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Sediment transport with python

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 SEDIMENT
TRANSPORT
WITH PYTHON VOLUME 1
 SEDIMENT
TRANSPORT
WITH PYTHON VOLUME 1
 About the author:
,→ Civil engineer, Universidad Nacional de Huancavelica “UNH”.
Huancavelica − Peru.

,→ Hydraulic Engineering Master’s Student,

National University of Engineering“UNI.”. Lima-Peru.

Command of programming languages such as C ++, Fortran, Python,

Julia, HP PPL and adaptation to any programming language, creator of many
programs applied to Civil Engineering.

Professional experience has focused on consulting and advising in Hy-

draulic and Hydrological Engineering.

Help:
,→ E-mail : ramirezquispe1@hotmail.com
ramirezquispe1@gmail.com
ramirezquispe1@yahoo.com

Other jobs:
,→ Web : http://ramirezquispe1.blogspot.pe/
https://bit.ly/39idGPb https://bit.ly/2Iejmy8
https://bit.ly/3cqgkEQ https://bit.ly/3cAfR2W

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (4)

Dedication

To my family

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (v)

 Sediment Transport with Python - Volume 1

c Author - Editor:
Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo
Pje. Abancay No 136 - Cochamarca
ramirezquispe1@gmail.com
Huancavelica - Peru

Electronic publication available in:

http://ramirezquispe1.blogspot.com/

First digital edition - February 2021

◦
Made the Legal Deposit in the National Library of Peru N 2021-02480
ISBN: 978-612-00-6084-1

The total or partial reproduction of this book, nor its computerized

treatment, no the transmission of any form or any means, whether electronic,
mechanical, by photocopy, by registration or other methods, for profit is
allowed.
Contents

Dedication v

Contents vii

List of Tables xii

List of Figures xiii

Introduction xv

Presentation xvi

1 Sediment properties 1
1.1 Water properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Properties of an individual particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 Nominal diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.3 Screening Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.4 Sedimentation Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.5 Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.6 Particle density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (vii)

 1.2.7 Relative density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.8 Specific weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.9 Relative Specific Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.10 Submerged or Apparent Specific Weight . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.11 Velocity of fall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Properties of a set of particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.1 Called diameter d18 , d50 y d80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.2 Effective Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.3 Dispersion Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.4 Angle of repose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.5 Bed sediment properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.6 Properties of suspended sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.4.1 Density, specific gravity and viscosity of water . . . . . . 14
1.4.2 Velocity of fall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4.3 Granulometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.4.4 Sample weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.4.5 Volumetric concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2 Critical conditions for initiation of movement in non-cohesive

beds 28
2.1 Tractive force or shear stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2 Shear stress on the bed and banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3 Shields criterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4 Bonnefille y Yalin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.5 Zanke risk calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.6 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.6.1 Critical shear stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.6.2 Critical shear stress and Zanke’s formula . . . . . . . . . 35
2.6.3 Critical shear stress and flow depth . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (viii)

 2.6.4 Design of a stable unlined channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.6.5 Zanke unlined stable channel design . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.6.6 Maximum hydraulic efficiency - stable unlined channel -
Zanke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

3 Fine nature beds 54

3.1 Plane Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.2 Riples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3 Dunes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4 Antidunes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.5 Plane Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.6 Dune and anti-dune migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.6.1 Bed forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.6.1.1 Shields Abacus method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.6.1.2 Simons y Richardson (1966) Method . . . . . . 58
3.6.1.3 Liu (1957) Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.6.1.4 Van Rijn (1984) Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.7 Effective roughness methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.7.1 Van Rijn (1984) Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.7.2 Engelund y Hansen (1967) Method . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.8 Manning’s coefficient values for different bed forms . . . . . . . 66
3.9 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.9.1 Shields abacus method - Bed forms . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.9.2 Simons y Richardson (1966) Method - Bed forms . . . . 69
3.9.3 Liu (1957) Method - Bed forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.9.4 Van Rijn (1984) Method - Bed- forms . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.9.5 Manning n on sand beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.9.6 Flow, Froude number in sand beds . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.9.7 Normal depth Van Rijn - Sand beds . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.9.8 Normal depth Engelund and Hansen - Sand beds . . . . 90

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (ix)

4 Thick nature beds 95
4.0.9 Typical Manning Coefficient Values for Gravel Beds . . . 96
4.0.9.1 V.T Chow (1959) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.0.9.2 Garde y Raju (1978) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.0.9.3 Anderson, et. al. (1968) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.0.9.4 Simons, Li y Assoc. (1982) . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.0.9.5 Meyer Peter y Muller (1982) . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.1 Problemas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

5 Bedload 98
5.1 Methods for Bwdload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.1.1 Du Boys (1879) Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.1.2 Meyer Peter y Muller (1948) Method . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.1.3 Einstein - Brown (1950) Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.2 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.2.1 Du Boys - Bedload. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.2.2 Meyer Peter y Muller - Bedload. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.2.3 Einstein - Brown - Bedload. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

6 Suspended load 109

6.1 Vertical Distribution of Concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.2 Methods for solid transportation of suspension . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.2.1 Lane y Kalinske(1941) Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.2.2 Einstein (1950) Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.3 Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.3.1 Lane y Kalinske - Suspended load. . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.3.2 Einstein - Suspended load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

7 Total load 122

7.1 Bagnold (1966) Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7.2 Engelund Hansen (1967) Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (x)

 7.3 Ackersy White (1973) Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.4 Simplified expression of solid transport formulas . . . . . . . . . 124

Bibliography 126

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (xi)

List of Tables

1.1 Water properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2 Classification of particles - American Geophysical Unión . . . . 3
1.3 Mesh and aperture equivalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Granulometric distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.5 Effective diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

3.1 Bed forms - (Van Rijn, 1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

3.2 Lower flow regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.3 Upper flow regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.4 Bed forms - (Van Rijn, 1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.5 Bed forms - (Van Rijn, 1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.6 Lower regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.7 Bed forms - (Van Rijn, 1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.8 Lower regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.9 Bed forms - (Van Rijn, 1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (xii)

List of Figures

1.1 Nominal diameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2 Screening Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Falling speed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Form factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Granulometric curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6 Called diameter d18 , d50 y d80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7 Angle of repose for spheres of different diameter. . . . . . . . . . 10
1.8 Angle of repose for granular material (after Simons, 1957) . . . 11
1.9 Granulometrı́a - Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.10 Location of d50 y d90 - Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.11 Location of Effective Diameter - Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.12 Location of d16 , d50 y d84 - Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.13 Probabilistic distribution - R Rstudio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.1 Shear stress distribution in a channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

2.2 Effort at the bed and the banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3 Shields diagram for initiation of movement . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3.1 Background shapes steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (xiii)

 3.2 Dune migration (Downstream) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.3 Anti-dune migration (Upstream) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.4 Formas de fondo - Ábaco de Shields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.5 bed forms - Simons y Richardson (1966) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.6 Bed forms - Liu(1957) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.7 Roughness associated with grains and bed forms . . . . . . . . . 62
3.8 Change in Manning’s n with Discharge- River in Bangladesh . . 66
3.9 Bed forms - Shields abacus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.10 Formas de fondo - Simons y Richardson (1966) . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.11 Bed forms - Liu(1957) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

4.1 Arma river bed - Huancavelica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

5.1 Curves for the application of the DU BOYS Formula . . . . . . 99

5.2 Curvas para la aplicación de la Fórmula de DU BOYS . . . . . 102

6.1 Definition scheme for the calculation of bedload . . . . . . . . . 110

6.2 Proportional distribution of solid spending in the vertical . . . . 111
6.3 Coefficient values PL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.4 Valores de X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.5 Valores de integrales I1 y I2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.6 Coefficient values PL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
6.7 X values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6.8 Integral values I1 y I2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (xiv)

Introduction

This book is born from the experiences and some notes that I have made
during my journey as a consultant and advisor in River Engineering. It
should be clear that in this text the theoretical part on sediment transport
will not be found because there are very good books on this topic, which if
necessary are books with applications, that is why in this text you will find
very basic applications with the language of programming Python on the
equations that exist to estimate sediment transport in rivers where there are
no measurements, as in the case of Peru.

Volume 2 will continue with more applications on sediment transport

such as long-term sediment, sediment in flow catchments, scour in hydraulic
structures and others.

Special thanks are made to Dr. Máximo Villón Béjar and the MSc. Ing. Juan
Walter Cabrera Cabrera (Associate Professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering-
National University of Engineering) for his reading of the entire manuscript
and his valuable suggestions. I modestly hope that I have fulfilled my mission
and academic endeavor.

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo.

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (xv)

Presentation

The development of Engineering in the 21st century brought with it the

appearance of new information technologies, which present new challenges
in their use and practical application. Among these, the “ remote sensing ”
stands out, as a source of information, and the so-called “ big data ” and “
machine learning ” techniques, which facilitate the analysis of large amounts
of information, such as those provided remote sources.

Within this context, the need for more versatile programming languages
of similar or greater capacity than the classic Fortran 77 has been created,
which has led to the development of languages such as R and Python. It is
under this scenario that I am pleased to present the book entitled “ Sediment
Transport with Python ”, which constitutes a valuable effort to spread the
use of this language to such an important area in engineering as Sediment
Transport.

The Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo, author of the book, is a

young professional graduated from the University of Huancavelica, with
special interest in the development of computational applications applied to
Engineering, especially in the field of hydraulic engineering. The objective

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (xvi)

that encourages him to compile in this book some of the programs developed
by him is to disseminate the use and applications of the Python language not
only at an academic level but also at a professional level.

The book is written under a modern application approach: brief definitions

and basic equations, which are accompanied in all chapters by practical
applications in Python. This feature makes it especially useful for use as a
basic text at the college, undergraduate and postgraduate levels.

On behalf of the academic community, I express my congratulations and

special thanks to Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo for the contribution
made with the publication of this book.

Lima, March 2021

MSc. Juan W. Cabrera Cabrera
Associate professor
Faculty of Civil Engineering
National University of Engineering

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (xvii)

Sediment properties
1
1.1 Water properties
The fluid is a liquid that takes the shape of the container that will contain
it. The properties of water is that physical magnitude that defines it in the
state it is in. The property will depend on the water temperature T o C.

1. Density: Is defined as mass per unit volume

m
ρ= (1.1.1)
v

ρ = Water density; m = Mass of water; v = Volume of water.

2. Density kg/m3 :
 
T + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (T − 3.986)2 (1.1.2)
508929.2 (T + 68.13)

3. Kinematic viscosity m2 /s:

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (T − 15) + 0.00068(T − 15)2 10−6

(1.1.3)

ν = Kinematic viscosity of water; T = Water temperature o C.

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (1)

With the equations 1.1.2 and 1.1.3, in the Table 1.1 some properties of water
are shown for different more usual temperatures.

Table 1.1: Water properties

o
T C Density kg/m3 Viscosity m2 /s: Viscosity N.s/m2 :
0 999.87 1.758x10−6 1.758x10−3
−6
1 999.93 1.707x10 1.707x10−3
2 999.97 1.658x10−6 1.658x10−3
3 999.99 1.610x10−6 1.610x10−3
−6
4 1000.00 1.563x10 1.563x10−3
5 999.99 1.518x10−6 1.518x10−3
7 999.93 1.432x10−6 1.432x10−3
9 999.81 1.350x10−6 1.350x10−3
−6
11 999.63 1.275x10 1.275x10−3
13 999.41 1.205x10−6 1.205x10−3
15 999.13 1.140x10−6 1.140x10−3
−6
17 998.80 1.081x10 1.081x10−3
19 998.43 1.027x10−6 1.027x10−3
20 998.23 1.002x10−6 1.002x10−3
Source: Own elaboration.

1.2 Properties of an individual particle

Bed particles from the basin or bed are classified as cohesive and non-
cohesive. The cohesive particles are adhered to each other, which represents an
additional force for transport known as the cohesion force. Cohesive materials
can be found between clays and silts. Non-cohesive materials lack that cohesive
force and to be dragged by water they only oppose resistance of their weight
and shape (Rocha, 1998). Here we only consider the behavior of non-cohesive
materials

1.2.1 Size

For the classification of particle sizes there are different proposals, the boul-
ders and pebbles can be measured at the project site. That of gravels and sands

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (2)

can be measured by meshes in a laboratory just like silts and clays. According
American Geophysical Unión we can classify according to the Table 1.2.

Table 1.2: Classification of particles - American Geophysical Unión

Description Diameter
Cobbles large 250 - 4000 mm
Cobbles 64 - 250 mm
Gravel 2 - 64 mm
Sand 0.062 - 2 mm
Silt 0.004 - 0.062 mm
Clay 0.00024 - 0.004 mm

1.2.2 Nominal diameter

It is called the diameter of a sphere but whose volume is equal to that of

the particle.

Figure 1.1: Nominal diameter.

Source: Adapted from (Rocha, 1998).

1.2.3 Screening Diameter

It is the width of the opening of the mesh through which the particle is
made to pass, without taking into account its real shape or density (Sotelo,
1990). The following table shows the equivalences of meshes and openings.

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (3)

 Figure 1.2: Screening Diameter

Table 1.3: Mesh and aperture equivalence

Mesh Opening (mm)
0,742” 18,850
0,525” 13,330
0,371” 9,423
#4 4,760
#5 4,000
#8 2,380
# 10 2,000
# 18 1,000
# 20 0,840
# 30 0,590
# 35 0,500
# 40 ,420
# 50 0,297
# 60 0,250
#100 0,149
#200 0,074

1.2.4 Sedimentation Diameter

It is the terminal fall velocity of the sphere that has the same diameter and
specific weight as the particle falling into distilled water of 24o C temperature
with a relative density of 2.65. The rate of fall of silts and clays is determined
by Stokes’ law.

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (4)

 Figure 1.3: Falling speed.

1.2.5 Form

In river bed particles the form factor is approximately 0.7. It is determined

by the following equation:
c
F =√ (1.2.1)
ab

Figure 1.4: Form factor

1.2.6 Particle density

The density of the particles tells us the amount of organic matter and
minerals in a sample.

,→ In quartz particles it is: ρ = 2650 kg/m3 .

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (5)

 ,→ Basalt particles : ρ = 2700 a 2900 kg/m3 .

,→ In limestone particles : ρ = 2600 a 2800 kg/m3 .

1.2.7 Relative density

It is the relationship between the density of the solid with respect to the
water, for quartz particles the relative density is 2.65.

ρparticle
ρr = (1.2.2)
ρwater

1.2.8 Specific weight

It is the specific weight of the particle per unit volume, it is also the product
of density and gravity.
γ = ρg (1.2.3)

1.2.9 Relative Specific Weight

It is the relationship between the specific weight and the specific weight of
water.
γparticula
∆= (1.2.4)
γagua

1.2.10 Submerged or Apparent Specific Weight

It is the difference between the specific weight of the solid and the specific
weight of the water.

0
γ = γpartcle − γwater (1.2.5)

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (6)

1.2.11 Velocity of fall

It is the velocity with which a solid arrives in an unlimited fluid mass and
at rest. It is an important parameter in the study of water-sediment for the
transport of sediments, for particles the rate of fall is:

 0.5
4 (s − 1) gd
ws = (1.2.6)
3Cd
Where:
ws = Velocity of terminal fall of a sphere in fluid at rest; (m/s)
d = Dial diameter; m.
s = Specific gravity2.65; Adimensional
Cd = Drag coefficient; Adimensional
g = Acceleration of gravity; (m/s2 ).
For non-spherical particles (Van Rijn, 1993) proposes the following equa-
tions:

,→ 0.001 < d ≤ 0.1mm:

(s − 1) gd2
ws = (1.2.7)
18ν

,→ 0.1 < d ≤ 1mm:

"s  #
10ν 0.01 (s − 1) gd3
ws = 1+ −1 (1.2.8)
d ν2

,→ d > 1mm:
ws = 1.1[(s − 1) gd]0.5 (1.2.9)

1.3 Properties of a set of particles

For a set of particles a representative diameter of the sample must be
chosen. It is common to take the diameter that corresponds to 50% of the
accumulated percentage which is called d50 , for example Meyer-Peter uses the

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (7)

 so-called effective diameter, the Colorado State University (CSU) equation rec-
ommended by HEC- 18 uses the call d50 and d95 . To obtain these representative
diameters, the granuleometric curve must be made on the x axis, the diameters
and the accumulated percentage on the y axis.

100 Granulometry

80
Percent passing (%)

60

40

20

0
1
10 2 10 100 101
Material diameter (mm)

Figure 1.5: Granulometric curve

1.3.1 Called diameter d18 , d50 y d80

To obtain the representative diameters according to the case study, you

must enter the y axis and then interpolate with the granulometric curve and
in the x the representative diameter is obtained, in the Figure 1.6 It is shown
how the diameter named d18 , d50 and d80 is obtained.

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (8)

 100

80
Pocent passing (%)

60

40

20 Granulometry
d16
d50
0 d80
10 2 10 1 100 101
Material diameter (mm)

Figure 1.6: Called diameter d18 , d50 y d80

1.3.2 Effective Diameter

It is a representative diameter that is obtained as the weighted one.

X di ∆p
def = (1.3.1)
100

Where:
∆p = It is the interval in the vertical.
di = It is the mean diameter corresponding to the selected interval.

1.3.3 Dispersion Coefficients

It is a measure of particle size variability. Standard deviation:

  12
d84
σg = (1.3.2)
d16

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (9)

 Gradation coefficient:
 
1 d84 d50
Gr = + (1.3.3)
2 d50 d16

If the gradation coefficient is less than 3 they indicate a uniform grain

size or poorly graded material, values greater than 3 indicate an extended grain
size or well graded material. In well-graded beds, the occurrence of the armored
phenomenon is possible.

1.3.4 Angle of repose

It is the angle that corresponds to the maximum lateral slope that a mate-
rial can adopt before collapsing, which will depend on the size of the material
and its angularity.

v
d1 u 1
tan φ = q =u
t 2 (1.3.4)
(d1 + d2 )2 − 2d1 2 1+ d2
d1
−2

In the case of material with particles of different diameter, consider a sphere

of diameter d2 that rests on four identical spheres of diameter d1 , as shown
geometrically, the angle of repose is given by:

d2
d2
2 φ
d1 + d2 2 d1 2
( 2
(2
d1 d1
2 2
d1
d1 d1
d1 2
2

Figure 1.7: Angle of repose for spheres of different diameter.

