READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13, which are based on Reading
Passage 1 on pages 2 and 3.

Coffee then and now

Coffee originated around the Red Sea, most probably in Africa, and there are records of
coffee cultivation in Yemen as early as the 6th century. By the 13th century, the growing,
roasting and grinding of coffee to make a strong-flavoured infusion was widespread
throughout the Arab world. News of the drink was bought to Europe by traders, but people
there were at first wary of the new drink. However, Pope Clement the Eighth gave the
drink his seal of approval after trying a cup for himself, and the trend quickly caught on.
The 17th century saw the spread of coffee drinking throughout Europe. Coffee houses
opened in Vienna, Pahs and London, and they soon became the favourite meeting places
of politicians, and were also known to attract artists of all kinds. By the 18th century,
coffee production was well established in Java in Indonesia and also throughout the
Caribbean. Coffee drinking continued to grow in popularity; one of the repercussions of
the famous Boston Tea Party of 1773 was that the USA adopted coffee as its national
beverage. Today, coffee is drunk around the world, though each nation has its own ways
of preparing and serving it.
Coffee is now grown in more than 50 countries, although production is not at all
straightforward. Because it is vulnerable to frost, coffee can only be grown successfully
between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. In addition, crop maintenance is labour
intensive. The plants require constant care and attention, and in most areas the picking is
carried out by hand.
The ripe berry-like fruits which are harvested are called ‘cherries’. These ripen over a
period of six to eight months and turn a deep red when ripe, which explains their name.
Inside there are two green beans that have to be separated from the pulp and the skin,
and dried. This process is known as curing, and it can be done by one of two methods.
For the traditional ‘dry method’ of curing, the cherries are laid out in the sun until
completely dry, and then the dried skins and pulp are removed from the beans. The ‘wet
method’ is a more recent development and it is employed for high-quality hand-picked
cherries. The outer, fleshy layer is removed, then the cherries are soaked and fermented,
followed by washing and drying. Finally, the skins are removed by a machine, revealing
the green beans.
In both cases, the green beans are sorted, graded and packed for export. Roasting tends
to be done in the country of import. The roasting process is necessary to reduce the
acidity of the beans and to develop the aromatic oils, which give the coffee its aroma and
flavour. Finally, grinding exposes a larger surface area to the water, ensuring optimum
contact between the ground beans and the water, resulting in a more satisfying cup of
coffee.
The flavour, character and quality of coffee varies tremendouslv - not only between
countries, but also between estates within the same country. The soil, altitude and climate
are all factors that contribute to the character of the bean, thereby affecting the final taste.
There are four varieties of coffee plant, but only two are sold on any commercial scale.
The most important of these is coffee arabica, which grows on steep mountain slopes at
high altitudes. The arabica bean produces coffee that is rich, aromatic and full of flavor,
and it accounts for 70% of world coffee production. Coffee experts agree that the arabica
bean is far superior in flavour to other types. The other main variety, coffee canephora,
produces the coffee bean known as robusta. Grown on the lower slopes, where cultivation
is easier, robusta beans have a higher caffeine content than arabica beans, and a
rougher, almost earthy flavour that lacks delicacy and subtlety. It costs about half the price
of arabica and is used in the cheaper blends of both fresh and instant coffee.
There are three types of instant coffee. The cheapest is made from robusta beans that
have been brewed into a concentrate. This is sprayed into a stream of hot air that instantly
evaporates all moisture, leaving a fine powder. Some of the spray-dried powders undergo
further heating to produce granular coffees; the better ones include some arabica beans.
The best instant coffees are freeze-dried. For these, an arabica coffee concentrate is
frozen and processed in a vacuum to produce crisp, dry particles of coffee.
Caffeine is a stimulant that is present in coffee. It makes the nervous system more active,
which is usually the desired effect. However, it can cause sleeplessness and therefore
some consumers prefer to buy coffee without caffeine. Decaffeinated coffee is available in
all the regular coffee forms: whole beans, ground or instant. Caffeine is removed by
soaking the beans in water, or by the use of solvents or carbon dioxide. The latter is
thought to be the best method as it does not affect the flavour and there is no residue. To
qualify as decaffeinated, coffee must contain less than 0.9% caffeine.
Questions 1 - 6
Do the following statements agree with the information give in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1 -6 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1 Ripe coffee fruits are called cherries because of their colour.
2 The modern ‘wet method’ of curing is more efficient than the old ‘dry method’.
3 Green beans are usually roasted before being exported.
4 The roasting process improves both the smell and the taste of coffee.
5 Arabica coffee is harder to grow than robusta coffee.
6 The best instant coffee is a mix of arabica and robusta coffee.
Questions 7 - 1 3 Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.
The history of coffee
• coffee originally came from the area around the Red Sea
• early 7 ...................... suggest that coffee was grown in Yemen
• Europeans first heard about coffee from 8 .......................
• coffee drinking became a 9 ...................... in Europe only after Pope Clement VIII
drank some of it
• people such as painters and 10 ..................... began to get together in cafes in
major European cities
• today coffee is grown only in tropical regions to avoid damage caused
by 11 ..................
• in coffee cultivation, the 12 ....................... is generally done manually

