substance was at a pressure of 2.0 atm, at what temperature would it boil? _ifyould not 18) If this substance was at a pressure of 0.75 atm, at what temperature would it mett?__/UG°C 19) If this substance was at a pressure of 0.75 atm, at what temperature would it boil?__ /@) “C 20) At what temperature do the gas and liquid phases become indistinguishable from each other? _3/0° C 21) At what pressure would it be possible to find this substance in the gas, liquid, and solid phase? 0. ofaty 22) If | had a quantity of this substance at a pressure of 1.00 atm and a temperature of -100° C, what phase change(s) would occur if | increased the temperature to 600°C? At what temperature(s) would they occur? (NOTE: multiple answers needed for this question) @ Woe muting 3a boi 22) if | had a quantity ofthis substance at a pressure of 200 atm and a temperature of -150° C, what hase change(s) would occur if | decreased the pressure to 0.25 alm? At what pressure(s) would they occur? (NOTE: multiple answers needed for this question) *ayatm Sublimation, For chemistry help, visit © 2007 Cavalcade Publishing, All Rights Reserveddnp stbedes. *sboolnz/vp-conten/uploads2012/02Aotemleclar. Forces CY, pat Name __ Date Block POGIL: Intermolecular Forces Model 1: What is an intermolecular force? pe have learned, matter is made up of discrete particles called atoms, which chemically combine to form molecules, Molecules do not exist as independent units: in fact, groups of molecules “stick together” in order to form liquids and solids. The forces that hold groups of molecules together are intermolecular forces. Without intermolecular forces, the world as we know it would not be the same. Figure 1: Intramolecular and Intermolecular Forces * intramolecular force naoue cute? -~ intermolecular force 2 Critical Thinking Questions: 1. What specific molecule is represented inside each box in Figure 1? water 2. In relation to the box for molecule 1, where do the intramolecular forces exist in Figure 1 — inside the boxes or outside the boxes? Si 3. Based on the intramolecular forces for molecule 1, draw similar asterisks (*) for the intramolecular forces on the diagram for molecules 2 and 3. 4. In relation to the molecule, where do intrameloculae forces tend to occur — within the molecule or outside of the molecule? Mermelee4 A out Side 5. Two intermolecular forces exist in Figure 1. Where are they positioned relative to the molecules — within the Biolean ae oF between the molecules? a £6. State the difference between intermolecular and intramolecular forces in terms If of where they occur on the molecular level, nha 2 Within inter 9 DetWee #0 Page 1 of 7Model 2: What are the three types of Intermolecular forces? There are three different types of intermolecular forces: dipole-dipole interaction, i hydrogen bonding (although technically this is not a bond because it does not involve clectrons being shared or transferred), and dispersion forces Figure 2: Dipole-Dipole Interactions Critical Thinking Questions: 7. Figure 2 represents an arrangement of five molecules. What is the difference between the two ends of each molecule? t) = 8. Molecules with the property you identified in #7 are known as dipoles. Consult with your group and reach a consensus on what you think a dipole is. Write down this definition. A dipole 18 a diffaence in charged ends ot th mole 9. Consider the attractive forces shown in Figure 2. In terms of the positive and negative ends of the dipoles, where do attractive forces occur? pttweer. molcuus tard - ends 10. Consider the repulsive forces shown in Figure 2. In terms of the positive and negative ends of the dipoles, where do repulsive forces occur? yetween molicus - and — or 11.The forces described in #9 and #10 are called dipole-dipole interactions. How might dipole-dipole interactions help many molecules attract each other? w We a eas ta Ataction a rand: Page 2 of 7Read This! a paipole is most often found in polar molecules, in which the electrons are unevenly shared. s uneven sharing gives one side of the molecule a partially positive charge (6+) and the other side a partially negative charge (6). 