Source: Adapted from (Julien, 2010))

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (10)

 For granular material, the angle of repose varies empirically with the grain
size and angularity of the material, as shown in the Figure 1.8.

d (mm) Side
2 slope
45 10 10
1:1 1.0

0.9
40 1
Crushed ledge rock 1:14
Very angular
0.8
φ (degree)

35 1
Very reounded 1:12 0.7

tan φ
3
30 1:14 0.6
Angular 1:2
Rounded and angular
0.5
25 1
1:24
Rounded
1
1:22 0.4
20
-2 -1
10 10 1 10
d (inches)

Figure 1.8: Angle of repose for granular material (after Simons, 1957)

1.3.5 Bed sediment properties

The particles of the river bed have the following properties that can be
found in the Soil Mechanics texts in more detail.

Vv
P = (1.3.5)
Vt

P = Porosity; Adimensional.
Vv = Volume of voids of the sample extracted from the test pit; m3 .
Vt = Total volume of the sample extracted from the test pit; m3 .

V s = V t − PV t = V t − V s (1.3.6)

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (11)

Vs = Volume of solids of sample drawn from airless test pot; m3

m
ρ= (1.3.7)
V

ρ = Material density; kg/m3 .

m = Mass of material; kg.
V = Material volume; m3 .
W
γ= (1.3.8)
V

γ = Specific weight of the material; N/m3 .

W = Mass of material; N = kgxm/S 2 .
V = Material volume; m3 .

W = γV (1.3.9)

W = Mass of material; N = kgxm/S 2 .

γ = Specific weight of the material; N/m3 .
V = Material volume; m3 .

W = ρV (1.3.10)

W = Mass of material; kg.

γ = Material density; kg/m3 .
V = Material volume; m3 .

1.3.6 Properties of suspended sediments

Suspended sediments come from the bed and they come from the basin, it
will be important to calculate the transport of suspended sediments.

Ms
C= (1.3.11)
Vt

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (12)

 C = Solids concentration; mg/L.
Ms = Kiln dried mass of solids; mg (milligrams).
Vt = Total volume of sample (water + solid); L.
Vs
Cv = (1.3.12)
Vt

Cv = Volumetric concentration; Adimensional.

Vs = Kiln dried volume of solids; L.
Vt = Total volume of sample (water + solid); L.
Mw
Cw = (1.3.13)
Mw

Cw = Weight concentration; Adimensional.

Ws = Kiln dried solids weight; Kg.
Wt = Total sample weight (water + solid); Kg.

To express suspension concentration in parts per million Cw multiplies by

106 Cppm = 106 Cw

Cppm (Parts per million concentration) a Cmg/L (Concentration mil-

ligram per liter):

GCcppm γs
Cmg/l = G= (1.3.14)
G + (1 − G) 10−6 Ccppm γ

Cmg/l = Volumetric concentration; mg/L.

γs = Specific gravity of the solid; kg/m3 o N/m3 .
γ = Specific weight of water; kg/m3 o N/m3 .

Cv (Volumetric concentration) a Cmg/L (Concentration milligram per

liter):
Cmg/l = 103 ρGCv (1.3.15)

ρ = Water density; kg/m3 .

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (13)

1.4 Problems

1.4.1 Density, specific gravity and viscosity of water

You have the water at a temperature of T = 20o C. Calculate the density

and viscosity.

Solution:

Density kg/m3 :
 
T + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (T − 3.986)2
508929.2 (T + 68.13)
 
20 + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (20 − 3.986)2
508929.2 (20 + 68.13)
ρ = 998.2335796604308kg/m3

Specific weight kg/m3 :

     
m.kg N kg kg
γ = ρg γ = ρg = ρg =ρ
s2 .m3 m3 g.N m3

γ = 998.2335796604308kg/m3

γ = 998.2335796604308x9.807
N
γ = 9789.676715729845
m3
Kinematic viscosity m2 /s:

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (T − 15) + 0.00068(T − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (20 − 15) + 0.00068(20 − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.0019999999999997x10−6 m2 /s

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (14)

 # DEVELOPER : Ing . Ramirez Quispe , Robert Marlindo
# LANGUAGE : Python
# PROGRAM : Density and Viscosity of water
# datos
o
T =20 # water temperature C
# calculation
pw =1000.*(1. -( T +288.941) * pow (T -3.986 ,2.) /(508929.2*( T +68.13)
) ) # water density kg / m3
U =(1.14 -0.031*( T -15) +0.00068*( T -15) **2) *10** -6
# Kinematic viscosity m2 / s
# result
print ( " Water density pw = " ,pw , " kg / m3 " )
print ( " Kinematic viscosity U = " ,U , " m2 / s " )

1.4.2 Velocity of fall

There is a representative diameter of the bed D50 = 0.45mm that falls in

water at a temperature of T = 20 o C, consider the specific gravity of the par-
ticle 2.65 and the acceleration of gravity g = 9.807m/s2 Calculate the velocity
of fall.

Solution:

Kinematic viscosity of water m2 /s:

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (T − 15) + 0.00068(T − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (20 − 15) + 0.00068(20 − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.0019999999999997x10−6 m2 /s

0.1 < d ≤ 1mm:

"s  #
10ν 0.01 (s − 1) gd3
ws = 1+ −1
d ν2

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (15)

 v ! 
3
−6
u
10x1.001x10 t 1 + 0.01 (2.65 − 1) 9807x(0.001x0.45)
u
ws = − 1
0.001x0.45 −6 2


1.001x10
m
ws = 0.0659234798602807
s

# DEVELOPER : Ing . Ramirez Quispe , Robert Marlindo

# LANGUAGE : Python
# PROGRAM : Velocity of fall
# input
o
T =20 # Water temperature C
d50 =0.45 # Particle diameter mm
s =2.65 # Specific gravity (2.65) or specific gravity
specific gravity / density of water
g =9.807 # Acceleration of gravity ( m / s ^ 2)
# calculation
U =(1.14 -0.031*( T -15) +0.00068*( T -15) **2) *10** -6 # Kinematic
viscosity m2 / s
if d50 >0.001 and d50 <=0.1:
ws =( s -1) * g *(0.001* d50 ) **2/(18* U )
elif d50 >0.1 and d50 <=1:
ws =10* U /(0.001* d50 ) *((1+0.01*( s -1) * g *(0.001* d50 ) **3/ U
**2) **.5 -1)
elif d50 >1:
ws =1.1*(( s -1) * g *0.001* d50 ) **.5
# resut
print ( " Kinematic viscosity U = " ,U , " m ^2/ s " )
print ( " Velocity of fall ws = " ,ws , " m / s " )

1.4.3 Granulometry

In a laboratory test, the distribution shown in table 1.4 was obtained.

Determine d50 , d65 , d90 , def f ective and dispersion coefficients ( sigmag Gr ) .
Graph the probabilistic distribution.

Solución:

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (16)

 Table 1.4: Granulometric distribution
d(mm) 0.072 0.15 0.3 0.42 0.59 1.3 2.8 4.9
% pass 0 7 18 38 57 89 96 99

Solution:

,→ Graph of granulometry, on the x axis the diameters of the particles

must be located, on the y axis the accumulated percentages must be
located.

100 Granulometry

80
Percent passing (%)

60

40

20

0
1
10 2 10 100 101
Material diameter (mm)

Figure 1.9: Granulometrı́a - Python

,→ Representative diameter called d50 y d90 , in the Figure 1.9 we enter

the axis y then we interpolate the curve to then obtain on the axis x the
diameter sought, as shown in the Figure 1.10.

d50 = 0.5274 mm
d90 = 1.5143 mm

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (17)

 100

80
Percent passing (%)

60

40

20
Granulometry
d50
0 d90
10 2 10 1 100 101
Material diameter (mm)

Figure 1.10: Location of d50 y d90 - Python

,→ Effective diameter. You must follow the steps in the Table 1.5.

X di ∆p
def ectivo =
100
Table 1.5: Effective diameter
D(mm) P (%) (Di + Di+1 )/2 Pi+1 − Pi (Di + Di+1 )/2xPi+1 − Pi
0.072 0 0.111 7 0.777
0.150 7 0.225 11 2.475
0.300 18 0.360 20 7.200
0.420 38 0.505 19 9.595
0.590 57 0.945 32 30.240
1.300 89 2.050 7 14.350
2.800 96 3.850 3 11.550
4.900 99 sum 76.187

76.187
def f ective = def f ective = 0.7619mm
100

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (18)

 100 Granulometry
Effective diameter

80
Percent passing (%)

60

40

20

0
10 2 10 1 100 101
Material diameter (mm)

Figure 1.11: Location of Effective Diameter - Python

,→ Dispersion coefficients:
In the Figure 1.9 we obtain d16 , d50 y d84 . In the Figure 1.12 the location
of these diameters is shown.

d16 = 0.2727 mm
d50 = 0.5274 mm
d84 = 1.1891 mm

Standard deviation:
  12   12
d84 1.1891
σg = σg = σg = 2.088
d16 0.2727

Gradation coefficient:
   
1 d84 d50 1 1.1891 0.5274
Gr = + Gr = + Gr = 2.0942
2 d50 d16 2 0.5274 0.2727

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (19)

 Standard deviation Gg = 2.088, gradation coefficient Gr = 2.0942 badly
graded material <3mm

100

80
Porcent passing (%)

60

40

20 Granulometría
d16
d50
0 d84
10 2 10 1 100 101
Material diameter (mm)

Figure 1.12: Location of d16 , d50 y d84 - Python

,→ Probabilistic distribution.

Granulometry
0.6
0.5
Frequency
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0

0 1 2 3 4 5

Diameter %

Figure 1.13: Probabilistic distribution - R Rstudio

This problem was developed with codes made in Python, in the following
sheet the subroutines are attached.

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (20)

 # DEVELOPER : Ing . Ramirez Quispe , Robert Marlindo
# LANGUAGE : Python
# PROGRAM : Granulometry
# data plotting
plt . plot ( dmm , xpa , marker = ’o ’ , linestyle = ’: ’ , color = ’b ’ , label
= " Granulometry " )
plt . xscale ( ’ log ’)
plt . title ( ’ Granulometry ’ , fontsize =16)
plt . xlabel ( " Mesh Diameter ( mm ) " )
plt . ylabel ( " Percent passing (%) " )
plt . grid ( True )
plt . xticks ( XL )
# d50 y d90
\ begin { lstlisting }
ld =[50 ,90]# diameters to be obtained
dc =[]# diameter list
for J in range ( len ( ld ) ) :
dp = ld [ J ]
for I in range ( len ( xpa ) -1) :
if xpa [ I ] <= dp < xpa [ I +1]:
a = xpa [ I ]
b = dmm [ I ]
c = xpa [ I +1]
d = dmm [ I +1]
xmm =( d - b ) *( dp - a ) /( c - a ) + b # diameter
dc . append ( xmm )
break
print ( " d = " + str ( dp ) + " d ( mm ) = " + str ( round ( xmm ,4) ) )
# effective diameter
defe =0
for J in range ( len ( xpa ) -1) :
dp =( xpa [ J +1]+ xpa [ J ]) /2
for I in range ( len ( xpa ) -1) :
if xpa [ I ] <= dp < xpa [ I +1]:
a = xpa [ I ]
b = dmm [ I ]

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (21)

 c = xpa [ I +1]
d = dmm [ I +1]
xmm =( d - b ) *( dp - a ) /( c - a ) + b # diametro
defe = defe +( xpa [ J +1] - xpa [ J ]) * xmm
break
defe = defe /100
# Standard deviation and coefficient of gradation
desta =[16 ,50 ,84]
ldimm =[]# diameter for each case
for J in range ( len ( desta ) ) :
dp = desta [ J ]
for I in range ( len ( xpa ) -1) :
if xpa [ I ] <= dp < xpa [ I +1]:
a = xpa [ I ]
b = dmm [ I ]
c = xpa [ I +1]
d = dmm [ I +1]
xmm =( d - b ) *( dp - a ) /( c - a ) + b # diameter
ldimm . append ( xmm )
break
print ( " d = " + str ( dp ) + " d ( mm ) = " + str ( round ( xmm ,4) ) )
Gg =( ldimm [2]/ ldimm [0]) **(.5) # Standard
deviation
Gr =.5*( ldimm [2]/ ldimm [1]+ ldimm [1]/ ldimm [0]) # Gradation
coefficient
print ( " Standard deviation Gg = " + str ( round ( Gg ,4) ) )
if Gr <3:
print ( " Gr = " + str ( round ( Gr ,4) ) + " bad graduate < 3 mm " )
else :
print ( " Gr = " + str ( round ( Gr ,4) ) + " well graduated >3 mm " )
# Probabilistic distribution of the R - Rstudio bed material :
material < - c (0.072 ,0.15 ,0.3 ,0.42 ,0.59 ,1.3 ,2.8 ,4.9)
hist ( material , main = " Granulometry " , ylab = " Frequency " , xlab
= " Diametro % " , freq = F )
curve ( dnorm (x , mean ( material , na . rm = T ) , sd ( material , na . rm
= T ) ) , add = TRUE , col = " red " )

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (22)

1.4.4 Sample weight

From a circular pit with diameter D = 1.0m and depth H = 1.80m, the
extracted material has a porosity S = 30%, water temperature T = 20 o C, spe-
cific weight of the material 2650 kg/m3 . Calculate the weight of the saturated
sample.

Solution:

Density kg/m3 :
 
T + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (T − 3.986)2
508929.2 (T + 68.13)
 
20 + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (20 − 3.986)2
508929.2 (20 + 68.13)
ρ = 998.2335796604308kg/m3

Specific weights:

N
γ = 9789.3474x9.807 −→ γ = 9789.3474
m3
Sample volume:

πD2 h πx12 x1.80

V = ; V = −→ V = 1.4137m3
4 4

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (23)

Volume of voids:

Vv = SVt ; V v = 0.3x1.4137 −→ V v = 0.42411m3

Volume of solids:

Vs = Vt − SVt ; V s = 1.4137 − 0.3x1.4137 −→ V s = 0.98959m3

Weight of dry solid in kg and N:

Ps = ρs Vs ; Ps = 2650x0.98959 −→ Ps = 2622.413kg

Ps = 2650x0.98959N −→ P = 25718.009N

Weight of the saturated solid in kg and N:

Ps = γVv + Ps Vs ; V s = 998.2x0.42 + 2650x0.98 −→ P s = 3045.76kg

Ps = 3045.76x9.807N −→ P s = 29869.769N

# DEVELOPER : Ing . Ramirez Quispe , Robert Marlindo

# LANGUAGE : Python
# PROGRAM : Sample weight
from math import pi
# data
T =20 # temperature
g =9.807 # gravity m / s ^ 2
P =0.3 # porosity of the material
Vt =1.4137 # total volume of material
ps =2650 # specific weight of the solid kg / m3
# water density
pw = round (1000.*(1. -( T +288.941) * pow (T -3.986 ,2.) /(508929.2*( T
+68.13) ) ) ,1) # water density kg / m3
Vv = P * Vt
Vs = Vt - P * Vt

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (24)

 P_kg = pw * Vv + ps * Vs # saturated weight in kg
print ( " Volume of voids Vv = " ,Vv , " m ^3 " )
print ( " Volume of solids Vs = " ,Vs , " m ^3 " )
print ( " Dry solid weight W = " , ps * Vs , " kg " )
print ( " Saturated solid weight W = " , P_kg , " Kg " )

1.4.5 Volumetric concentration

If a water sample was obtained with a bottle of 700cm3 capacity, where the
suspended solid material weighed 0.32N , calculate the volumetric concentra-
tions, by weight, in ppm and in mg/l. Assume that the sediment has a density
of 2650kg/m3 and that the density of water is 1000kg/m3 .

Solution:

Total volume sample m3 :

V 700
Vm3 = ; Vm3 = −→ Vm3 = 0.0007m3
1003 1003

Total volume sample L:

1000V 1000V
VL = ; VL = −→ VL = 0.7L
106 106

Weight of solid material kiln dried in kg:

Ws 0.32
Ws kg = ; Ws kg = −→ Wkg = 0.032629kg
g 9.807

Weight of solid material kiln dried in mg:

Ws x106 0.32x106
Ws mg = ; Ws mg = −→ Wkg = 32629.754mg
g 9.807

Volume of dry solid in m3 :

Ws kg 0.032629
Vs m3 = ; Vs m3 = −→ Vs m3 = 1.23x10−5 m3
ρs 2650

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (25)

 Volume of water in m3 :

Vagua m3 = Vm3 −Vs m3 ; Vagua m3 = 0.0007−.23x10−5 −→ Vagua m3 = 0.00068768m3

Weight of water in kg:

Wagua kg = Vagua m3 xρ; Wagua kg = 0.00069x1000 −→ Wagua kg = 0.6876kg

Volumetric concentration:

Vs m3 1.23x10−5
Cv = ; Cv = −→ Cv = 0.0175901
Vm3 0.0007

Weight concentration:

Ws kg 0.032629
Cw = ; Cw = −→ Cw = 0.045299
Wagua kg + W s kg 0.000687 + 0.032629

Concentration in solids ppm:

Cw ppm = Cw 106 ; Cw ppm = 0.045299x106 −→ Cw = 45299.181ppm

Solids concentration mg/L:

Ws mg 32629.754 mg
C= ; Cw ppm = −→ Cw = 46613.93465
VL 0.7 L

This problem was developed with a Python program.