Decaffeinated coffee
• most people like the fact that coffee contains a stimulant, but this leads to
problems for others
• using carbon dioxide is the ideal way of removing caffeine because it maintains
the 13 ................... of the coffee
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading
Passage 2 on pages 6 and 7

Preserving Antarctic History

Protecting early buildings in Antarctica
A Few people conjuring up the 'most comfortable dwelling place imaginable are likely to
picture a wooden shelter on an island off the coldest continent on Earth. But that's how
Antarctic explorer Robert Falcon Scott described the hut at Cape Evans on Ross Island
that was the base for his 1910-13 expedition.
The hut is nested below a small hill on a long stretch of black sand. In 2011, it looked like
a building site, but now, seals lie on the ice in front of the newly restored structure and sun
reflects off the cliffs of the nearby glacier.

B The New Zealand Antarctic Heritage Trust (NZAHT) and its team of conservation
workers recently announced the completion of 10 years of intensive work to save three
historic buildings on Ross Island. As well as the hut at Cape Evans, it has worked on the
Discovery Hut from Scott's 1901-04 expedition at Hut Point, and the hut at Cape Royds,
built for Ernest Shackleton's 1907-09 expedition. When work began, many of the artefacts
were temporarily removed while carpenters from the team of conservation workers
repaired the walls, floors and roof. In Scott's 'zone of command' was the table where team
member Edward Wilson made his enduring biological and botanical illustrations. In a dark
corner nearby, Edward Atkinson had once incubated his moulds and parasites. Of
particular interest is the small workbench and array of test tubes, sample jars and Bunsen
burner stands of biologist Edward Nelson, lit by sunshine through a dusty window. This
was where the young scientist preserved marine specimens as part of his search for new
species and an understanding of the Antarctic food chain.

C The NZAHT executive director Nigel Watson describes the three restored huts as
'fantastic remnants of humans first contact with the continent'. The idea for the birth of the
conservation project, he says, was the fact that we were in great danger of losing them'.
When the on-site work began in 2004, snow and ice were building up around, under and
sometimes inside the huts, damaging the structures and threatening their contents. 'We
now have three buildings that are structurally sound and watertight with a very different
feel - they are drier and lighter and the humidity is reduced. It's a much better environment
for the collection.

D As well as heritage carpenters, the NZAHT team on Ross Island has included experts in
textile, paper and metal conservation: in total, 62 experts from 11 countries have visited
Antarctica to work on the project, often spending a whole summer on-site, sleeping in
tents and popping 25km back to Scott Base for the occasional shower. It became known
as the most exciting conservation project in the world,' says Watson,
'so it attracted top heritage conservation talent.'
E Some of the most exciting discoveries were three intact crates of Mackinlay's Rare Old
Highland Mait Whisky' found encased in ice beneath Shackleton's hut, a paper notebook
that belonged to surgeon, zoologist and photographer George Murray Levick found buried
in dirt at Cape Evans and a small box of 22 cellulose nitrate negatives waiting to be
developed into photographs found in Herbert Ponting's darkroom. But most of the 18,202
items catalogued and conserved are more mundane: food, tools, clothing and other
personal items that were not precious enough to be taken home on the return voyages.

F The NZAHT team's conservation treatments involved thorough cleaning, followed by

chemical treatment to help slow, or even reverse, the deterioration. Metal items would go
through corrosion removal, followed by a chemical stabilisation treatment, then application
of an oxygen and moisture barrier to prevent further corrosion. Treatment of paper items
often involved washing to remove harmful acids and salts and to help reinforce the fibres
so that in some cases the paper was even stronger than before.