12. What causes the dipole in polar molecules? uneven sharing ot elec tans t the partial charges at the ends of polar molecules? - + 13. What symbols are used to meee 14.In the diagram below, a hydrogen iodide rfdlecule has been drawn with its partial positive and partial negative charges. Using the three molecules in the box, draw an Attractive force between two HI molecules using a dashed line (- - -) and a repulsive force between two HI molecules using a dotted line (.. . .)- a) $2. 15. Nonpolar molecules do not form dipoles, because electrons are shared evenly. Would you expect nonpolar molecules to “stick together” more or less effectively than polar molecules? \ess 16. Explain your answer to #15 in terms of dipole-dipole interactions. \ft there are not shony “magnets” m they Will not be ve attracted we ea Other ) Page 3 of 7 axRead This! When a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine, a very strong dipole is formed. The dipole-dipole interactions that result from these dipoles are known as ; hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen bonding is an especially strong form of dipole-dipole interaction. 17.Below is a diagram of ammonia. Draw two more ammonia molecules in the box, indicating the partial positive and partial negative ends for each molecule. wy 18.In the diagram in #17 above, draw the attractive forces between the ammonia molecules with a dotted line (. . . ). Label these forces hydrogen bonds. 19. Indicate and label one covalent bond in the diagram in #17. 20.Is a hydrogen bond the same as a covalent bond? No {> 21. With your group, explain your answer to #20, including: a. How a covalent bond is formed. Shouiny ot electns b. tow staid bots toned J + d ' otnwlecules odhachen betwee c. How covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds are similar. petweer “non-mesals d. How covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds are different. y J Page 4 of 7 within . beter a3) Figure 3: Dispersion Forces Bob's sheep Akrypton atom 22, Bob’s sheep like to wander around the pasture. They could be found anywhere at any moment. How are Bob’s sheep distributed in box A? eneny 23, How are Bob's sheep distributed in box C? Are the woolly sheep evenly spread in the pasture? uneveny 24, Looking at the sheep in box C, identify a “woolly” area and a “non-woolly” area. Lable the woolly area W and the non-woolly area NW. 25.Now let's look at the krypton atoms in boxes B and D. Electrons, like sheep, like to wander around the atom. a, How many protons are in the atom ineach box? \¥ b. How many electrons are in the atom in each box? )¥ 26. Is each atom electrically neutral? Explain. yes pt = 2 Boe 50727.In box B, are the electrons evenly distributed around the nucleus? Explain. ye 28.In box D, are the electrons evenly distributed around the nucleus? Explain. Na 29.In box D, indicat 'e any area that is crowded with electrons with a where the nuclei us is exposed with a "5+", 30.Even though the krypton atom in #29 is ele have a “momentary” \e 31.Based on your answer to #30, what do you think h molecules attract to each other? lps ‘neutral atoms and nonpolar tomentary dples moveninsA > constant RINACCoNS ) Read This! Even though atoms by themselves are electrically neutral clectrons can create a momentary dipole. The dipole-dipole interactinn, among these Wants raty dipoles are known as dispersion forces. These forces, also known ox can der Waals forces, help neutral atoms and nonpolar molecules attract each other |, € momentary imbalance of 32. What causes a dispersion force to occur between two atoms or nonpolar molecules? MoveMmUs of eLictroas 33. How are dispersion forces similar to dipole-dipole interactions? attraction betwen fo + [+ 34. How are dispersion forces different to dipole-dipole interactions? \ nunpiler Novlar v as Page 6 of 7Extension Questi Questions ~ YES, you must answer these challenge questions as well! © 35. What is the diff fers , momentary dipele) Potween the formation ofan fon and the formation of a Ton > tronsterod ¢lectan MD > movemuat of chiens ? 