# DEVELOPER : Ing . Ramirez Quispe , Robert Marlindo
# LANGUAGE : Python
# PROGRAM : Volumetric concentration
v =700 # sample volume in cm ^ 3 ( water and solids )
ws =0.32 # weight of solid material dried in oven N ( nethon =
kgxm / s ^ 2)
ps =2650 # density of the solid kg / m ^ 3
pw =1000 # density of water kg / m ^ 3

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (26)

 g =9.807 # gravity m / s ^ 2
v_m3 = v /100**3 # total sample volume in liters m ^ 3
v_L = v *1000 / (10 ** 6) # total sample volume in liters L
ws_kg = ws / g # weight of kiln - dried solid material
in kg ( kilogram )
ws_mg = ws / g *10**6 # weight of oven - dried solid material
in mg ( milligram )
vs_m3 = ws_kg / ps # volume of dry solid in m ^ 3
v_water = v_m3 - vs_m3 # water volume in m ^ 3
w_water_kg = v_water * pw # weight of water in kg
# G = ps / pw # dimensionless specific gravity
cv = vs_m3 / v_m3 # dimensionless volumetric concentration Vs / Vt
# Weight concentration
cw = ws_kg /( w_agua_kg + ws_kg ) # dimensionless weight
concentration Ws / Wt
# concentration by weight in parts per million cpp
cw_ppm =10**6* cw # concentration by weight in parts per
million cpp
# solid concentration
C = ws_mg / v_L # concentration of solids mg / L
print ( " Total sample volume V = " , round ( v_m3 ,13) ," m ^3 " )
print ( " Total sample volume V = " , round ( v_L ,13) ," L " )
print ( " Dry solid weight ws = " , ws_kg , " kg " )
print ( " Dry solid weight ws = " , ws_mg , " mg " )
print ( " Volume of solids Vs = " , vs_m3 , " m ^3 " )
print ( " Volume of waterV = " , v_agua , " m ^3 " )
print ( " Water weight = " , w_agua_kg , " kg " )
print ( " = == === === == === == === = " )
print ( " Volumetric concentration Cv = " ,cv , " m ^3/ m ^3 " )
print ( " Concentration by weight Cw = " ,cw , " kg / kg " )
print ( " Concentration in solids C = " , cw_ppm , " ppm " )
print ( " Solid concentration C = " ,C , " mg / L " )

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (27)

Critical conditions for initiation
2
of movement in non-cohesive
beds

2.1 Tractive force or shear stress

It is the average shear stress at the bed of a channel that is equal to the
product of the specific weight of the fluid, the hydraulic radius and the incli-
nation of the channel in non-uniform flow, the slope is the inclination of the
power line.

τo = γRS (2.1.1)

The vertical distribution of shear stress, in a very wide channel, is described

by the following equation.
τo = γ(y − h)S (2.1.2)

On the surface, for h = y, the cut is zero. At the bed h = 0 the shear stress
is:
τo = γyS (2.1.3)

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (28)

 ү

Figure 2.1: Shear stress distribution in a channel

Source: Own elaboration

2.2 Shear stress on the bed and banks

The maximum shear stress at the bed:

τo = γRS

The maximum shear stress at the edges is:

Z = 2 −→ τo = 0.75γRS Z = 3 −→ τo = 0.85γRS
Z = 4 −→ τo = 0.90γRS Z = 6 −→ τo = 0.95γRS

Figure 2.2: Effort at the bed and the banks

Source: Own elaboration

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (29)

2.3 Shields criterion
Shields (1936) showed that the initiation of the movement of a solid par-
ticle of diameter can be related between: Mobility Index (also called Shields
parameter) and instability index
.
Mobility Index:

τoc
θcr = (2.3.1)
(γs − γ) d
Where:

θcr = Mobility index

τoc = Critical shear stress kg/m2
γs = Specific weight of solid particle kg/m3
γ = Specific weight of water kg/m3
d = Mean particle diameter m

Instability Index:

V ∗d
Re∗ = (2.3.2)
u
Where:

Re∗ = Instability index

V∗ = Cutting velocity, m/s
d = Particle diameter, m
u = Kinematic viscosity of water, m2 /s

With the mobility index and instability index, you must enter the figure
2.3 and iteratively calculate the critical shear stress for a maximum tie of the
uncoated channel before the particles are in motion.

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (30)

 Figure 2.3: Shields diagram for initiation of movement
Source: Adapted from (Rocha, 1998)

2.4 Bonnefille y Yalin

Bonnefille (1963) y Yalin (1972) showed that the Shields curve could be
expressed with the following formulas:
,
1
p, = psp−p D∗ = pu2g 3 d

θcr = 0.24D∗−1 si 1 < D∗ ≤ 4

θcr = 0.14D∗−0.64 si 4 < D∗ ≤ 10
θcr = 0.04D∗−0.10 si 10 < D∗ ≤ 20
θcr = 0.013D∗0.29 si 20 < D∗ ≤ 150
θcr = 00.055 si D∗ > 150

τoc
θcr = τoc = θcr (γs − γ) d (2.4.1)
(γs − γ) d

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (31)

2.5 Zanke risk calculation
Zanke proposes to correct the mobility index θcr associated with a risk (R)
being the mobility index correctedθo . According to Zanke the risk (R) motion
of a particle is approximately 10% for each point on the Shields curve.

"   #−1
−9
θo
R = 10 +1 (2.5.1)
θcr

θo = Corrected mobility index.

θcr = Uncorrected mobility index.
R = Risk

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (32)

2.6 Problems

2.6.1 Critical shear stress

In a river the bed has a diameter d50 = 0.012m, water temperature 20o C,
consider the specific gravity of the material 2650 kg/m3 , gravity 9.807m/s2 .
Calculate the critical shear stress with the Shields criterion.

Solution:

Water density kg/m3

 
T + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 + (T − 3.986)2
508929.2 (T + 68.13)
 
20 + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 + (20 − 3.986)2
508929.2 (20 + 68.13)
ρ = 998.2335796604308kg/m3

The viscosity of water m2 /s:

u = 1.14 − 0.031 (T − 15) + 0.00068(T − 15)2 10−6

u = 1.14 − 0.031 (20 − 15) + 0.00068(20 − 15)2 10−6

u = 1.0019999999999997x10−6 m2 /s

We calculate θcr :

ps − p 2650 − 998.2335796604308
p, = p= p = 1.6546892971697575
p 998.2335796604308

! 31
 p, g  13 1.65x9.807
D∗ = d50 D∗ =
2 0.012 D∗ = 303.403
u2 1.01x10−6

D∗ > 150 θcr = 0.055

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (33)

 The critical shear stress is:

kg
τoc = θcr (γs − γ) d τoc = 0.055 (2650 − 998.23) 0.012 τoc = 1.09
m2

# DEVELOPER : Ing . Ramirez Quispe , Robert Marlindo

# LANGUAGE : Python
# PROGRAM : Critical shear stress .
from math import log10 , sqrt
# Datos
# =======
D50 =0.012 # Diameter of the representative particle in
meters
ps =2650 # Specific weight of solid kg / m3
g =9.807 # Gravity m / s2
T =20 # Water temperature for specific gravity and
viscosity
# Calculation
p =1000.*(1. -( T +288.941) * pow (T -3.986 ,2.) /(508929.2*( T +68.13) )
)
u =(1.14 -0.031*( T -15) +0.00068*( T -15) **2) *10** -6
pr =( ps - p ) / p # Relative density
D =( pr * g / u **2) **(1/3) * D50 # D * to search in what range
if D >1 and D <=4:
te =.24* D **( -1)
elif D >4 and D <=10:
te =.14* D **( -.64)
elif D >10 and D <=20:
te =.04* D **( -.1)
elif D >20 and D <=150:
te =.013* D **(.29)
elif D >150:
te =.055
Toc = te *( ps - p ) * D50 # critical shear stress
# Resultado
print ( " Critical shear stress Toc = " ,Toc , " kg / m2 " )

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (34)

2.6.2 Critical shear stress and Zanke’s formula

In a river the bed has particles with diameter d50 = 0.012m, water temper-
ature 20o C, consider the specific gravity of the material 2650 kg/m3 , gravity
9.807m/s2 . Calculate the critical shear stress with the Shields criterion for a
risk of R = 2% with the Zanke formula.

Solution:

Water density kg/m3

 
T + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 + (T − 3.986)2
508929.2 (T + 68.13)
 
20 + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 + (20 − 3.986)2
508929.2 (20 + 68.13)
ρ = 998.2335796604308kg/m3

Water viscositym2 /s:

u = 1.14 − 0.031 (T − 15) + 0.00068(T − 15)2 10−6

u = 1.14 − 0.031 (20 − 15) + 0.00068(20 − 15)2 10−6

u = 1.0019999999999997x10−6 m2 /s

We calculate θcr :

ps − p 2650 − 998.2335796604308
p, = p= p = 1.6546892971697575
p 998.2335796604308

! 13
 p, g  31 1.65x9.807
D∗ = d50 D∗ =
2 0.012 D∗ = 303.403
u2 1.01x10−6

D∗ > 150 θcr = 0.055

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (35)

 Critical shear stress is:

kg
τoc = θcr (γs − γ) d τoc = 0.055 (2650 − 998.23) 0.012 τoc = 1.090165
m2

With the Zanke equation we are going to correct the mobility index:
"   #−1 "  #−1
−9 −9
θo θo
R = 10 +1 0.02 = 10 +1 θo = 0.0460966882
θcr 0.055

Corrected critical shear stress is:

kg
τoc = θo (γs − γ) d τoc = 0.04609668 (2650 − 998.23) 0.012 τoc = 0.913691
m2

kg
The τoc uncorrected is: τoc = 1.090165 m2 y para un riesgo de R = 2% es:

kg
τoc = 0.913691 m2

# DEVELOPER : Ing . Ramirez Quispe , Robert Marlindo

# LANGUAGE : Python
# PROGRAM : Solve the Zanke equation
# : Bisection method
te =.055
a =0.000000001 # It is the minimum value that it will take
b = te # the maximum limit is te , because it is less teo
for I in range (100) :
c =( a + b ) /2
fa = R /100 -(10*( a / te ) ** -9+1) ** -1
fb = R /100 -(10*( b / te ) ** -9+1) ** -1
fc = R /100 -(10*( c / te ) ** -9+1) ** -1
if fa * fc >0:
a=c
else :
b=c
if abs ( fc ) <.00001:
break
# print ( I +1 ,a ,b , c )
teo = c

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (36)

2.6.3 Critical shear stress and flow depth

In a river the bed has particles with diameter d50 = 0.012m, water temper-
ature 20o C, consider the specific gravity of the material 2650 kg/m3 , gravity
9.807m/s2 . Calculate the normal tie for a rectangular channel of B = 200m

Solution:

Water density kg/m3

 
T + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 + (T − 3.986)2
508929.2 (T + 68.13)
 
20 + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 + (20 − 3.986)2
508929.2 (20 + 68.13)
ρ = 998.2335796604308kg/m3

The viscosity of water m2 /s:

u = 1.14 − 0.031 (T − 15) + 0.00068(T − 15)2 10−6

u = 1.14 − 0.031 (20 − 15) + 0.00068(20 − 15)2 10−6

u = 1.0019999999999997x10−6 m2 /s

We calculate θcr :

ps − p 2650 − 998.2335796604308
p, = p= p = 1.6546892971697575
p 998.2335796604308

! 13
 p, g  31 1.65x9.807
D∗ = d50 D∗ =
2 0.012 D∗ = 303.403
u2 1.01x10−6

D∗ > 150 θcr = 0.055

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (37)

 Critical shear stress is:

kg
τoc = θcr (γs − γ) d τoc = 0.055 (2650 − 998.23) 0.012 τoc = 1.090165
m2

The water depth is:

200y
τoc ≤ pRs 1.0901 = 998.233 0.0002 y = 5.7755m
200 + 2y

2.6.4 Design of a stable unlined channel

A trapezoidal channel with slope 3H : 1V , the slope is S = 0.0015m/m,

the flow is Q = 200m3 /s, the bed material is boulders with
d50 = 0.045 and d90 = 0.090m, the water temperature is T = 20o C, the angle
of repose of the particle phi = 37o . Calculate the normal tie and width for a
stable channel.

Solution:

Water density kg/m3

 
20 + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 + (20 − 3.986)2
508929.2 (20 + 68.13)

ρ = 998.2335796604308kg/m3

The viscosity of water m2 /s:

u = 1.14 − 0.031 (20 − 15) + 0.00068(20 − 15)2 10−6

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (38)

 u = 1.0019999999999997x10−6 m2 /s
ps − p 2650 − 998.2335796604308
p, = p= p = 1.6546892971697575
p 998.2335796604308
! 31
 p, g  31 1.65x9.807
D∗ = d50 D∗ =
2 0.045 D∗ = 1137.762
u2 1.01x10−6
D∗ > 150 θcr = 0.055

Critical bed shear stress:

kg
τoc = θcr (γs − γ) d τoc = 0.055 (2650 − 998.23) 0.045 τoc = 4.088121
m2

We are going to calculate the normal tie considering y = R as a first

approximation:

τoc ≤ pys 4.088121 = 998.233y0.0015 y = 2.730237m

The maximum normal depth you can take y = 2.730237m taking into account
the shear stress at the bed, because if it is calculated with a hydraulic radius,
the shear stress will be less.

Critical edge shear stress:

F = 0.85 y ka = 0.85 according to the following formulas:

0.5
tan2 (α)
  
1
α = arctan = 18.4, ka = cos (α) 1 −
z tan2 (φ)

0.5
tan2 (18.4)

ka = cos (α) 1 − −→ ka = 0.844
tan2 (37)
kg
τoc (orilla) = ka τoc = 0.844x4.088121 −→ τoc (orilla) = 3.45158
m2
τoc (orilla) ≤ F pys 3.45158 = 0.85x998.233y0.0015 y = 2.7119m
The maximum normal tie according to the shore should be y = 2.7119m

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (39)

 Designing of the channel:
De los tirantes y = 2.730237m, y = 2.7119m vwe are going to propose a tie
and for the provided flow calculate the base of the channel.
Let’s propose a depth y = 2.5m and with that
we are going to find the base of the channel:

Once the depth has been proposed, the base of the channel must be proposed:
B = 30.06613217294216m In order to validate if our result is correct, it must
be obtained Q = 200m3 /s and so on until we obtain the flow, the base must
be iterated, in this case it is obtained with a program developed in the Python
language.

A = By + Zy 2 A = 30.06613x2.5 + 3x2.52 A = 93.915m2

√ √
P = B + 2y 1 + Z 2 P = 30.06613 + 2x2.5 1 + 32 P = 45.8775m
A 93.915
R= R= R = 2.0470m
P 45.8775
m1/2
   
12R 12x2.0470
C = 18log C = 18log C = 38.4308
2d90 2x0.090 s
√ √ m
v = C RS v = 38.4308 2.0470x0.0015 v = 2.129577
s
m3
Q = vA Q = 2.129577x93.915 Q = 200.0
s

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (40)

 For a flow of Q = 200m3 /s the dimensions are:

Let’s calculate the shear stress at the bed:

kg
τo = pRS τo = 998.2335x2.0470x0.0015 τo = 3.1321
m2

kg
The shear stress at the bed τo = 3.1321 m2 is less than the critic τoc =

kg
3.4515 m2 (Lower is from the shores)

Other sections are shown in the following Figures

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (41)

2.6.5 Zanke unlined stable channel design

A trapezoidal channel has a tie and width with slopes 3H : 1V , the slope is
S = 0.0015m/m. The flow rate is Q = 200m3 /s, the bed material is boulders
with d50 = 0.045 and d90 = 0.090m. The temperature of the water is T = 20o C,
the angle of repose of the particle phi = 37o . Calculate the strap and width
for a stable channel with a risk R = 2 %

Solution:

Water density kg/m3

 
20 + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 + (20 − 3.986)2
508929.2 (20 + 68.13)

ρ = 998.2335796604308kg/m3

The viscosity of water m2 /s:

u = 1.14 − 0.031 (20 − 15) + 0.00068(20 − 15)2 10−6

u = 1.0019999999999997x10−6 m2 /s
ps − p 2650 − 998.2335796604308
p, = p= p = 1.6546892971697575
p 998.2335796604308
! 31
 p, g  31 1.65x9.807
D∗ = 2
d50 D∗ =
2 0.045 D∗ = 1137.762
u 1.01x10−6
D∗ > 150 θcr = 0.055

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (42)

 With the Zanke equation the Mobility Index is corrected:
"   #−1 "  #−1
−9 −9
θo θo
R = 10 +1 0.02 = 10 +1 θo = 0.0460966882
θcr 0.055

Corrected critical shear stress is:

kg
τoc = θo (γs − γ) d τoc = 0.04609668 (2650 − 998.23) 0.045 τoc = 3.426397
m2

Critical shear stress at the bed:

We are going to calculate the water level depth considering y = R as a first
approximation:

τoc ≤ pys 3.426397 = 998.233y0.0015 y = 2.288306m

The maximum depth you can take is y = 2.288306m taking into account the
shear stress at the bed, because if it is calculated with Hydraulic Radius the
shear stress will be less.

Critical shear stress on the banks:

According to Table F = 0.85 y ka = 0.85 according to the following formulas:
!0.5
  2
1 tan (α)
α = atan = 18.4o ka = cos (α) 1 −
z tan (φ)2

!0.5
tan (18.4)2
ka = cos (18.4) 1 − ka = 0.844
tan (37)2

kg
τoc (orilla) = kaτoc τoc (orilla) = 0.844x3.426397 τoc (orilla) = 2.89289
m2
τoc (orilla) ≤ F pys 2.89289 = 0.85x998.233y0.0015 y = 2.27295m
The maximum depth according to the shore should be y = 2.27295m

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (43)

 Designing of the channel:
From the depths y = 2.730237m y y = 2.7119m we are going to propose a
depth and for the provided flow calculate the base of the channel.
Let’s propose a depth y = 2.5m and with that
we are going to find the width of the channel:

Once the depth is proposed, the base of the channel must be proposed:
B = 30.06613217294216m In order to validate if our result is correct, the flow
rate must be calculated, which is Q = 200m3 /s and so on until we obtain the
flow, the base must be iterated, in this case it is obtained with a program
developed in the Python language.

A = By + Zy 2 A = 45.9734x2.0 + 3x2.52 A = 103.9468m2

√ √
P = B + 2y 1 + Z 2 P = 45.9734 + 2x2.0 1 + 32 P = 58.622m
A 103.9468
R= R= R = 1.77315m
P 58.622
m1/2
   
12R 12x1.77315
C = 18log C = 18log C = 37.3077
2d90 2x0.090 s
√ √ m
v = C RS v = 37.3077 .77315x0.0015 v = 1.9240
s
m3
Q = vA Q = 1.9240x103.9468 Q = 200.0
s

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (44)

 For a flow of Q = 200m3 /s the dimensions are:

Let’s calculate the shear stress at the bed:

kg
τo = pRS τo = 998.2335x1.77315x0.0015 τo = 2.655
m2

kg
The shear stress at the bed τo = 2.655 m 2 is less than the critic τoc =

kg
2.89289 m2 (Lower is from the shores).

Other sections are shown in the following fFigures.