G As a result of the project, the NZAHT has become the world leader in cold- climate
heritage conservation and its members have been interviewed for numerous television
documentaries and radio reports. The Ross Island huts are the jewels in the crown', says
Watson, but there are other historic buildings needing attention. With logistics support
from Antarctica New Zealand, programme managers Al Fastier and Lizzie Meek will be
part of a small team heading to Cape Adare, an exposed site more than 700km north of
Scott Base. The two Cape Adare huts, remnants of an 1898 - 1900 British expedition, 'are
not only the first buildings on the continent', says Watson, but also the only example of
humanity's first buildings on any continent on Earth'

H The three-year restoration effort will involve construction repairs and the removal,
conservation and return of about 1100 objects. Compared with the hut sites on Ross
Island, which are relatively sheltered, Cape Adare is a very remote and challenging place
to work in', says Watson. It's set among the world's biggest colony of Adélie penguins on
an exposed spit of land, and it is important that they don't interrupt the functioning of the
colony in any way while they are there. Lizzie Meek looks forward to the challenge. But I'm
also looking forward to going back to the Ross Island huts and seeing them with fresh
eyes. After so many years of working on them, to be able to step inside and look around to
see what we have accomplished will be amazing.'

I If you can find your way to Antarctica, you'll need a permit to visit any of these huts,
which are each in an Antarctic Specially Protected Area. But there's an easier way to see
them without making the long journey: the trust has partnered with Google to offer Street
View walkthroughs of each of the dwellings, available via Google Earth or through the
NZAHT's website.

Questions 1 4 - 1 9

Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-l.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-l, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.

14 a reason the early explorers left some objects behind

15 an explanation of how to see the huts without travelling to Antarctica

16 reference to the fact that Robert Falcon Scott enjoyed the time he spent living in the
hut

17 reference to how the Ross island project has received attention from the media

18 the reason the trust decided to begin conservation work at Ross Island

19 a description of the process for preserving paper

Questions 20 and 21

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Write the correct letters in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet.

Which TWO research activities were carried out by Scott's expedition team?
A collecting samples of sea life
B monitoring penguin behaviour
C studying the effects of cold on the humanbody
D keeping a record of Antarctic weather patterns
E drawing pictures of plants and animals

Questions 22 and 23

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Write the correct letters in boxes 22 and 23 on your answer sheet.

Which TWO statements are true about the conservation workers on Ross Island?

A They lived in Scott's huts while carrying out the work.

B They were in Antarctica for months at a time.
C They had previously worked together in New Zealand.
D They restored the contents as well as the buildings themselves.
E They had no access to showers at all.

Questions 24 - 26 Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.

 Cape Adare
Cape Adare is located several hundred kilometres north of Scott's hut. The huts on
Cape Adare are not as 24 ...................... as those on Ross Island and the workers
have to be careful not to disturb the group of 25........................ living nearby. Visitors to
Antarctica must have a 26 ...................... to see the restored huts.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading
Passage 3 on pages 10 and 11.