36. The difference of electronegativity between hydrogen and bromine is 0.7, and the difference in clectronegativity between hydrogen and chlorine is 0.9. a. Which would exhibit stronger dipole-dipole interactions, HBr or HCI? HC\ b. Justify your answer. ie fo + d 4 37.Neon has 10 electrons, and krypton has 18 electrons. a, Which element do you think has a greater chance of forming a momentary 4 dipole? kay pten b. Explain your answer to part (a). mut U(hiny te moe c. Which element do you think exhibits greater dispersion forces? Laypken d. Explain your answer to part (c). moe Cttons 38,Which intermolecular forces can be found in the following molecules? () Page 7 of 7Intermolecular Forces Worksheet For each of the following com; ! pounds, determi init it to draw Lewis structures for some of these PiSauee ain terete re, Youmay ingest 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) nitrogen gas__ london dispersion. carbon tetrachloride ___ london dispesiow HS \pole= di pole, sulfur monoxide __‘Uipole- dipole ne —_lnyduegen_boadlinet — boron trihydride London dis persion i onvo__bulegu Doth w-C 07H W so poly di Le # Explain why ethyl alcohol (C:H,OH) has a higher boiling point (78.4° C) than methyl alcohol (CHAOH; 64.7°C). ” ; Bath nave hydiager- bendieg, wot ethyl alcohol ’s mass/s I gee na ag nt moc yitticult jo bil 010) 11) Rank the following by from lowest to highest anticipated boiling point: C:H., CH., Ne, H.COCH,. ° o 0 0 od u u CAy., Ne, Cat, HaloCHg » lowest mass > NGM Strongest IMF Motor oil largely consists of molecules th: ‘at consist of long chains of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached to them. Using your knowledge of intermolecular forces, why Crraen tit be better to use a compound like glycerol. ‘The formula or glycerol is CHOH(CH,OH),. Ane hydiegen iar ae Keep Hee moles teqetur, Ynabing it nore Uthalt to" evapeak Heemints fhe es phase alName: y-Lussac's Law Worksheet D ; etermine the pressure change when a constant volume of gas at 1.00 atm is heated from 20.0 °C to 30.0 °C. Vya oben x Py v TOR 7 aust | 303 (00) 5X —z\).03 at (100) | a3 #3 A container of gas is initially at 0.500 atm and 25 °C. What will the pressure be at 125 °C? \}a (o.Sdoem) —-y P oNoeim) & ——— Vv ant Yaz T ame | Uase yJo- 10cm | A gas container is initially at 47 mm Hg and 77 K (liquid nitrogen temperature.) What will the pressure be when the container warms up to room temperature of 25 °C? tla UTmmie > 4 Pemba, x ine’ > < DIK aw 4 7 248 x >| 160 oo A gas thermometer measures temperature by measuring the pressure of a gas inside the fixed volume container. A thermometer reads a pressure of 248 kPa at 0 °c. What is the temperature when the thermometer reads a pressure of 345 kPa? > oe ayy. 3H Vy 2 Quy eel 2s KPa cae ard * ark! x > g]380- © Pp v 7Ideal Gas Law Stoichiometry Worksheet ‘ 1) For the reaction 2 Hz) + Oz) > 2 Hj, how. man liters of water can be made from 5 L of oxygen gas and an excess of hydrogen a(STP?) a Ut a oe 2a LHe 4 IO LH, ) MWwiO> } mol Ho 2) How many li sr of water can be made from 55 grams of oxygen gas and an excess of hydrogen 4 22.4 LH 1 mol Had 477 LHA0 3) How many liters of water can be made from 55 grams of oxygen gas and an excess of hydrogen at a pressure of 12.4 atm and a temperature of 85° C? Pveney i 1.114 Gauam{ x ) = (i741) o.osa sss) se X= YGO7SLOs\ 1 mol Oo} 2 mol Hao} 22-4 L Ayo 334 102 4 mol 09 » Git 4) How many liters of water can aye from 34 grams of oxygen gas and an excess amount of hydrogen gas amdh3o | 4246 Ho {us LH 30 Ba. Jj? | pol ho 5) Dna, + Nac, ) — Cla a. Balance the above reaction. b. What volume of chlorine gas, measured €t STP/is necessary for the complete reaction of 4.81 g of sodium metal, Yiglqha} | mwtvo | 1 molCla) 24 UCle Jo3u ve Y Faaad gee Pa moval 7 mollis TT 2)77.0LH,0 Answers: 1) 10.0LH,0 4)35.0LH,0 3)8.15L 1,0 5)a) 2,1, 2b) 2.34L CO; 276) City * FD Oxy 36044 + _4H,.0, a. Balance the above reaction. b. What volume of oxygen gas at 25°C and 1.04 atm is needed for the complete combustion of 5.53 g of propane? $534 03H | mol Getty , 2 O18 Pie NRT Yaoi GC 3118 o (j.oHed\(y) =( 0.15! agai) ante) X= AMY LCsHy] med 34, FT mol Oa \Q4 LO> 4! a4 LGHy ) mets) I mol Oy 7) LK.MnO,q Cy) ———>-AKMNO co ZKCly 7 a. Balance the above reaction. b. What volume of Cl,(g), measured@t STP)is needed to produce 10.0 g of KMnO,? iaogtao| \ nol Handy | | mol Cl | 32: Lcl> 6-704 L ba 0. mo) LNaOy y mol Cy a S604 ENM04 | 2 oe 8)__MG.Nayy #2 HO) ——- 29% + NH) ‘a. Balance the above reaction. | b. If 10.3 g of