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (45)

2.6.6 Maximum hydraulic efficiency - stable unlined
channel - Zanke

A trapezoidal channel has a slope of 3H : 1V , the slope is S = 0.0015m/m.

The flow rate is Q = 50m3 /s, the bed material is boulders with d50 = 0.045
and d90 = 0.090m. The temperature of the water is T = 20o C, the angle of
repose of the particle phi = 37o . Calculate the strap and width for a stable
channel with a risk R = 2 %

Solution:

Water density kg/m3

 
20 + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 + (20 − 3.986)2
508929.2 (20 + 68.13)

ρ = 998.2335796604308kg/m3

The viscosity of water m2 /s:

u = 1.14 − 0.031 (20 − 15) + 0.00068(20 − 15)2 10−6

u = 1.0019999999999997x10−6 m2 /s
ps − p 2650 − 998.2335796604308
p, = p= p = 1.6546892971697575
p 998.2335796604308
! 31
 p, g  31 1.65x9.807
D∗ = d50 D∗ =
2 0.045 D∗ = 1137.762
u2 1.01x10−6
D∗ > 150 θcr = 0.055

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (46)

 With the Zanke equation we are going to correct the mobility index:
"   #−1 "  #−1
−9 −9
θo θo
R = 10 +1 0.02 = 10 +1 θo = 0.0460966882
θcr 0.055

The corrected critical shear stress is:

kg
τoc = θo (γs − γ) d τoc = 0.04609668 (2650 − 998.23) 0.045 τoc = 3.426397
m2

The critical shear stress on the banks:

According to table F = 0.85 y ka = 0.85 according to the following formulas:
!0.5
tan (α)2
 
1
α = atan = 18.4o ka = cos (α) 1 −
z tan (φ)2

!0.5
tan (18.4)2
ka = cos (18.4) 1 − ka = 0.844
tan (37)2

kg
τoc (orilla) = kaτoc τoc (orilla) = 0.844x3.426397 τoc (orilla) = 2.89289
m2
Channel design:
To design for maximum hydraulic efficiency the channel shear stress must be
kg kg
less than the following values 3.426397 m 2 y τoc (orilla) = 2.89289 m2

We are going to demonstrate the equations to use the value k = 2d 90.

√
 
12R
Q = vA v = C RS C = 18log
k
√ √
 
12R 
Q = 18log RSA M EH B = 2y 1+ z2 −z
k
√ 
2
A = By + Zy A = 2y 1+ z2 − z y + Zy 2
√ √  √
P = B + 2y 1 + Z2 P = 2y 1+ z2 − z + 2y 1 + Z 2

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (47)

 √
!
2x12y 1 + z 2 − z y + Zy 2
Q = 18log √
√

k 2y 1 + z 2 − z + 2y 1 + Z 2
s √
√
2y 1 + z 2 − z y + Zy 2 
√
√ Sy 1 + z 2 − z y + Zy 2 (2.6.1)
2y 1 + z 2 − z + 2y 1 + Z 2
Replacing the values::
√
!
2x12y 1 + 32 − 3 y + 3y 2
50 = 18log √
√

0.18 2y 1 + 32 − 3 + 2y 1 + 32

s √
√
2y 1 + 32 − 3 y + 3y 2 
√
√ 0.0015y 1+ 32 − 3 y + 3y 2
2y 1 + 32 − 3 + 2y 1 + 32
We obtain y = 2.97619954753476m
o solve and implement in a programming language the equation can be
simplified as follows:

r
Sy  √

6y 
Q = 18log 2 1 + z2 − z y2
k 2
r
6 S  √ 2

A= B = 18 2 1+z −z
k 2
To solve with Newton’s method:
0
5 0 f (x)
f (y) = log (Ay) By − Q
2 log(f (x)) =
f (x) ln (10)

5
0 5 3 By 2
f (x) = By 2 log (Ay) +
2 ln (10)

r
6 S  √ 
A= B = 18 2 1 + z2 − z
k 2
So the normal depth is:

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (48)

 We obtainy = 2.97619954753476m

√  √ 
B = 2y 1 + z2 − z B = 2.976 1 + 32 − 3

B = 0.9659413975362614m

√  √ 
A=y 1 + z 2 − z y + Zy 2 A = 2.976 1 + 32 − 3 2.976 + 3x2.9762

A = 29.4481m2
√  √ √  √
P =y 1+ z2 − z +2y 1 + Z2 P = 2.976 1 + 3 − 3 +2x2.976 1 + 32
2

P = 19.789m
m1/2
   
A 29.448 12R 12x1.488
= R = 1.488m C = 18log = 18log = 35.93
P 19.789 k 0.18 s
√ √ m
v = C RS = 35.93 1.488x0.0015 v = 1.6979
s
m2
Q = vA Q = 1.6979x29.448 = 50.000
s
Let’s calculate the shear stress at the bed:

kg
τo = pRS τo = 998.2335x1.488x0.0015 τo = 2.228206
m2

kg
We can see that the τo = 2.228206 m2 is less than the critical shear stress

kg kg
τoc (bed) = 3.426397 m2 y τoc (Bank) = 2.89289 m2

The code to design uncoated channels in Maximum Hydraulic Efficiency is

attached.

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (49)

 # DEVELOPER : Ing . Ramirez Quispe , Robert Marlindo
# LANGUAGE : Python
# PROGRAM : Design channel Maximum hydraulic efficiency
# : Zanke risk
# : Newton ’s method
from math import log10 , sqrt , atan , pi , tan , cos , log , exp
# shear stress data
# =======
D50 =0.045 # diameter of the representative particle in
meters
D90 =0.090 # diameter D90
ps =2650 # specific weight of solid kg / m3
s =0.0015 # river bed slope
g =9.807 # gravity m / s2
T =20 # temperature
R =2 # Zanke % reliability
# calculate function of TO enter specific weight of water kg
/ m3
p =1000.*(1. -( T +288.941) * pow (T -3.986 ,2.) /(508929.2*( T +68.13) )
)
u =(1.14 -0.031*( T -15) +0.00068*( T -15) **2) *10** -6 # calculates
function of T O kinematic viscosity of fluid m2 / s
# dato para canal
fi =37 # particle angle of repose
z =3 # channel slope 2 H : 1 V the vertical part
Q =50 # flow in m3 / s
F =0.85 # 0.75 ?. y . S depends on slope for canal
# shields parameter calculation
# ==== original diagrams =========
pr =( ps - p ) / p # density ro
D =( pr * g / u **2) **(1/3) * D50 # D *
if D >1 and D <=4:
te =.24* D **( -1)
elif D >4 and D <=10:
te =.14* D **( -.64)
elif D >10 and D <=20:

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (50)

 te =.04* D **( -.1)
elif D >20 and D <=150:
te =.013* D **(.29)
elif D >150:
te =.055
nom =[ " Shields " ," Shields and rick Zanke ( R ) " ]
for J in range (2) :
Toc = te *( ps - p ) * D50 # critical shear stress
y = Toc /( p * s ) # water level height
k =2* D90 # river roughness
c =18* log10 (12* y / k ) # c for chezy
v = c * sqrt ( y * s )
q=v*y
# = = = = = = = = = = = = = = == = = = = = =
a =0.000000001 #
b = te # e
for I in range (100) :
c =( a + b ) /2
fa = R /100 -(10*( a / te ) ** -9+1) ** -1
fb = R /100 -(10*( b / te ) ** -9+1) ** -1
fc = R /100 -(10*( c / te ) ** -9+1) ** -1
if fa * fc >0:
a=c
else :
b=c
if abs ( fc ) <.00001:
break
# print ( I +1 ,a ,b , c )
print ( " = == === === == === == === = " )
print ( nom [ J ])
print ( " = == === === == === == === = " )
print ( " density ro = " , pr )
print ( " D * = " ,D )
print ( " cr = " , te )
print ( " critical shear stress Toc = " ,Toc , " kg / m2 " )
print ( " equivalent water heady = " ,y , " m " )

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (51)

 print ( " river roughness k = " ,k )
print ( " chezy c = " ,c )
print ( " Fluid velocity = " ,v , " m / s " )
print ( " specific flow = " ,q , " m3 / s / m " )
te = c # cr changes with risk Zanke ( R )
# edge shear stress
alf = atan (1/ z )
ka = cos ( alf ) *(1 - tan ( alf ) **2/ tan ( fi *180/ pi ) **2) **.5
Toc_orr = ka * Toc
yo = Toc_orr /( F * p * s ) # height of water level according to banks
print ( " =============== " )
print ( " slope shear stress Toc " )
print ( " =============== " )
print ( " slope slope alpha = " , alf *180/ pi )
print ( " ka = " , ka )
print ( " Toc bank = " , Toc_orr )
print ( " and according to shores = " , yo )
# channel sizing
k =2* D90
# = = == == = == == = == = == === =
# propose depth and find you the width
# = = == == = == == = == = == === =
# Newton to calculate depth
AA =6/ k
BB =18* sqrt ( s /2) *(2* sqrt (1+ z **2) -z )
y =0.99
yf =0.98
for I in range (40) :
y = yf
fx = BB * y **(5/2) * log10 ( AA * y ) -Q
dfx =5/2* BB * y **(3/2) * log10 ( AA * y ) + BB * y **(5/2) /( y * log (10) )
yf =y - fx / dfx
if abs (y - yf ) <.00001:
break
# = = == == = == == = == = == === =
y = yf

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (52)

 B =2* y *( sqrt (1+ z **2) -z )
A = B * y + z * y **2
P = B +2* y *(1+ z **2) **.5
R=A/P
c =18* log10 (12* R / k ) # c de chezy
v = c * sqrt ( R * s )
Q=A*v
print ( " =============== " )
print ( " Channel design " )
print ( " =============== " )
print ( " calculated depth y = " ,y , " m " )
print ( " Calculated base B = " ,B , " m " )
print ( " T = " ,B +2* z * yo , " m " )
print ( " Are A = " ,A , " m2 " )
print ( " Perimeter P = " ,P , " m " )
print ( " Hydraulic Radio R = " ,R , " m " )
print ( " Rugosityks = " ,k )
print ( " Chezy c = " ,c , " m ^(1/2) / s " )
print ( " velocity v = " ,v , " m / s " )
print ( " Flow Q = " ,Q , " m / s " )
if Toc_orr > p * R * s :
print ( " OK " )
else :
print ( " no " )
print ( " To = " ,p * R *s , " kg / m2 " )
print ( " b / y = " ,2*( sqrt (1+ z **2) -z ) -B /y , " must be zero " )

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (53)

Fine nature beds
3
The bed forms are important because they participate in the transport of
sediments and because the roughness of the bed depends on it. Background
forms occur with all property in sand beds, while in rivers with gravel and
in rivers with coarse materials granulometry seems to be not present; I know
instead it distinguishes larger shapes, which is why these are called citep vide
mesoforms. This considerably restricts the practical importance because our
rivers are few of sand in Peru.

3.1 Plane Bed

It is the initial stage when the speed is very small; the smallest particles
go into suspension.

3.2 Riples
When the tractive force is exceeded, wrinkles are formed (rizos or ripples),
they appear with fine sand < 0.6mm its presence indicates that the movement
is not rough turbulent in the background citep vide. There is an increase in
resistance (n Manning) and a decrease in (C Chézy) (Rocha, 1998). Normally

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (54)

the curls start at speeds greater than 10 − 20% of the critical initiation speed,
the length is less than the water depth L = 0.5h and the number of froude is
less than 1 (Fr << 1) (Van Rijn, 1993). .

3.3 Dunes
If the velocity is increased, triangular undulations with very different slopes
appear, upstream it is very smooth and downstream it is very marked. The
dunes have a length greater than the depth of the water L = 7.3h citep vrijn.
If the flow is subcritical and it is the type of flow that generally occurs in
these types of rivers where the slope is low, the depth decreases in the ridges
where the speed is increasing, that causes upstream of the ridge to erode and
downstream sedimentation is how the migration of the dunes is downstream.
The number of froude is less than 1 (Fr < 1)

3.4 Antidunes
Increasing the velocity more, the dunes lengthen until they are swept, leav-
ing a flat or transitional bed, and then the bed undulates into symmetrical
forms called antidunes, the free surface presents a strong undulation which
indicates that the hydraulic regime of the current it’s fast citep vide. If the
supercritical flow as the speed increases from less to more, upstream it sed-
iments and downstream it erodes, this is how the migration of antidunes is
upstream. The number of froude is greater than 1 (Fr > 1)

3.5 Plane Bed

It is the initial stage when the speed is very small; the smallest particles
go into suspension.

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (55)

 Plane Bed

Rizos

Dunes

Antidunes

Figure 3.1: Background shapes steps

Source: Adapted from (Rocha, 1998).

3.6 Dune and anti-dune migration

For the analysis of the migration of dunes and antidunes, the effect of the
subcritical and supercritical flow velocity should be analyzed when there is a
harrow. In the dunes Fr < 1 the migration occurs downstream Figure 3.2 and
the antinudas Fr > 1 the migration occurs upstream Figure 3.3.

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (56)

 Sub-critical Downstream
Sedimentation
Erosion

Dunes

Figure 3.2: Dune migration (Downstream)

Super-critical
Upstream Erosion

Sedimentation

Antidunes

Figure 3.3: Anti-dune migration (Upstream)

3.6.1 Bed forms

There are various criteria to deduce the bed forms, we present some meth-
ods

3.6.1.1 Shields Abacus method

It uses the Shields abacus 3.4, which results in a different area for each
form above the line of movement, it can be seen that the wrinkles correspond
to smooth turbulent movement and that they are different for flat bed and
dunes (Vide, 2003). To obtain the bed forms, you can calculate:
On the axis x instability index:

v∗D
Re∗ = (3.6.1)
u

v ∗ = bed-shear velocity m/s; D = Representative bed diameterm; u = Kine-

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (57)

matic viscosity of the fluid m2 /s. On the axis y mobility index:

τo
T = (3.6.2)
(γS − γ) D

τo = bed-shear stress kg/m2 ; γS = Specific weight of the solid N/m3 ; γ =

Specific weight of water N/m3 ; D = Representative bed diameter

Rizos Dunes
Plane bed

No motion

Figure 3.4: Formas de fondo - Ábaco de Shields

3.6.1.2 Simons y Richardson (1966) Method

They proposed as a function of the representative diameter of the bed to

enter in the x axis and shear stress in the bed.
Shear strength:
τb,c = γRS (3.6.3)

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (58)

 On the y axis, it must be entered with shear stress multiplied by the average
bed velocity tau ∗ v in the Figure 3.5

Antidunes
Plane bed

Dunes

No motion

Material diameter

Figure 3.5: bed forms - Simons y Richardson (1966)

3.6.1.3 Liu (1957) Method

Liu proposed the classification according to Figure 3.6 as a function of the

instability index and the relationship of bed-shear velocity and velocity fall.

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (59)

 On the axis x instability index:

v∗D
Re∗ = (3.6.4)
u

v ∗ = Bed-shear velocity m/s; D = Representative bed diameter m; u = Kine-

matic viscosity of the fluid m2 /s.
On the axis y mobility number:

v∗
(3.6.5)
Ws

v ∗ = Bed-shear velocity m/s; Ws = velocity fall. m/s.

Super-critical

Sub-critical Plane bed or anti-dunes

Plane

Dunes

Figure 3.6: Bed forms - Liu(1957)

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (60)

3.6.1.4 Van Rijn (1984) Method

He proposed the classification based on the particle parameter and the

shear stress parameter
Particle parameter:

 0 1/3
∗ ρg
D = d (3.6.6)
u2
Shear stress parameter:

0
τb,c − τb,c
T = (3.6.7)
τb,c

 v 2
τb,c = ρg
C0

 
0 12h
C = 18 log
3d90
τb,c = Critical shear stress.
On the Table 3.1 with the shear stress parameter and the particle parameter
we can obtain the type of bed form.

Table 3.1: Bed forms - (Van Rijn, 1993)

Particle size
Transport regime
1 ≥ D* ≥ 10 D* ≥ 10
0≤T≤3 Mini-Ripples Dunes
Inferior 3 <T ≤ 10 mega-ripples and dunes dunes
10 < ≤ 15 dunes dunes
Transition 15 < T ≤ 25 washed-out dunes, sand waves
25 ≤ 25, Fr < 0.8 (symmetrical) sand waves
Upper
25 ≤ 25, Fr ≥ 0.8 plane bed and/or anti-dunes
Source: Principles of Sediment Transport in Rivers (Van Rijn, 1993)

v = Velocity of water m/s; u = Viscosity of water m2 /s

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (61)

3.7 Effective roughness methods
In sand beds where bed forms are produced, the roughness of the bed is
given by roughness associated with grains and roughness associated with bed
forms.

Grain Bed forms

Figure 3.7: Roughness associated with grains and bed forms

3.7.1 Van Rijn (1984) Method

Van Rijn proposes to decompose the absolute roughness into:

0 00
ks,c = ks,c + ks,c (3.7.1)

Where:
0
ks,c = Roughness height associated with the grain.
00
ks,c = Roughness height associated with the bed form.

Replacing in the Chezy equation:

 
12R
CC = 18 log (3.7.2)
ks,c

0
For calculation of ks,c (Van Rijn, 1993) proposes:
Lower regime:
θ<1 =⇒ ks,c = 3d90 (3.7.3)

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (62)

 Upper regime:
θ≥1 =⇒ ks,c = 3d90 θ (3.7.4)

To get θ:
v∗2 p
θ= ; v∗ = gRs (3.7.5)
(s − 1) gd50
If there is overlap of bed forms, to calculate the roughness height related
00
to the shape ks,c , (Van Rijn, 1993) proposes:

00 00 00 00
ks,c = ks,r + ks,d + ks,sw (3.7.6)

00
ks,r = Form-roughness related to ripples.
00
ks,d = Form-roughness related to symmetrical dunes
00
ks,sw = Form-roughness related to symmetrical sand waves.

Roughness related to ripples:

 
00 ∆r
ks,r = 20γd ∆r (3.7.7)
λr

∆r = Ripples height.
λr = Ripples length.
γd = Ripple presence factor ( 1.0 for ripples alone , 0.7 for ripples superimposed
on dunes or dunes or sand waves)

Ripples dimensions for 1≤ D∗ ≤ 10 y 3 ≤ D∗ ≤ 10:

∆r
= 0.02 1 − e−0.1T (10 − T ) ;


λr = 0.5h (3.7.8)
h
Dune roughness is determined by:

 −25∆d

00
ks,d = 1.1γd ∆d 1 − e λd
(3.7.9)

∆d = Dune height.

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (63)

λd = Dune length.
γd = Dune presence factor 0.7.
Dune dimensions.
 0.3
∆d d50
1 − e−0.5T (25 − T )


= 0.11 (3.7.10)
h h

λd = 7.3h (3.7.11)

The waves
The waves are negligible with respect to the other forms therefore it is consid-
ered 0. Dimensions of the waves:

∆s,w = 0.15 1 − e−0.5(T −15) 1 − F r2

(3.7.12)

λs,w = 10h (3.7.13)

3.7.2 Engelund y Hansen (1967) Method

It is based on considering that the total shear stress acting on the bed and
can be expressed as follows:

0 00
τb,c = τb,c + τb,c (3.7.14)

Where:
0
τb,c = shear stress acting related to grain.
00
τb,c = shear stress related to form.

Replacing in the Chezy equation:

 0 0.5  0 
0.5 h 12h
C = 2.5g ln (3.7.15)
h 2.5d50

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (64)

h = normal water depth.
d50 =Diameter 50 of the bed material.
 0
0 θ
h = depth associated with grain roughness θ
h.

(v∗ )2
θ= (3.7.16)
(s − 1) gd50

Lower regime:
0
θ ≤ 0.7 =⇒ θ = 0.06 + 0.4θ2 (3.7.17)

Upper regime:
0
0.7 < θ ≤ 1 =⇒ θ =θ (3.7.18)

0
−0.56
θ≥1 =⇒ θ = 0.3 + 0.7θ−1.8 (3.7.19)

0
To calculate v∗,c is:
0
p 0
v∗,c = θ (s − 1) gd50 (3.7.20)

0 2
0 v∗,c
h = (3.7.21)
gS
The mean velocity is of the flow
 0 
0.5 0 12h
v = 2.5g v∗,c ln (3.7.22)
2.5d50

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (65)

3.8 Manning’s coefficient values for different
bed forms
For beds of a fine nature, Manning’s n depends on the bed forms that
are presented, it changes from values as large as 0.040 to as small as 0.012
(Karaki, 1993). In tha Figure 3.8 we can observe the change of n Manning and
the discharge into the Bangladesh river.

Table 3.2: Lower flow regime

Ripples 0.018 ≤ n < 0.028
Dunes 0.020 ≤ n ≤ 0.040
Source: (Karaki, 1993).

From the Table 3.2 it can be seen that the n is higher for dunes and ac-
cording to the Table 3.3 it is minimum when the bed is flat or anti-Indian. The
same is observed in the Figure 3.8 when the flow rate is lower, the Manning n
increases.

Table 3.3: Upper flow regime

Plane bed 0.010 ≤ n < 0.013
Anti-dunes
Standing waves 0.010 ≤ n < 0.015
Breaking waves 0.012 ≤ n < 0.020
Chute y Pools 0.018 ≤ n < 0.035
Source: (Karaki, 1993)

Discharge, millions of cfs

Figure 3.8: Change in Manning’s n with Discharge- River in Bangladesh

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (66)

3.9 Problems

3.9.1 Shields abacus method - Bed forms

In a base channel B = 200m the water depth is y = 2.7003m, average slope

of the bed S = 0.0002m/m. The particles of the bed according to the granu-
lometry is given by d50 = 0.35mm. The density of solids is ρs = 2650kg/m3 .
◦
Consider the water temperature T = 20 C. What kind of form is presented
with the Shields abacus method.

Solution:

Density kg/m3 :
 
T + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (T − 3.986)2
508929.2 (T + 68.13)
 
20 + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (20 − 3.986)2
508929.2 (20 + 68.13)
ρ = 998.2335796604308kg/m3

Kinematic viscosity m2 /s:

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (T − 15) + 0.00068(T − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (20 − 15) + 0.00068(20 − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.0019999999999997x10−6 m2 /s

On the axis x instability index:

r
∗
p ∗ 200x2.7003
v = gRs; v = 9.807x x0.0002 =⇒ v ∗ = 0.0718m/s
200 + 2x2.7003

0.35
∗ v∗D ∗ 0.0718x 1000
Re = ; Re = =⇒ Re∗ = 25.08
u 1.0019x10−6

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (67)

 On the axis y mobility index:

200x2.7003
τo = ρRs; τo = 998.23x x0.0002 =⇒ τo = 0.5249kg/m2
200 + 2x2.7003

τo 0.5249
T = ; T = 0.35 =⇒ T = 0.91
(γS − γ) D (2650 − 998.23) 1000

Ripples
Dunes Plane bed

No motion

Figure 3.9: Bed forms - Shields abacus

With the values of Re∗ = 25.08 y T = 0.91 we entered Shields abacus, in

the Figure 3.9 the phase corresponds to dunes.
# DEVELOPER : Ing . Ramirez Quispe , Robert Marlindo
# LANGUAGE : Python
# PROGRAM : Bed forms - Vide
from math import log10 , sqrt
# datos
# =======

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (68)

 y =2.7003
B =200
D50 =.35/1000 # diameter of the representative particle in
meters
ps =2650 # specific weight of solid kg / m3
g =9.807 # gravity m / s2
s =0.0002 # river bottom slope
T =20 # Water temperature for specific gravity and
viscosity
R = B * y /( B +2* y )
u =(1.14 -0.031*( T -15) +0.00068*( T -15) **2) *10** -6
p =1000.*(1. -( T +288.941) * pow (T -3.986 ,2.) /(508929.2*( T +68.13) )
)
vc =( g * R * s ) **.5
Re = vc * D50 / u
# Mobility index
To = p * R * s
IM = To /(( ps - p ) * D50 )
print ( " Bed - shear velocity = " ,vc , " m / s " )
print ( " Instability index Re = " , Re )
print ( " Bed - shear stress To = " ,To , " kg / m2 " )
print ( " Mobility index Re = " , IM )

3.9.2 Simons y Richardson (1966) Method - Bed forms

In a base channel B = 200m the water depth is y = 2,7003m, average bed

slope S = 0.0002m/m, average fluid velocity v = 1, 073m/s. The particles of
the bed according to the granulometry is given by d50 = 0.35mm. The density
◦
of solids is ρs = 2650kg/m3 . Consider the water temperature T = 20 C.
What kind of form is presented with the Simons and Richardson method

Solución:

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (69)

 Anti-dunes
Plane bed

Dunes

Ripples

No motion

Material diameter (mm)

Figure 3.10: Formas de fondo - Simons y Richardson (1966)

Densidad kg/m3 :
 
T + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (T − 3.986)2
508929.2 (T + 68.13)
 
20 + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (20 − 3.986)2
508929.2 (20 + 68.13)

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (70)

 ρ = 998.2335796604308kg/m3

200x2.7003
τo = gρRs; τo = 9.807x998.23x x0.0002 =⇒ τo = 5.148N/m2
200 + 2x2.7003

N
τo v = τo v; τo v = 5.148x1.073 =⇒ τo v = 5.52
sm
N
En la figura 3.10 entramos con 5.52 sm y 0.35mm, lo cual la fase corresponde
a dunas.

# DEVELOPER : Ing . Ramirez Quispe , Robert Marlindo

# LANGUAGE : Python
# PROGRAM : Bed forms - Simons y Richardson
from math import log10 , sqrt
# datos
# =======
d50 =0.35 # mean diameter en mm
y =2.7003 # water depth m
B =200 # channel base m
g =9.807 # gravitym / s2
s =0.0002 # river bed slope
v =1.073 # water velocity
T =20 # Water temperature
R = B * y /( B +2* y )
p =1000.*(1. -( T +288.941) * pow (T -3.986 ,2.) /(508929.2*( T +68.13) )
)
To = g * p * R * s
Tov = To * v
print ( " Shear stress at the bed To = " ,To , " N / m2 " )
print ( " Simons Index = " ,Tov , " N / sm " )
print ( " Particle diameter = " ,d50 , " mm " )

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (71)

3.9.3 Liu (1957) Method - Bed forms

In a base channel B = 200m the water depth is y = 2.7003m, average slope

of the bed S = 0.0002m/m. The particles of the bed according to the granu-
lometry is given by d50 = 0.35mm. The density of solids is ρs = 2650kg/m3 .
◦
Consider the water temperature T = 20 C. What kind of form is presented
with the Liu method.

Solution:

Density kg/m3 :
 
T + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (T − 3.986)2
508929.2 (T + 68.13)
 
20 + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (20 − 3.986)2
508929.2 (20 + 68.13)
ρ = 998.2335796604308kg/m3

Kinematic viscosity m2 /s:

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (T − 15) + 0.00068(T − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (20 − 15) + 0.00068(20 − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.0019999999999997x10−6 m2 /s

On the axis xinstability index:

r
∗
p ∗ 200x2.7003
v = gRs; v = 9.807x x0.0002 =⇒ v ∗ = 0.0718m/s
200 + 2x2.7003

0.35
v∗D 0.0718x 1000
Re∗ = ; Re∗ = =⇒ Re∗ = 25.08
u 1.0019x10−6
On the axis y mobility number:

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (72)

 0.1 < d ≤ 1mm:
"s  #
10ν 0.01 (s − 1) gd3
ws = 1+ −1
d ν2

v ! 
−6
u 2650

3
10x1.001x10 u 0.01 998.23
− 1 9807x(0.001x0.35)
ws = t 1 +
2 − 1
0.001x0.45 1.001x10−6

velocity fall ws = 0.05198 ms

v∗ 0.0718 v∗
= =⇒ = 1.38
ws 0.05198 ws
In the Figure 3.11 we enter with 25.08 y 1.38, the phase is dunes.

Super-critical

Plane bed or Anti-dunes

Sub-critical

Plane bed

Dunes

Figure 3.11: Bed forms - Liu(1957)

# DEVELOPER : Ing . Ramirez Quispe , Robert Marlindo

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (73)

 # LANGUAGE : Python
# PROGRAM : Bed forms - Liu
from math import log10 , sqrt
print ( " Shields criteria movement initiation " )
# datos
# =======
y =2.7003
B =200
D50 =.35/1000 # diameter of the representative particle in
meters
ps =2650 # specific weight of solid kg / m3
g =9.807 # gravity m / s2
S =0.0002 # river bed slope
T =20 # Water temperature for specific gravity and
viscosity
R = B * y /( B +2* y )
u =(1.14 -0.031*( T -15) +0.00068*( T -15) **2) *10** -6
p =1000.*(1. -( T +288.941) * pow (T -3.986 ,2.) /(508929.2*( T +68.13) )
)
# Instability index
vc =( g * R * S ) **.5
Re = vc * D50 / u
# mobility index
# ===========
d50 = D50 *1000
s = ps / p
if d50 >0.001 and d50 <=0.1:
ws =( s -1) * g *(0.001* d50 ) **2/(18* u )
elif d50 >0.1 and d50 <=1:
ws =10* u /(0.001* d50 ) *((1+0.01*( s -1) * g *(0.001* d50 ) **3/ u
**2) **.5 -1)
elif d50 >1:
ws =1.1*(( s -1) * g *0.001* d50 ) **.5
print ( " Water density p = " ,p , " kg / m3 " )
print ( " ps / p = " , ps /p , " kg / m3 " )
print ( " Bed - shear velocity vc = " ,vc , " m / s " )

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (74)

 print ( " Instability index Re = " , Re )
print ( " Particle fall velocity ws = " ,ws , " m / s " )
print ( " Mobility index vc / ws = " , vc / ws )

3.9.4 Van Rijn (1984) Method - Bed- forms

In a base channel B = 200m the water depth is y = 2,7003m, average

bed slope S = 0.0002m/m, average fluid velocity v = 1, 073m/s. The parti-
cles of the bed according to the granulometry is given by d50 = 0.35mm and
d90 = 0.90mm. The density of solids is rhos = 2650kg/m3 . Consider the water
◦
temperature T = 20 C. What kind of form is presented with the Van Rijn
method.

Solution:

Density kg/m3 :
 
T + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (T − 3.986)2
508929.2 (T + 68.13)
 
20 + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (20 − 3.986)2
508929.2 (20 + 68.13)
ρ = 998.2335796604308kg/m3

Kinematic viscosity m2 /s:

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (T − 15) + 0.00068(T − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (20 − 15) + 0.00068(20 − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.0019999999999997x10−6 m2 /s

Particle parameter:

0 ρs − ρ 0 2650 − 998.2335 0
ρ = ; ρ = =⇒ ρ = 1.654
ρ 998.2335

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (75)

  0 1/3 !1/3
ρg 1.65x9.807 0.35
D∗ = d; D∗ =
2 =⇒ D∗ = 8.8
u2 1.001x10−6 1000

Shear stress parameter:

θcr = 0.14D∗ −0.64 ; θcr = 0.14x8.8∗ −0.64 =⇒ θcr = 0.0346

N
τoc = gθcr (γs − γ) d; τoc = 9.807x0.034 (2650 − 998.23) 0.012 =⇒ τoc = 0.196
m2
   
12R 12x2.629
C = 18 log ; C = 18 log =⇒ C = 73.217m1/2 /s
3d90 3x0.001x0.90
Tbc − τoc 2.102 − 0.196
T = ; T = =⇒ T = 9.70
τoc 0.196
On the Table 3.4 with the values T = 9.70 y 8.8, the phase is mega-
ripples and dunes. Furthermore it can be seen that T tends to 10 means
that it is about to develop Dunes.

Table 3.4: Bed forms - (Van Rijn, 1993)

Particle size
Transport regime
1 ≥ D* ≥ 10 D* ≥ 10
0≤T≤3 Mini-Ripples Dunes
Inferior 3 <T ≤ 10 mega-ripples and dunes dunes
10 < ≤ 15 dunes dunes
Transition 15 < T ≤ 25 washed-out dunes, sand waves
25 ≤ 25, Fr < 0.8 (symmetrical) sand waves
Upper
25 ≤ 25, Fr ≥ 0.8 plane bed and/or anti-dunes
Source: Principles of Sediment Transport in Rivers (Van Rijn, 1993)

# DEVELOPER : Ing . Ramirez Quispe , Robert Marlindo

# LANGUAGE : Python
# PROGRAM : Bed forms - Van Rijn
from math import log10 , sqrt
print ( " = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = " )
print ( " bed forms - Van Rijn " )
print ( " = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = " )
# datos

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (76)

 # =======
y = 2.7003 # water depth m calculated with RCanals
B = 200 # channel base
v = 1.073 # speed m / s obtained with Rchannels
Fr = 0.2086 # Frude number of Rchannels optional
D50 = 0.35 / 1000 # particle diameter d50 m ( meters ) for
microns multiply 10 ^ 6
D90 = 0.90 / 1000 # particle diameter d90 m ( meters )
ps = 2650 # specific weight of the solid kg / m3
g = 9.807 # gravity m / s2
Te =20
R = B * y /( B +2* y )
u =(1.14 -0.031*( Te -15) +0.00068*( Te -15) **2) *10** -6
p =1000.*(1. -( Te +288.941) * pow ( Te -3.986 ,2.) /(508929.2*( Te
+68.13) ) )
# Van Rijn method
pr =( ps - p ) / p # density ro
D =( pr * g / u **2) **(1/3) * D50 # D *
if D >1 and D <=4:
te =.24* D **( -1)
elif D >4 and D <=10:
te =.14* D **( -.64)
elif D >10 and D <=20:
te =.04* D **( -.1)
elif D >20 and D <=150:
te =.013* D **(.29)
elif D >150:
te =.055
Tb_cr = te *( ps - p ) * g * D50 # critical shear stress
C =18* log10 (12* R /(3* D90 ) ) # chezy
T_bc = p * g *( v / C ) **2
T =( T_bc - Tb_cr ) / Tb_cr
print ( " Hydraulic radio R = " ,R , " m " )
print ( " Viscosity p " ,u , " kg / m3 " )
print ( " Density p " ,p , " kg / m3 " )
print ( " ( ps - p ) / p " ,( ps - p ) /p , " -" )

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (77)

 print ( " Depth of water y = " ,y , " m " )
print ( " Velocity of water V = " ,v , " m / s " )
print ( " Density ro &=& " , pr )
print ( " D * = " ,D )
print ( " Teta cr = " , te )
print ( " Critical shear stress Tb , cr = " , Tb_cr , " N / m2 " )
print ( " 18* log10 (12* y /(3* D90 ) ) C = " ,C , " $m ^(1/2) / s$ " )
print ( " Critical shear stress Tb , c = " , T_bc , " N / m2 " )
print ( " value T " ,T )
# look for the table
# lower
if T >=0 and T <=3:
if D >=1 and D <=10:
print ( " Mini - Ripples 0 <T <3; 1 < D * <10 " )
elif D >10:
print ( " Dunes 0 <T <3; D * >10 " )
elif T >3 and T <=10:
if D >=1 and D <=10:
print ( " mega - ripples and dunes 3 <T <10; 1 < D * <10 " )
elif D >10:
print ( " Dunes 3 <T <10; D * >10 " )
elif T >10 and T <=15:
if D >=1 and D <=10:
print ( " Dunes 10 <T <15; 1 < D * <10 " )
elif D >10:
print ( " Dunes 10 <T <15; D * >10 " )
# transition
if T >15 and T <=25:
print ( " washed - out dunes , sand waves15 <T <25 " )
# upper
if T >=25 and Fr <0.8:
print ( " ( symmetrical ) sand waves " )
elif T >=25 and Fr >=0.8:
print ( " plane bed and / or anti - dunes " )

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (78)

3.9.5 Manning n on sand beds

In a base channel B = 200m the water depth is y = 2.7003m, average

bed slope S = 0.0002m/m, average fluid velocity v = 1.073m/s. The parti-
cles of the bed according to the granulometry is given by d50 = 0.35mm and
d90 = 0.90mm. The density of solids is ρs = 2650kg/m3 . Consider the water
◦
temperature T = 20 C. What is the Manning roughness?.