magnesium nitride is treated with 10.3 g of water, what volume of & ted at 24°C and 0.989 atm? U onia gas would be collec (10.3 sysn3) 1 mots | &_ovel Sh | 73 pHs - Gdup hn, Troway qgsN> 1 rig 3N> ym NH 10.34 Hao) 1 wit 2_molvis 34 gbls uu Bly 4 Noo 3 mo! Hao » rw NH3 * Pyne sa).aan 9) 2 Clyy + CH)? —— CH2Clan = (0.a0sslo8 ; a. Balance the’ above reaction. (ortsdatm YL xl = Fw » What volume of Cl, will be needed to make 75.0 grams of C;H,Cl, at 24.0°C and mm Hg? 75 Cae Hach |) mol 9 5 Guy zim PveneT J Won 8304 7 mo (773mmrig = (o.447mei\L e447 BY X¥2 IPL CaHaCYy] 4 yeidatyCl mol Ch. 9.44 oe, 2a.4 v Cattatly 1 molCataclyl nid 10) Le Cithyy + LT Ogg > NV COny) + 18 H.0 - 3, Balance the above reaction.” “ a ED GLa b. How many grams of water would be produced if 20.0 liters of ©, gas were burned at a temperature of -10.0°C and a pressure of 1.3 atm? sain anny 1,a04mdl Gal 1% moi Hoe | 1.0 \ (1 getmY@ootoa) » » (oosar\ aed) ra ae Jeg 1 B04 mot Oz. Answers: 6)a)1,5,3,4b)148L0, 7)a)2,1,2,2 b)0.709LCl, — 8)a) 1,3,3,2 b) 5.03 LNH; 9)a)2,1,1 b)21.4LCh 10) a)2, 25, 16, 18) 16g H,0 = as_-* ~~ ivr * € WW TV. Kv ny) Mixed Gas Laws rksheet #2 yneres and a temperature of 292°K? ‘y many moles of gas occupy 98 L at a pres [rat law is this? TY\ gos \o» ariel 4) Solve the problem \ \Vrnoles ure of 25°C, what will the pressure be? see of ©, are placed in a 30.0 L tank ata tempera a) What law is this? Qe 'p) Solve the problem perature is 20.0°C. By noon the moming when the temy Coster js filled with 35.0 L of helium in the erature has risen to 45.0°C. What is the new volume of the balloon? wis this? Croves the relationship? Hueck or decrease. a) What la b) Whatis ¢) Predict whether the v 4) Solve the problem » 3g.0L yncitarse rariable asked for will increase 4) A35 L tank of oxygens at 315 K with an intemal pressure of 190 atmospheres. How many moles of BS does the tank contain? a) What law is tis? Judea Puen Qt " (0.08215 > by Solve the problem Crqbatro L 35): nz avome! Tred with 3.5 moles of gas at a press sure of 1.0 atmosphere. What is 5) A balloon that can hold 85 L of air is infl the temperature in °C of te balloon’ Pienet a) What law is this? Lt b) Solve the problem dy, o.08al x) (voor 84) {3.5m 237 x awk “279 Uy6) CaCO, decomposes at 1200°C to form CO, gas and CaO. If 25 L of CO, are collected at 1200°C, what will \—— 3 the volume of this gas be after it cools to 25°C? a) What law is this? Nala, = Yaliy ) What is the relationship? © Q\c¢c c) Predict whether the variable asked for will increas = 4) Solve the problem ase 5.1) a wnae AAR (3pm balloon with an internal pressure of 1.00 atm and a volume of 4.50 L at 20.0°C is released. What ime will the balloon occupy at an altitude where the pressure is 0.600 atm and the temperature is ~20.0°C? a) What law is this?) Combpitud b) Solve the problem 8) There are 135 L of gas in a container at a temperature of 260°C. If the gas was cooled until the volume decreased to 75 L, what would the temperature of the gas be? a) What law is this?) = ii Vales b) What is the relationship?) , ; ect c) Predict whether the variable asked for will increase oer Ive the problem 4) Solve the pr i 2\ady & $333k > xX 75 L container holds 62 moles of gas at a temperature of 215°C. What is the pressure in atmospheres inside container? a) What law is this? JJeq\ b) Solve the problem \33 ormnh Matis the new oe“ DSHIp? | ) Predict whether the aH Mee Variab 4) Solve the problem le asked for Will increase OF decrease, Lites] InCrease On 11) A gas canister can tolerate intemal Bas is heated to 1350°C, wi} the ca a) What law is this? Tdea ») Solve the problem Cx a.or) 43.Smoil ooaivas e) X\a33e yes will explode 12) Put the following Gases in order of increa: PFESSUres up to 210 atmospheres. If aad ae 1) 42.0 L canister holding 3.5 moles of sing rate of diffusion: H,, F,, Cl, CO,,CO a) What law is this? Dalton vy y aso} 'b) What is the relationship? Qoiwe 3¢ 704 Y4ol ¢) Solve the problem Ha , co, Coa, Fa, cls 13. An unknown gas effuses 1.35 times faster than NO, what is the molar mass of the gas? 1 i Now's a a) What law is this? Qydl ae b) What is the relationShip? te lower HL mass, c) Predict whether the variable asked for will increase or decrease. 4d) Solve the problem 135 = wo }iw.5 Imo} ut