Solution:

Density kg/m3 :
 
T + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (T − 3.986)2
508929.2 (T + 68.13)
 
20 + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (20 − 3.986)2
508929.2 (20 + 68.13)
ρ = 998.2335796604308kg/m3

Kinematic viscositym2 /s:

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (T − 15) + 0.00068(T − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (20 − 15) + 0.00068(20 − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.0019999999999997x10−6 m2 /s

Particle parameter:

0 ρs − ρ 0 2650 − 998.2335 0
ρ = ; ρ = =⇒ ρ = 1.654
ρ 998.2335
 0 1/3 !1/3
ρg 1.65x9.807 0.35
∗
D = d; D∗ = =⇒ D∗ = 8.8
u2 −6 2 1000


1.001x10

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (79)

 Shear stress parameter:

θcr = 0.14D∗ −0.64 ; θcr = 0.14x8.8∗ −0.64 =⇒ θcr = 0.0346

N
τoc = gθcr (γs − γ) d; τoc = 9.807x0.034 (2650 − 998.23) 0.012 =⇒ τoc = 0.196
m2
   
12R 12x2.629
C = 18 log ; C = 18 log =⇒ C = 73.217m1/2 /s
3d90 3x0.001x0.90
Tbc − τoc 2.102 − 0.196
T = ; T = =⇒ T = 9.70
τoc 0.196
On the Table 3.5 with the values T = 9.70 y 8.8, the phase is mega-
ripples and dunes. Furthermore it can be seen that T tends to 10 means
that it is about to develop Dunes.

Table 3.5: Bed forms - (Van Rijn, 1993)

Particle size
Transport regime
1 ≥ D* ≥ 10 D* ≥ 10
0≤T≤3 Mini-Ripples Dunes
Inferior 3 <T ≤ 10 mega-ripples and dunes dunes
10 < ≤ 15 dunes dunes
Transition 15 < T ≤ 25 washed-out dunes, sand waves
25 ≤ 25, Fr < 0.8 (symmetrical) sand waves
Upper
25 ≤ 25, Fr ≥ 0.8 plane bed and/or anti-dunes
Source: Principles of Sediment Transport in Rivers (Van Rijn, 1993)

Table 3.6: Lower regime

Ripples 0.018 ≤ n < 0.028
Dunes 0.020 ≤ n ≤ 0.040
Source: (Karaki, 1993).

On the Table 3.6 the dunes roughness are between 0.020 and 0.040 and
the ripples are between 0.018 and 0.028.Analyzing we can consider the bed
roughness n = 0.025

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (80)

3.9.6 Flow, Froude number in sand beds

In a base channel B = 200m the water depth is y = 2.7003m, average

bed slope S = 0.0002m/m, average fluid velocity v = 1.073m/s. The parti-
cles of the bed according to the granulometry is given by d50 = 0.35mm and
d90 = 0.90mm. The density of solids is ρs = 2650kg/m3 . Consider the water
◦
temperature T = 20 C. Calculate the flow is routing.

Solution:

Density kg/m3 :
 
T + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (T − 3.986)2
508929.2 (T + 68.13)
 
20 + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (20 − 3.986)2
508929.2 (20 + 68.13)
ρ = 998.2335796604308kg/m3

Kinematic viscosity m2 /s:

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (T − 15) + 0.00068(T − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (20 − 15) + 0.00068(20 − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.0019999999999997x10−6 m2 /s

Particle parameter:

0 ρs − ρ 0 2650 − 998.2335 0
ρ = ; ρ = =⇒ ρ = 1.654
ρ 998.2335
 0 1/3 !1/3
ρg 1.65x9.807 0.35
∗
D = d; D∗ = 2 =⇒ D∗ = 8.8
u2 −6 1000


1.001x10
Shear stress parameter:

θcr = 0.14D∗ −0.64 ; θcr = 0.14x8.8∗ −0.64 =⇒ θcr = 0.0346

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (81)

 N
τoc = gθcr (γs − γ) d; τoc = 9.807x0.034 (2650 − 998.23) 0.012 =⇒ τoc = 0.196
m2
   
12R 12x2.629
C = 18 log ; C = 18 log =⇒ C = 73.217m1/2 /s
3d90 3x0.001x0.90
Tbc − τoc 2.102 − 0.196
T = ; T = =⇒ T = 9.70
τoc 0.196
On the Table 3.7 with the values T = 9.70 y 8.8, the phase is mega-
ripples and dunes. Furthermore it can be seen that T tends to 10 means
that it is about to develop Dunes.

Table 3.7: Bed forms - (Van Rijn, 1993)

Particle size
Transport regime
1 ≥ D* ≥ 10 D* ≥ 10
0≤T≤3 Mini-Ripples Dunes
Inferior 3 <T ≤ 10 mega-ripples and dunes dunes
10 < ≤ 15 dunes dunes
Transition 15 < T ≤ 25 washed-out dunes, sand waves
25 ≤ 25, Fr < 0.8 (symmetrical) sand waves
Upper
25 ≤ 25, Fr ≥ 0.8 plane bed and/or anti-dunes
Source: Principles of Sediment Transport in Rivers (Van Rijn, 1993)

Table 3.8: Lower regime

Ripples 0.018 ≤ n < 0.028
Dunes 0.020 ≤ n ≤ 0.040
Source: (Karaki, 1993).

On the Table 3.8 the dunes roughness are between 0.020 and 0.040 and
the ripples are between 0.018 and 0.028.Analyzing we can consider the bed
roughness n = 0.025
Once the Manning n has been obtained, we can calculate the flow that is
routing: Area:

A = By; A = 200x2.7003 =⇒ A = 540.06m2

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (82)

Perimeter:

P = B + 2y; P = 200 + 2x2.7003 =⇒ P = 205.4m

Caudal:
5 2 1 5 2 1
A3 P −3 S 2 540.06 3 205.4− 3 0.0002 2
Q= ; Q= =⇒ Q = 581.9833m3 /s
n 0.025

Velocity:
Q 581.9833
v= ; v= =⇒ v = 1.0776m/s
A 540.06
Froude number:

v 1.0776
Fr = q ; Fr = q =⇒ F r = 0.2122
gAT
9.807x 540.06
205.4

3.9.7 Normal depth Van Rijn - Sand beds

In a base channel B = 200m flows flow Q = 579.69m3 /s, average slope of

the bed S = 0.0002m/m. The particles of the bed according to the granulom-
etry is given by d50 = 0.35mm and d90 = 0.90mm. The density of solids is
◦
ρs = 2650kg/m3 . Consider the water temperature T = 20 C. Calculate the
normal depth.

Solution:

The normal depth must be proposed iteratively until the flow is obtained
Q = 579.69m3 /s and if not, in case the depth was searched in a programming
language which results:

normal depth: y = 2.7003m

Below is a sample of the steps to follow:

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (83)

 Density kg/m3 :
 
T + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (T − 3.986)2
508929.2 (T + 68.13)
 
20 + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (20 − 3.986)2
508929.2 (20 + 68.13)
ρ = 998.2335796604308kg/m3

Kinematic viscosity m2 /s:

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (T − 15) + 0.00068(T − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (20 − 15) + 0.00068(20 − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.0019999999999997x10−6 m2 /s

Particle parameter:

0 ρs − ρ 0 2650 − 998.2335 0
ρ = ; ρ = =⇒ ρ = 1.654
ρ 998.2335
 0 1/3 !1/3
ρg 1.65x9.807 0.35
∗
D = d; D∗ = =⇒ D∗ = 8.8
u2 −6 2 1000


1.001x10
Shear stress parameter:

θcr = 0.14D∗ −0.64 ; θcr = 0.14x8.8∗ −0.64 =⇒ θcr = 0.0346

N
τoc = gθcr (γs − γ) d; τoc = 9.807x0.034 (2650 − 998.23) 0.012 =⇒ τoc = 0.196
m2
   
12R 12x2.629
C = 18 log ; C = 18 log =⇒ C = 73.217m1/2 /s
3d90 3x0.001x0.90
Tbc − τoc 2.102 − 0.196
T = ; T = =⇒ T = 9.70
τoc 0.196
On the Table 3.9 with the values T = 9.70 y 8.8, the phase is mega-
ripples and dunes. Furthermore it can be seen that T tends to 10 means

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (84)

that it is about to develop Dunes.

Table 3.9: Bed forms - (Van Rijn, 1993)

Particle size
Transport regime
1 ≥ D* ≥ 10 D* ≥ 10
0≤T≤3 Mini-Ripples Dunes
Inferior 3 <T ≤ 10 mega-ripples and dunes dunes
10 < ≤ 15 dunes dunes
Transition 15 < T ≤ 25 washed-out dunes, sand waves
25 ≤ 25, Fr < 0.8 (symmetrical) sand waves
Upper
25 ≤ 25, Fr ≥ 0.8 plane bed and/or anti-dunes
Source: Principles of Sediment Transport in Rivers (Van Rijn, 1993)

Roughness related to grain:

p √ m
v∗ = gRs; v∗ = 9.807x2.629x0.002 =⇒ v∗ = 0.0718
s
v∗2 0.07182
= ; θ= 2650

0.35
=⇒ θ = 0.9079
(s − 1) gd50 998.233
− 1 9.807x 1000
0 0 0.90 0
θ<1 =⇒ ks,c = 3d90 ; ks,c = 3 =⇒ ks,c = 0.0027
1000
Roughness related to the bottom shape considering γd = 0.7:

 0.3
d50
1 − e−0.5T (25 − T )


∆d = h0.11
h
 0.3
0.0001x0.35
1 − e−0.5x9.70 (25 − 9.70)


∆d = 2.7003x0.11 =⇒ ∆d = 0.308
2.7003
λd = 7.3h; λd = 7.3x2.7003 =⇒ λd = 19.71219
 −25∆d
  
00 00 −25x0.308 00
ks,d = 1.1γd ∆d 1 − e λd
; ks,d = 1.1x0.7x0.308 1 − e 19.71 =⇒ ks,d = 0.0764

Absolute roughness:

0 00
ks,c = ks,c + ks,c ; ks,c = 0.0027 + 0.0764 =⇒ ks,c = 0.079174293

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (85)

Chezy coefficient:
   
12R 12x2.6293
CC = 18 log ; CC = 18 log =⇒ CC = 46.8078m1/2 /s
ks,c 0.079174293

Flow velocity:

√ √ m
v = CC RS; v = 46.8078 2.6293x0.0002 =⇒ v = 1.073380
s

Flow:

Q = vA; Q = 1.073380x200x2.7003; =⇒ Q = 579.69m3 /s

As we can see, the flow that passes is the same silver in the problem. We can
calculate the Manning coefficient once the correct depth is obtained.

Manning with Chezy’s equation:

1 1
R6 2.62930 6
n= ; n= =⇒ n = 0.025098888138163286
CC 46.8078

It can also be obtained through:

5 2 1 5 2 1
A3 P −3 S 2 (200x2.7003) 3 (200 + 2x2.7003)− 3 0.0002 2
n= ; n=
Q 579.69

n = 0.025098902844159124

# DEVELOPER : Ing . Ramirez Quispe , Robert Marlindo

# LANGUAGE : Python
# PROGRAM : Normal depth - Van Rijn
from math import log10 , sqrt , exp
print ( " = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = " )
print ( " Formas de fondo " )
print ( " = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = " )
# datos

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (86)

 # =======
y = 2.7003 # water depth m calculated with RCanals
Q = 579.69 # Transport flow ,
Fr = 0.2086 # froude number
B = 200 # channel base
S = 0.0002 # slope of the bottom of the channel
D50 = 0.35 / 1000 # particle diameter d50 m ( meters )
D90 = 0.90 / 1000 # particle diameter d90 m ( meters )
ps = 2650 # specific weight of solid kg / m3
Te = 20 # water temperature
g = 9.807 # gravity m / s2
? d = 0.7 # van rjin
# v =1.073383753249639
R =( B * y ) /( B +2* y )
A=B*y
u =(1.14 -0.031*( Te -15) +0.00068*( Te -15) **2) *10** -6
p =1000.*(1. -( Te +288.941) * pow ( Te -3.986 ,2.) /(508929.2*( Te
+68.13) ) )
s = ps / p
pr =( ps - p ) / p
v=Q/A
print ( " Water density p = " ,p , " kg / m3 " )
print ( " Hydraulic Radio = " ,R , " m " )
print ( " ps / p s = " ,s )
print ( " Relative density ( ps - p ) / p p ’ = " , pr )
print ( " Velocity v = " ,v , " m / s " )
# grain associated roughness k ’s , c
print ( " \ n Roughness associated with graink ’s , c " )
print ( " = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = " )
vc = sqrt ( g * R * S ) # bed - shear velocity m / s
?= vc **2/(( s -1) * g * D50 ) # teta
print ( " bed - shear velocity vc * = " ,vc , " m / s " )
print ( " ? = " ,?)
if ? <1:
ksc =3* D90
print ( " Roughness to the grain ? <1 k ’ sc = " , ksc )

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (87)

 else :
ksc =3*?* D90
print ( " Roughness to the grain ? >=1 k ’ sc = " , ksc )
# height roughness associated with background shapes
# ==== original diagrams =========
print ( " \ nAssociated dune typeo " )
print ( " = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = " )
D =( pr * g / u **2) **(1/3) * D50 # D *
C =18* log10 (12* R / ksc ) #
T_bc = p * g *( v / C ) **2 #
if D >1 and D <=4:
te =.24* D **( -1)
elif D >4 and D <=10:
te =.14* D **( -.64)
elif D >10 and D <=20:
te =.04* D **( -.1)
elif D >20 and D <=150:
te =.013* D **(.29)
elif D >150:
te =.055
Tb_cr = te *( ps - p ) * g * D50 # critical shear stress
T =( T_bc - Tb_cr ) / Tb_cr
# T =2
print ( " D * = " ,D )
print ( " C´ = 18* log10 (12* y /(3* D90 ) ) = " ,C , " m ^(1/2) / s " )
print ( " Shear stress T ’b , c = " , T_bc /g , " kg / m2 " )
print ( " ? cr = " , te )
print ( " Shear stress T ’b , cr = " , Tb_cr /g , " kg / m2 " )
print ( " Valor de T = " ,T )
# look for the table
# lower
if T >=0 and T <=3:
if D >=1 and D <=10:
print ( " Mini - Ripples 0 <T <3; 1 < D * <10 " )
elif D >10:
print ( " Dunes 0 <T <3; D * >10 " )

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (88)

 elif T >3 and T <=10:
if D >=1 and D <=10:
print ( " mega - ripples and dunes 3 <T <10; 1 < D * <10 " )
elif D >10:
print ( " Dunes 3 <T <10; D * >10 " )
elif T >10 and T <=15:
if D >=1 and D <=10:
print ( " Dunes 10 <T <15; 1 < D * <10 " )
elif D >10:
print ( " Dunes 10 <T <15; D * >10 " )
# transition
if T >15 and T <=25:
print ( " washed - out dunes , sand waves15 <T <25 " )
# upper
if T >=25 and Fr <0.8:
print ( " ( symmetrical ) sand waves " )
elif T >=25 and Fr >=0.8:
print ( " plane bed and / or anti - dunes " )
# dimensions of the dunes
print ( " \ nRoughness associated with the shape k ’’s , c " )
print ( " = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = " )
? d =0.11* y *( D50 / y ) **.3*(1 - exp ( -.5* T ) ) *(25 - T )
? d =7.3* y
ksd =1.1*? d *? d *(1 - exp ( -25*? d /? d ) )
print ( " ? d = " ,? d )
print ( " ? d = " ,? d )
print ( " ? d50 = " ,? d )
print ( " Roughness to form k ’’s , c = " , ksd )
# Total roughness of the river
print ( " \ nAbsolute roughness ksc = k ’s , c + k ’’s , c " )
print ( " = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = " )
k = ksc + ksd
Cc =18* log10 (12* R / k )
vv = Cc *( R * S ) **.5 # velocity of chezy V = C *( R * S ) ^0.5
QQ = vv * A
print ( " Absolute roughness k = " ,k )

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (89)

 print ( " Chezy coefficient Cc = " , Cc )
print ( " Water velocity V = " ,v , " m / s " )
print ( " Flow Q = " ,QQ , " m ^3/ s " )
print ( " Manning n = " ,R **(1/6) / Cc )
print ( " Manning n = " ,( B * y ) **(5/3) *( B +2* y ) **( -2/3) * S **(1/2) /
Q)

3.9.8 Normal depth Engelund and Hansen - Sand beds

In a base channel B = 200m flows flow Q = 579.69m3 /s, average slope of

the bed S = 0.0002m/m. The particles of the bed according to the granulom-
etry is given by d50 = 0.35mm and d90 = 0.90mm. The density of solids is
◦
ρs = 2650kg/m3 . Consider the water temperature T = 20 C. Calculate the
normal depth.

Solution:

Density kg/m3 :
 
T + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (T − 3.986)2
508929.2 (T + 68.13)
 
20 + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (20 − 3.986)2
508929.2 (20 + 68.13)
ρ = 998.2335796604308kg/m3

Kinematic viscosity m2 /s:

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (T − 15) + 0.00068(T − 15)2 10−6

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (90)

 ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (20 − 15) + 0.00068(20 − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.0019999999999997x10−6 m2 /s

Relative density:

ρs 2650
s= ; s= =⇒ s = 2.6546
ρ 98.233

Submerged Relative Density:

0 ρs − ρ 0 2650 − 998.2335 0
ρ = ; ρ = =⇒ ρ = 1.654
ρ 998.2335

Bed-shear velocity:
r
p 200x2.61076
v ∗ = gRs; v∗ = 9.807x x0.0002 =⇒ v ∗ = 0.0706m/s
200 + 2x2.61076

0
2
v∗,c 0.07062
θ= ; θ= 0.35 =⇒ θ = 0.9
(s − 1) gd50 (2.6546 − 1) 9.807x 1000
It is considered low regime, although it does not meet the theory θ ≤ 0.7 :

0 0 0
θ ≤ 0.7 =⇒ θ = 0.06 + 0.4θ2 ; θ = 0.06 + 0.4x0.92 =⇒ θ = 0.384
r
0
p 0 0.35 0
v∗,c = θ0 (s − 1) gd50 ; v∗,c = 0.384 (2.6546 − 1) 9.807x =⇒ v∗,c = 0.0467m/s
1000
0 2 02
v∗,c
0 0 0.0467 0
h = ; h = =⇒ h = 1.11195
gS 9.807x0.0002
Chezy coefficient:

 0 0.5  0 
0.5 h 12h
C = 2.5g ln
h 2.5d50

 0.5  
0.5 1.11195 12x1.11195
C = 2.5x9.807 ln 035 =⇒ C = 49.2150
2.61076 2.5x 10000

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (91)

 Flow velocity:

√ √ m
v = C RS; v = 49.2150 2.54433x0.0002 =⇒ v = 1.110196
s

Flow:

Q = vA; Q = 1.110196x200x2.61076; =⇒ Q = 579.69m3 /s

As we can see, the flow that passes is the same silver in the problem. We can
calculate the Manning coefficient once the correct depth is obtained.

Manning with Chezy’s equation:

1 1
R6 2.54433 6
n= ; n= =⇒ n = 0.023740931380211484
C 49.2150

It can also be obtained through:

5 2 1 5 2 1
A3 P −3 S 2 (200x2.61076) 3 (200 + 2x2.61076)− 3 0.0002 2
n= ; n=
Q 579.69

n = 0.023740990394773422

# DEVELOPER : Ing . Ramirez Quispe , Robert Marlindo

# LANGUAGE : Python
# PROGRAM : Normal depth - Engelund
from math import log10 , log , sqrt , exp
print ( " = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = " )
print ( " Bed forms " )
print ( " = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = " )
# datos
# =======
Q = 579.69 # Transport flow , only valid at the end
y = 2.61076 # water depth m calculated with RCanals
B = 200 # channel base

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (92)

 S = 0.0002 # slope of the bottom of the channel
D50 = 0.35 / 1000 # particle diameter d50 m ( meters ) for
microns multiply 10 ^ 6
D90 = 0.90 / 1000 # particle diameter d90 m ( meters )
ps = 2650 # specific weight of the solid kg / m3
Te = 20 # water temperature
g = 9.807 # gravity m / s2
R =( B * y ) /( B +2* y ) #
u =(1.14 -0.031*( Te -15) +0.00068*( Te -15) **2) *10** -6
p =1000.*(1. -( Te +288.941) * pow ( Te -3.986 ,2.) /(508929.2*( Te
+68.13) ) )
s = ps / p
pr =( ps - p ) / p
v = Q /( B * y )
# calculo
# =======
vc = sqrt ( g * R * S )
?= round ( vc **2/(( s -1) * g * D50 ) ,1)
print ( " Water density " ,p , " kg / m3 " )
print ( " Bed - shear velocity vc = " ,vc , " m / s " )
print ( " Hydraulic radio = " ,R , " m " )
print ( " ps / p s = " ,s )
print ( " Relative density ( ps - p ) / p p ’ = " , pr )
print ( " Velocity = " ,v , " m / s " )
print ( " ? = " ,?)
if ? <0.7:
? p =0.06+0.4*?**2
print ( " ? ’ = " ,?p , " Lower regime " )
elif ? >=0.7 and ? <1:
? p =?
print ( " ? ’ = " ,?p , " Upper regime " )
elif ? >=1:
? p =(0.3+0.7*?** -1.8) ** -.56
print ( " ? ’ = " ,?p , " Upper regime " )
vcp = sqrt (? p *( s -1) * g * D50 )
hp = vcp **2/( g * S )

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (93)

 C =2.5* sqrt ( g ) *( hp / y ) **.5* log (12* hp /(2.5* D50 ) )
vv = C *( R * S ) **.5
QQ = vv * B * y
print ( " sqrt (? p *( s -1) * g * D50 ) v ’ = " ,vcp , " m / s " )
print ( " vcp **2/( g * S ) h ’ = " ,hp , " m " )
print ( " Chezy C = " ,C , " m ^(1/2) / s " )
print ( " Velocity V = " ,vv , " m / s " )
print ( " Flow Q = " ,QQ , " m ^3/ s " )
print ( " Manning n = " ,R **(1/6) / C )

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (94)

Thick nature beds
4
It is characteristic of rivers that normally have a steep slope and the par-
ticles in the bed are particles greater than 2mm. In the figure 4.1 you can see
this type of bed.

Figure 4.1: Arma river bed - Huancavelica

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (95)

4.0.9 Typical Manning Coefficient Values for Gravel
Beds

Para calcular la rugosidad en lechos de grava existen numerosas

metodologı́a como: métodos empı́ricos, fotografı́as de satélites , modelos fı́sicos,
etc. Pero siempre se debe calibrar para tener la rugosidad representativo del
lecho.

4.0.9.1 V.T Chow (1959)

1/6
n = 0.04d50 (4.0.1)

Called diameter d50 in meters.

4.0.9.2 Garde y Raju (1978)

1/6
n = 0.047d50 (4.0.2)

Called diameter d50 in meters.

4.0.9.3 Anderson, et. al. (1968)

(39.3701d90 )1/6
n= (4.0.3)
44.4
Called diameter d90 in meters.

4.0.9.4 Simons, Li y Assoc. (1982)

(39.3701d75 )1/6
n= (4.0.4)
39
Called diameter d75 in meters.

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (96)

4.0.9.5 Meyer Peter y Muller (1982)

1/6
n = 0.038d90 (4.0.5)

Called diameter d90 in meters.

4.1 Problemas
In a channel, the bed particles according to the granulometry is given by
d50 = 0.1m, d75 = 0.18m and d90 = 0.30m. Calculate the roughness of the bed.

Solution:

V.T Chow (1959):

1/6
n = 0.04d50 ; n = 0.04(0.1)1/6 =⇒ n = 0.0273

Garde y Raju (1978)

1/6
n = 0.047d50 ; n = 0.047(0.1)1/6 =⇒ n = 0.032

Anderson, et. al. (1968):

(39.3701d90 )1/6 (39.3701x0.3)1/6

n= ; n= =⇒ n = 0.034
44.4 44.4

Simons, Li y Assoc. (1982)

(39.3701d75 )1/6 (39.3701x0.18)1/6

n= ; n= =⇒ n = 0.036
39 39

Meyer Peter y Muller (1982)

1/6
n = 0.038d90 ; n = 0.038(0.3)1/6 =⇒ n = 0.0311

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (97)

Bedload
5
The bottom transport equations try to quantify the solid flow based on its
hydraulic characteristics and the geometric and granulometric characteristics of
the channel. The complexity of the mechanics of sediment transport is such that
it has not been possible to propose a true dynamic equation for the transport
of the solid phase of a flow of water and solids. In their place have flourished
empirical, semi-empirical equations or based on different theories and that give
reason for certain observations (Vide, 2003).
To calculate the Bedload, the nature of the following function must be
found:

tF = A1 (τo − τc )B1 (5.0.1)

tF = Bedload (for unit width).

A1 y B1 = They depend on the particular formula in question
. (τo − τc ) = Excess tractive force of current

The formulas for the bedload could also be expressed as follows:

tF = A2 (Q − Qo )B2 (5.0.2)

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (98)

 A2 y B2 = They depend on the particular formula in question.
QO = Critical flow initiation of movement.

5.1 Methods for Bwdload

5.1.1 Du Boys (1879) Method

tF = χτ0 (τ0 − τc ) (5.1.1)

tF = Bedload (for unit width). kg/s/m.

χ = Transport parameter that depends on the diameter of the particles.
τ0 = Tractive force of the current in kg/m2 .
τc = Critical tractive force in kg/m2 .

χ τc

χ τc

Particle parameter

Sand diameter (mm)

Figure 5.1: Curves for the application of the DU BOYS Formula

Source: Adapted from (Rocha, 1998).

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (99)

5.1.2 Meyer Peter y Muller (1948) Method

tF 00 = 0.79(uτ 0 − τc )3/2 (5.1.2)

tF 00 = Bedload (for unit width). kg/s/m (heavy under water).

γs
tF = tF 00 (5.1.3)
(γs − γ)
tF = Bedload (for unit width). kg/s/m (heavy out of water).

Ripples coefficient:

 3/2
ks
u= (5.1.4)
kr
If there is no information:
ks
= 0.85 (5.1.5)
kr
ks = Coefficient of total bed roughness (Strickler)=1/n; n is the total
Manning coefficient in sand beds considering bed forms and grains, in gravel
beds only roughness of grain.

kr = Roughness caused by particles from the bed, d90 in meters.

26
kr = 1/6
(5.1.6)
d90

τc = 0.047γs00 d (5.1.7)

γs00 = γs − γ (5.1.8)

For critical shear stress τc el valor d ≈ d50 ; γs = Solid density kg/m3 ; γ =

Water density kg/m3

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (100)

5.1.3 Einstein - Brown (1950) Method

It raises the relationship between the Transport Intensity parameters Φ and

Flow IntensityΨ = 1/τ∗ , where τ∗ is the Shields parameter.

 3
1
Φ = 40 ; Ψ <= 5.5 (5.1.9)
Ψ

0.465Φ = e−0.391Ψ ; Ψ <= 5.5 (5.1.10)

Where:
qb
Φ= (5.1.11)
γs F [g (s − 1) d3 ]1/2

1/2 1/2
36v 2 36v 2
 
2
F = + 3 − (5.1.12)
3 gd (s − 1) gd3 (s − 1)

(γs − γ) d γs
Ψ= ; s= (5.1.13)
τo γ

qb = Bedload out of the water; (kg/s/m).

v = Kinematic viscosity; (m2 /s).
γs = Specific gravity of solid material; (kg/m3 ).
γ = Specific weight of water; (kg/m3 ).
τo = Acting shear stress; (kg/m2 ).
s = Relative specific gravity.

The range that they worked in the laboratory is:

1.25 < s < 4.25 (5.1.14)

0.315 < ds < 28.6mm (5.1.15)

Where ds is the range of particle diameter. The value d (representative bed

diameter) varies approximate in ranged35 a d45

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (101)

5.2 Problems

5.2.1 Du Boys - Bedload.

In a base channel B = 200m the water depth is y = 2.7003m, average

slope of the bed S = 0.0002m/m. The particles of the bed according to the
granulometry is given by d50 = 0.35mm. Consider the water temperature T =
◦
20 C. Calculate the bedload.

Solución:

χ τc

χ τc

Figure 5.2: Curvas para la aplicación de la Fórmula de DU BOYS

From the Figure 5.2we obtain χ and the critical shear stress τc :

d50 = 0.35mm =⇒ χ = 4.001; τc = 0.092kg/m2

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (102)

 Intensity kg/m3 :
 
T + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (T − 3.986)2
508929.2 (T + 68.13)
 
20 + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (20 − 3.986)2
508929.2 (20 + 68.13)
ρ = 998.2335796604308kg/m3
by 200x2.7003
R= ; R= =⇒ R = 2.629300m
b + 2y 200 + 2x2.7003
τ0 = psR; τ0 = 998.2335x0.0002x2.62930 =⇒ τ0 = 0.524931kg/m2

tF = χτ0 (τ0 − τc ) ; tF = 4.001x0.5249 (0.5249 − 0.092) =⇒ tF = 0.9092kg/s/m

tF = tF B; tF = 0.9092x200 =⇒ tF = 181.85275kg/s

# DEVELOPER : Ing . Ramirez Quispe , Robert Marlindo

# PROGRAM : Bedload - Du Boys
# LANGUAGE : Python
# data
y = 2.7003 # depth m
B = 200 # Width m
s = 0.0002 # Bottom slope m / m
p = 998.2335 # Specific weight of water kg / m3
# Abacus
x = 4.001 # get from abacus x
Toc = 0.092 # get kg / m ^ 2 from the abacus
# Du Boys App
R = B * y /( B +2* y )
To = p * s * R # Bed shear stress kg / m2
Tf = x * To *( To - Toc ) # Bed transport kg / s / m
Tf_t = Tf * B # Bedload kg / s
print ( " Radio R = " , R , " m " )
print ( " Shear stress To = " , To , " kg / m ^2 " )
print ( " Bedload tF = " , Tf ,3 , " kg / s / m " )
print ( " Bedload tF = " , Tf_t , " kg / s " )

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (103)

5.2.2 Meyer Peter y Muller - Bedload.

In a base channel B = 200m the water depth is y = 2.7003m, average

slope of the bed S = 0.0002m/m. The particles of the bed according to the
granulometry is given by d50 = 0.35mm and d90 = 0.90mm. The density of
solids is ρs = 2650kg/m3 . Consider the water temperature T = 20 ◦ C and the
total bed roughness n = 0.025. Calculate the bedload.

Solution:

Density kg/m3 :
 
T + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (T − 3.986)2
508929.2 (T + 68.13)
 
20 + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (20 − 3.986)2
508929.2 (20 + 68.13)
ρ = 998.2335796604308kg/m3
by 200x2.7003
R= ; R= =⇒ R = 2.629300m
b + 2y 200 + 2x2.7003
τ0 = psR; τ0 = 998.2335x0.0002x2.62930 =⇒ τ0 = 0.524931kg/m2
26 26
kr = 1/6
; kr = =⇒ kr = 83.675746; nr = 0.01195
d90 0.00091/6
1 1
ks = ; ks = =⇒ ks = 40.0
ns 0.025
 3/2  3/2
ks 40
u= ; u= =⇒ u = 0.330514
kr 83.675746
τc = 0.047γs00 d; τc = 0.047 (γs − γ) d
0.35
τ c = 0.047 (2650 − 998.233) =⇒ τ c = 0.02717kg/cm2
1000
tF 00 = 0.79(uτ 0 − τc )3/2 ; tF 00 = 0.79(0.33x0.5249 − 0.02717)3/2

Bedload with water:

tF 00 = 0.04421kg/s/m

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (104)

Bedload without water:

γs 2650
tF = tF 00 ; tF = 0.0442 =⇒ tF = 0.0709kg/s/m
(γs − γ) (2650 − 998.233)

tF = tF B; tF = 0.0709x200 =⇒ tF = 14.188kg/s

# DEVELOPER : Ing . Ramirez Quispe , Robert Marlindo

# PROGRAM : Bedload - Meyer Peter y Muller
# LANGUAGE : Python
# data
# =======
# data
y = 2.7003 # depth m
B = 200 # width m
D50 = 0.00035 # d50
D90 = 0.00090 # d90
S = 0.0002 # bottom slope m / m
ps = 2650 # density of the solid kg / m ^ 3
p = 998.2335 # specific weight of water kg / m3
ns = 0.025 # Manning roughness n total
R = ( B * y ) / ( B + 2 * y ) # hydraulic radius
To = p * S * R # shear stress at the bottom kg / m2
kr =26/ D90 **(1/6)
nr =1/ kr
ks =1/ ns
u =( ks / kr ) **1.5
Toc =0.047*( ps - p ) * D50
tf_agua =0.79*( u * To - Toc ) **1.5
tF = ps /( ps - p ) * tf_agua # transporte de solido sin agua
print ( " Shear stress bed To = " , To , " kg / m ^2 " )
print ( " Forms and grain ks = 1/ n = " , 1/ ns ," ns = " , ns )
print ( " Grains kr = " , kr , " nr = " , nr )
print ( " Ripples coefficient u = " , u )
print ( " Critical shear stress Meyer = " , Toc , " kg / m2 " )
print ( " Solid water transport = " , tf_agua , " kg / s / m " )
print ( " Solid transport without water = " , tF , " kg / s / m " )

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (105)

 print ( " Solid transport without width = " , tF *B , " kg / s " )

5.2.3 Einstein - Brown - Bedload.

In a base channel B = 200m the water depth is y = 2.7003m, average

slope of the bed S = 0.0002m/m. The particles of the bed according to the
granulometry is given by d50 = 0.35mm and d90 = 0.90mm. The density
◦
of solids is ρs = 2650kg/m3 . Consider the water temperature T = 20 C.
Calculate the bedload.

Solution:

Density kg/m3 :
 
T + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (T − 3.986)2
508929.2 (T + 68.13)
 
20 + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (20 − 3.986)2
508929.2 (20 + 68.13)
ρ = 998.2335796604308kg/m3

Kinematic viscosity m2 /s:

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (T − 15) + 0.00068(T − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (20 − 15) + 0.00068(20 − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.0019999999999997x10−6 m2 /s

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (106)

 by 200x2.7003
R= ; R= =⇒ R = 2.629300m
b + 2y 200 + 2x2.7003
Shear stress at the bed:

τ0 = psR; τ0 = 998.2335x0.0002x2.62930 =⇒ τ0 = 0.524931kg/m2

Shields parameter:

(γs − γ) d (2650 − 998.233) 0.00035

Ψ= ; Ψ= =⇒ Ψ = 1.1013
τo 0.524
 3  3
1 1
Ψ <= 5.5; Φ = 40 ; Φ = 40 =⇒ Φ = 29.94
Ψ 1.1
Relative specific gravity:

γs 2650
s= ; s= =⇒ s = 2.654
γ 998.233

Parameter of F:
1/2 1/2
36v 2 36v 2
 
2
F = + 3 −
3 gd (s − 1) gd3 (s − 1)

#1/2 " #1/2

−6 2 −6 2
"


2 36 1.001x10 36 1.001x10
F = + − =⇒ F = 0.843
3 9.807x0.000353 (2.65 − 1) .807x0.000353 (2.65 − 1)

Bedload:
qb
Φ=
γs F [g (s − 1) d3 ]1/2
qb
29.94 =  1/2 =⇒ qb = 1.765kg/s/m
2650x0.84 9.807x (2.65 − 1) 0.000353
Bedload kg/s:

tF = qb B; tF = 1.765x200 =⇒ tF = 353.061kg/s

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (107)

 # DEVELOPER : Ing . Ramirez Quispe , Robert Marlindo
# PROGRAM : Bedload - Einstein
# LANGUAGE : Python
# data
y = 2.7003 # depth in meters m or the hydraulic radius
B = 200 # channel width in meters m
D50 = 0.00035 # D50 in meters
D90 = 0.00090 # D90 in meter
s = 0.0002 # bottom slope m / m
ps = 2650 # density of the solid kg / m ^ 3
p = 998.233 # specific weight of water kg / m3
U = 1.001 * 10 ** - 6 # kinematic viscosity of water m2 / s
g = 9.807 # gravity m / s2
# calculo
R =( B * y ) /( B +2* y )
# proceso de calculo
To = p * s * R
yy =( ps - p ) * D50 / To
if yy <5.5:
fi =40*(1/ yy ) **3
else :
fi = e **( -0.391* yy ) /0.465
sr = ps / p
F =(2/3+36* U **2/( g * D50 **3*( sr -1) ) ) **.5 -(36* U **2/( g * D50 **2*( sr
-1) ) ) **.5 # otro factor
tF = fi * ps * F *( g *( sr -1) * D50 **3) **.5 # inversa 1/ n
print ( " Critical shear stress Toc = " , To , " kg / m ^2 " )
print ( " ( ps - p ) * D50 / To yy = " , yy )
print ( " fi = " , fi )
print ( " sr = " , sr )
print ( " F = " , F )
print ( " Bedload = " , tF , " kg / s / m " )
print ( " Bedload = " , tF *B , " kg / s " )

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (108)

Suspended load
6
The solid material in suspension transported by a river, as well as that of
the bed, comes from the erosion of the basin. The suspension is made up of
fine particles, which are distributed over the entire cross section of the river
and give color to the water (Rocha, 1998).
For the determination of the solid flow in suspension, the most convenient
thing is to resort to measurements in situ, and that, given the great vari-
ability of the phenomena and these must have great frequency in times of floods.

The solid flow rate in suspension can be related to the liquid flow rate by
means of the expression.
Qs = CQl (6.0.1)

Where:
Qs = Suspended load; kg/s.
Ql = Liquid flow; m3 /s.
C = Average sediment concentration; kg/m3 .

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (109)

6.1 Vertical Distribution of Concentrations
As a consequence of the theoretical and experimental studies carried out
by several researchers, an equation was established that allows calculating the
vertical distribution of concentrations in a channel. The basic assumption is
to consider a channel with permanent and uniform motion in which the flow
is two-dimensional.

Velocity Concentration
dh
y Vh Ch

Figure 6.1: Definition scheme for the calculation of bedload

For vertical concentrations the Rousse equation can be used:

 Z
Ch y−ha
= (6.1.1)
Ca y−ah

Where:

Ch = Concentration at the h height of the fund.

Ca = Concentration at the distance a from the fund.

For practical purposes it is considered a = 0.05y

w
Z= (6.1.2)
βκv∗
w
β = 1; κ = 0.4 =⇒ Z = 2.5 (6.1.3)
v∗
w = Particle fall velocity. v∗ = Bed-shear velocity.

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (110)

 h
h/y = 0,9
1,0
[]t sa
0,9 y
h/y = 0,8
0,8
[]t sa
h/y = 0,7
0,7
h/y = 0,6
0,6
h/y = 0,5
0,5 y
h/y = 0,4
h
h/y = 0,3 0,4

0,3
a
h/y = 0,2
0,2
h/y = 0,1 W
a = 0,05 y Z = 2,5
0,1 V*

1/64 1/32 1/16 1/8 1/4 1/2 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 Z

Figure 6.2: Proportional distribution of solid spending in the vertical

It is observed that:

• Small values of Z lead to uniform concentration distributions. This sit-

uation occurs when the sizes of the suspended particles are small and
therefore their fall speed or when the cutting speeds are large and there-
fore the background shear stresses.

• Large Z values lead to exponential concentration distributions. This sit-

uation occurs when the sizes of the suspended particles are large and
therefore their falling speed or when the cutting speeds are small and
therefore the background shear stresses.

Reference Concentration Calculation (Cs )bl

1/3  !
ν2
 
0.177 τ∗
(Cs )bl = min − 1 ; 0.65 (6.1.4)
ds (s − 1) g (τ∗ )c

τo ρs
τ∗ = ; s= (6.1.5)
ρ (s − 1) gds ρ
The maximum realistic value it can take Ca is equal 0.65 m3 solid/m3 water
(τ∗ )c It is the critical parameter of Shields for initiation of bottom movement.
ds is the size of sediments. τo = It is the bed-shear.
τo = is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid.

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (111)

6.2 Methods for solid transportation of sus-
pension

6.2.1 Lane y Kalinske(1941) Method

It is a method to estimate the transport of suspended load is given by:

 
15wa
qsw = qCa PL exp (6.2.1)
v∗ R

1
0.8
0.6

0.4

0.2

0.1
0.08
0.06

0.04

0.02

0.01
0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Figure 6.3: Coefficient values PL

qsw = Suspended load; kg/m/s .

q = Specific liquid flow,m3 /s/m.
Ca = Sediment concentration at a distance “a”; Kg.soligo/Kg.agua.
w = Falling speed corresponding to d50 ; m/s.
R = Hydraulic radius (channel width depth); m.
v∗ = Bed-shear velocity, m/s.

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (112)

6.2.2 Einstein (1950) Method

   
30.2D
qsw = 11.6U∗0 Ca a 2.303log I1 + I2 (6.2.2)
∆

Ca = Sediment concentration at a distance “a”; Kg.soligo/Kg.agua.

D = water depth; m.
Where: U∗0 = Bed-shear velocity; m/s.
q = Specific liquid flow; m3 /s/m.
qsw = Specific suspended solid flow kg/s/m.

a = 2d65 ∆ = ks /x = d65 /x

1.8

1.6

1.4

X 1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6 -1 2
10 1 10 10
Ks / δ

Figure 6.4: Valores de X

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (113)

 4 4
10 10

Z
Z

=
=

0
0
3 3
10 10 0.
0. 2
2 w w
Z= Z=
0.4v ' 0.4v '
* 0.4 *
2 0.4 2
10 10
0.6

0.6 0.8
I1 - I2 1.0
10 10
0.8 1.2
1.5
1.0 2.0
1 1.2 1 3.0
4.0
1.5 5.0
2.0
–1 –1
10 3.0 10
4.0
5.0

–2 –2
10 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 10 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
2d 65 2d 65
D D

Figure 6.5: Valores de integrales I1 y I2

6.3 Problems

6.3.1 Lane y Kalinske - Suspended load.

In a base channel B = 200m where a flow of 581.9833m3 /s passes, the

depth of the water is y = 2.7003m, average slope of the bed S = 0.0002m/m.
The particles of the bed according to the granulometry is given by d50 =
0.35mm. The relative density of solids is 2.65. Consider the water temperature
T = 20 o C, the roughness of the total bed n = 0.025 and the concentration of
sediment at a distance a = 0.25 Ca = 0.0001 kg.soligo/kg.water. Calculate
the Suspended load.

Solution:

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (114)

 Density kg/m3 :
 
T + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (T − 3.986)2
508929.2 (T + 68.13)
 
20 + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (20 − 3.986)2
508929.2 (20 + 68.13)
ρ = 998.2335796604308kg/m3

Kinematic viscosity of water m2 /s:

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (T − 15) + 0.00068(T − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (20 − 15) + 0.00068(20 − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.0019999999999997x10−6 m2 /s

Particle fall velocity: 0.1 < d ≤ 1mm:

"s  #
10ν 0.01 (s − 1) gd3
ws = 1+ −1
d ν2

v ! 
3
−6
u
10x1.001x10 t 1 + 0.01 (2.65 − 1) 9807x(0.001x0.35)
u
ws =
2 − 1
0.001x0.35 1.001x10−6
m
ws = 0.05188936199026898
s
Specific liquid flow:

Q 581.9833
q= ; q= =⇒ q = 2.9099m3 /s/m
B 200

Hydraulic radius:

by 200x2.7003
R= ; R= =⇒ R = 2.629300m
b + 2y 200 + 2x2.7003

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (115)

Bed-shear velocity:

p √ m
Vc= gRs; Vc= 9.807x2.62930x0.0002 =⇒ V c = 0.071813
s

w w 0.05188936 w
; = =⇒ = 0.7224
Vc Vc 0.07181 Vc
w
With the value of Vc
= 0.7224 ewe enter the x axis in the Figure 6.6 and we
get PL = 0.08
1
0.8
0.6

0.4

0.2

0.1
0.08
0.06

0.04

0.02

0.01
0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Figure 6.6: Coefficient values PL

 
15wa
qsw = qCa PL exp ρ
v∗ R
 
15x0.05188x0.25
qsw = 2.9099x0.0001x0.08exp x998.233
0.0718x2.62930
qsw = 0.0651kg/s/m

B = 200 =⇒ qsw = 13.022886105271091kg/s

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (116)

 # DEVELOPER : Ing . Ramirez Quispe , Robert Marlindo
# PROGRAM : Bedload - Lane y Kalinske
# LANGUAGE : Python
from math import e , sqrt
q = 2.9099 # Specific liquid flow m3 / s / m
Ca = 0.0001 # Concentration of sediment distance to Kg .
Soligo / Kg . Water
W = 0.05188 # Falling speed corresponding to d50 . m / s
R = 2.62930 # Hydraulic radius , m
s = 0.0002 # Slope of the main channel m / m
a = 0.25 # Solid transport reference distance
g = 9.807 # Gravity m / s2
n = 0.025 # Roughness of the material to choose curve
p = 998.23 # Density of water kg / m3
PL = 0.08 # We get from the curve
# calculation
vc = sqrt ( g * R * s )
# velocidad media
v = R **(2/3) * s **(1/2) / n
W_vc = W / vc
# para escoger en la curva
n_R16 = n / R **(1/6)
Ca_kgm3 = Ca * p
qsw = q * Ca_kgm3 * PL * e **(15* W * a /( vc * R ) )
print ( " =========== " )
print ( " Bed - shear velocity V * = " ,vc , " m / s " )
print ( " Average velocity V = " ,v , " m / s " )
print ( " w / vc to read PL on the X axis = " , W_vc )
print ( " n / n ^(1/6) to choose the curve for PL = " , n_R16 )
print ( " Sediment concentrationCa = " , Ca_kgm3 , " kg / m3 " )

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (117)

6.3.2 Einstein - Suspended load.

In a base channel B = 200m where a flow of 581.9833m3 /s passes, the depth

of the water is y = 2.7003m, average slope of the bed S = 0.0002m/m. The
particles of the bed according to the granulometry is given by d65 = 0.45mm.
The relative density of solids is 2.65. Consider the water temperature T = 20
o
C, the roughness of the total bottom n = 0.025 and the concentration of
sediment at a distance a = 0.25 Ca = 0.0001 kg.solid/kg.water. Calculate the
transport of solid in suspension.

Solution:

Density kg/m3 :
 
T + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (T − 3.986)2
508929.2 (T + 68.13)
 
20 + 288.941
ρ = 1000 1 − (20 − 3.986)2
508929.2 (20 + 68.13)
ρ = 998.2335796604308kg/m3

Kinematic viscosity of water m2 /s:

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (T − 15) + 0.00068(T − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.14 − 0.031 (20 − 15) + 0.00068(20 − 15)2 10−6

ν = 1.0019999999999997x10−6 m2 /s

Particle fall velocity: 0.1 < d ≤ 1mm:

"s  #
10ν 0.01 (s − 1) gd3
ws = 1+ −1
d ν2

v ! 
3
−6
u
10x1.001x10 t 1 + 0.01 (2.65 − 1) 9807x(0.001x0.35)
u
ws = − 1
0.001x0.35 −6 2


1.001x10

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (118)

 m
ws = 0.05188936199026898
s
Specific liquid flow:

Q 581.9833
q= ; q= =⇒ q = 2.9099m3 /s/m
B 200

Hydraulic radius:

by 200x2.7003
R= ; R= =⇒ R = 2.629300m
b + 2y 200 + 2x2.7003

Bed-shear stress

p √ m
Vc= gRs; Vc= 9.807x2.62930x0.0002 =⇒ V c = 0.071813
s

Value of X:

11.6υ 11.6x10−6
δ= ; δ= =⇒ δ = 0.00016153
Vc 0.0718

d65 d65 0.00045 d65

; = =⇒ = 2.78
δ δ 0.0001615 δ
d65
From the Figure 6.7 con δ
= 2.78 we enter the x-axis, interpolating the value
of X = 1.3 Valor I1 y I2 :

w 0.0518
Z= ; Z= =⇒ Z = 1.806
0.4V c 0.4x0.0718

2d65 2x0.00045
A= ; A= =⇒ A = 0.0003422
R 2.62930
From the Figure 6.8 we obtain I1 = 0.32 y I2 = −2.7

d65 0.00045
∆= ; ∆= =⇒ ∆ = 0.000346
x 0.32

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (119)

 1.8

1.6

1.4

X 1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6 -1 2
10 1 10 10
Ks / δ

Figure 6.7: X values

4 4
10 10
Z
Z

=
=

0
0

3 3
10 10 0.
0. 2
2 w w
Z= Z=
0.4v ' 0.4v '
* 0.4 *
2 0.4 2
10 10
0.6

0.6 0.8
I1 - I2 1.0
10 10
0.8 1.2
1.5
1.0 2.0
1 1.2 1 3.0
4.0
1.5 5.0
2.0
–1 –1
10 3.0 10
4.0
5.0

–2 –2
10 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 10 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
2d 65 2d 65
D D

Figure 6.8: Integral values I1 y I2

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (120)

 a = 2d65 ;
a = 2x0.00045 =⇒ a = 0.0009
   
0 30.2D
qsw = 11.6U∗ Ca a 2.303log I1 + I2 ρ
∆
   
30.2x2.62930
qsw = 11.6x0.071x0.0001x0.0009 2.303log x0.32 − 2.7 x998.23
0.000346
qsw = 9.358988430363478e − 05kg/s/m

B = 200; qsw = 200X9.3589884303 =⇒ qsw = 0.0187kg/s

# DEVELOPER : Ing . Ramirez Quispe , Robert Marlindo

# PROGRAM : Bedload - Einstein
# LANGUAGE : Python
q = 2.9099 # Specific flow m3 / s / m
Ca = 0.0001 # Concentration
W = 0.05188 # Falling speed
R = 2.62930 # Hydraulic radius
s = 0.0002 # Slope of ca
g = 9.807 # Gravity
D65 = .00045 # D65 meters m
n = 0.025 # Roughness of the
p = 998.23 # Density of water kg / m3
U = 1 * 10 ** - 6 # Kinematic viscosity
x = 1.3 # Read from monogram
I1 = 0.32 # Read from monogram
I2 = -2.7 # Read from monogram
vc = sqrt ( g * R * s )
a =2* D65
Ca_kgm3 = Ca * p
?= D65 / x
?=11.6* U / vc
v_x = D65 /?
Z = W /(0.4* vc )
A =2* D65 / R
qsw =11.6* vc * Ca_kgm3 * a *(2.303* log10 (30.2* R /?) * I1 + I2 )

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (121)

Total load
7
7.1 Bagnold (1966) Method
It was developed from energy balance considerations where it takes into
account that the flow provides the energy for the sediment transport, and is
given by:
qt = qbw + qsw (7.1.1)
τ veb
qbw =   (7.1.2)
γs
tan (α) γ − 1

Where:
qbw = Specific bed solid flow; kg/m/s.
τ = Shear stress acting on the bed; kg/m2
v = Average velocity; m/s.
eb = Efficiency coefficient.
tan (α) = Relationship between the tangential to normal components of the shear stress.
γs = Specific weight of solid kg/m3 .
γ = Specific weight of water kg/m3 .
qsw = Specific solid flow rate; kg/m/s.
w = Particle fall velocity; m/s.

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (122)

 0.01τ v 2
qsw =  w  (7.1.3)
γs
γ
−1

7.2 Engelund Hansen (1967) Method

It’s has the same considerations as Bagnold’s method, so:

0.05v 5
qt,c = (7.2.1)
(s − 1)2 g 0.5 d50 C 3

qt,c = Specific solid transport; m3 /s/m.

v = Average velocity; m/s.
s = Relative density ρF /ρ.
ρF = Solid material density; kg/m3 .
ρ = Water density; kg/m3 .
d50 = Called diameterd50 of the bed bed material; m.
C = Chezy coefficient; m1/2 /s

7.3 Ackersy White (1973) Method

The method considers that for bottom transport only part of the bottom
shear stress promotes movement, for suspended transport all the shear stress
contributes.
Ggr d γγs
 n
v
X= (7.3.1)
D v∗
Where:
X = Sediment transport rate; kg solid, kg water.
Ggr = Generalized dimensionless sediment transport function.
d = Particle size; m.
D = water depth, m.

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (123)

 γs = Specific weight of solid kg/m3 .
γ = Specific weight of waterkg/m3 .
v = Average velocity; m/s.
v∗ = Bed-shear velocity; m/s.
n = Transitional exponent that depends on the size of sediments.

Also:

 m   −1/2 " #1−n

Fgr n γs v
Ggr =C −1 ; Fgr = v∗ gd −1 √
32 log α Dd


A γ
(7.3.2)
α = 10 for hydraulically rough flow.
For the values of C, A,m y n depends on dgr :

   1/3
γs
g γ −1
dgr = d  (7.3.3)
ν2

dgr ≤ 60 =⇒ n = 1 − 0.56log (dgr ) ; dgr > 60 =⇒ n=0

(7.3.4)
dgr ≤ 60 =⇒ A = 0.23dgr −1/2 + 0.14; dgr > 60 =⇒ A = 0.17
(7.3.5)
2
−3.53
dgr ≤ 60 =⇒ C = 102.86log(dgr )−(log(dgr )) ; dgr > 60 =⇒ C = 0.025
(7.3.6)
9.66
dgr ≤ 60 =⇒ m= + 1.34; dgr > 60 =⇒ m = 1.5
dgr
(7.3.7)

7.4 Simplified expression of solid transport

formulas
It is observed that solid transport formulas can express yourself in the
generic way.

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (124)

 qs = mv n (7.4.1)

qs = Solid transportation; m3 /s/m

v = Average current velocity, m/s.
m = Coefficient of proportionality that takes into account.
effects of particle size and roughness.
n = Exponent of velocity.

This form allows us to see the non-linear nature of sediment transport

predictors, observing that for high values of n, small changes in velocity v
result in large changes in solid transport qs .
For example in Engelund Hansen’s formula:

0.05v 5 0.05
qt,c = ; qs = mv n ; m= ; n=5
(s − 1)2 g 0.5 d50 C 3 (s − 1)2 g 0.5 d50 C 3
(7.4.2)

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (125)

Bibliography

Julien, P. Y. (2010). Erosion and Sedimentation. United States of America.

Karaki, K. M. (1993). Highways in the River Environment. FHWA-HI-90-016.

Rocha, F. A. (1998). Indroducción a la Hidráulica Fluvial. Universidad Na-

cional de Ingenierı́a.

Sotelo, G. A. (1990). Hidráulica de Canales. México.

Van Rijn, L. C. (1993). Principles of sediment transport. Aqua Publications.

Vide, J. P. (2003). Ingenierı́a de rı́os. Alfaomega Grupo Editor.

Ing. Ramirez Quispe, Robert Marlindo. Page - (126)

 SEDIMENT
TRANSPORT
WITH PYTHON VOLUME 1

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