WHALE CULTURE
A. Most social scientists stubbornly resist the idea that animals have culture. Even
such advanced cetacean mammals as whales and dolphins clearly don’t have art,
literature, or architecture. But patient observation over many years has begun to
reveal behaviours that can only have been learnt from other whales. And that, say
whale biologists, constitutes culture.
B. So far, humpback and killer whales provide the best evidence of culture in
cetaceans, and the song of the male humpback is among the most striking
examples. Humpback populations in different oceans sing different songs, but
within the some mean they all stick to the same one. However, during the
breeding season the sounds change, as it appears that females are drawn to
novel songs. One male might add an extra set of groans; another might drop a
series of grunts. Soon all the other males have altered their own rendition to
incorporate the changes until they are once again singing the same song. Since
this occurs among thousands of whales spread across a vast part of the planet,
the change cannot be in response to any factor in the animals’ environment.
The latest version of the song can be learnt only from other whales - almost
certainly by imitation.
c. Culture plays an even bigger part in the life of killer whales. Nowhere is this more
obvious than along the north-west coast of America, where killer whales are split
into two distinct populations - ‘residents’ and ‘transients’. They live in the same
stretch of water, but they don’t mingle. In effect, they belong to two quite separate
cultures. Residents live in stable groups, or ‘pods’, made up of two or three
mothers and their offspring - perhaps 20 whales in all. Calves stay with their
mothers throughout adulthood, and in many years of observation no one has ever
seen a whale switch pods. Transients travel in smaller, more changeable groups
of between three and six.
D. One of the most obvious distinctions between the transient and resident societies
is the way they impart information. Killer whales detect prey with a range of echo-
locating clicks, but converse with a vocabulary of squeaks, whistles and whines.
Transients have only a few such calls, and all transient societies share the same
ones. Residents have a much more extensive repertoire, and each family group
has its own unique and distinctive set of calls. Despite regular interaction between
them, each resident pod sticks firmly to its own dialect. Research shows these
dialects are maintained for at least 40 years.
E. To qualify as part of killer whale culture, dialects must be learnt from other
members of the pod. Animals with different dialects share the same waters, so the
variation can’t be a product of the physical environment. ‘And we can throw out the
notion that the dialects are inherited,’ says Lance Barrett-Lennard of the University
of British Columbia. He has spent the past seven years analysing DNA from 270
whales. His paternity tests reveal that female killer whales invariably attract mates
from outside their own pod - males with a very different dialect. If dialects were
programmed by genetics, call patterns from both father and mother would be
passed on to the calf. ‘A calf uses the calls of its maternal pod very precisely.
There’s no input from the father,’ says Barrett-Lennard.
F. The question still remains - is this culture? It is, according to Frans de Waal of
Emory University in Atlanta, who argues that culture is just another biological
adaptation that has evolved in many creatures. One benefit of viewing culture in
this way is that you can start to understand how and why it might have arisen in
these creatures. Whales have several biological attributes that give them an
advantage in social learning. Apart from their advanced mental abilities, they are
adept at recognising sounds: ideal for communicating in the marine environment.
Many species spend years rearing their offspring, and live in small, stable, multi-
generational societies, a social system that provides ample opportunity for
teaching and learning.
G. But why have cetaceans evolved the ability to learn from other group members?
Experts in whale biology believe that ecological factors and the need to adapt to
sudden changes in the environment played a large part in the emergence of
culture. Although the ocean is a relatively stable habitat in many ways, it is highly
changeable in one crucial respect - the availability of food. One moment there
might be a plentiful supply offish, the next they’ve disappeared. When that
happens, the past experience of the senior members of the group - and the ability
to share this knowledge - is a huge asset. The dialects of killer whales allow
members of the group to identify each other, enabling them to share information
about food hot spots. Among resident killer whales, it also allows females to avoid
inbreeding by picking out a mate with a strange dialect from outside their pod, says
Barrett-Lennard.
H. The importance of sharing information seems to have led to biological changes in
at least some species of whale. Female killer whales, like humans, are very
unusual in that they live up to a quarter of a century after they have had their last
offspring. This only makes sense if they have something useful to give their
descendants. And what whale matriarchs offer is the most important thing of all -
cultural knowledge, vital for the group’s survival, passed directly from one
generation to the next.
Questions 27 - 31
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE NOT if the statement contradicts the information if
GIVEN there is no information on this
27 Resident killer whales appear to remain with their maternal group for life.
28 Resident killer whales have a more restricted range of calls than transients.
29 There is a vocabulary of sounds which is common to all transient killer whales.
30 Resident killer whales share the dialects of other resident communities living in
the same waters.
31 The dialects of transient killer whales remain constant over time.

Questions 32 - 34 Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 32-34 on your answer sheet.
It has been observed that resident killer whales invariably live in fixed family groups,
known as 32.................... Each of these has its own unique set of calls, despite dose
contact with other family groups. As the same areas of ocean contain many different
groups with widely varying dialects, it is clear that these differences could not have
emerged as a result of whales’ 33 .....................
According to tests conducted by Lance Barrett-Lennard. a calf communicates
exclusively with the dialect of the group to which its 34 ..................... belongs. Barrett-
Lennard also rejects the idea that the call patterns are inherited.
Questions 35 - 37 Choose THREE letters, A-F.
Write the correct letters in boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet.
Which THREE of the following features of whales are mentioned in the passage?
A intelligence
B physical strength
C sensitivity to sound
D prolonged life span
E lengthy period of fertility
F adaptability to a variety of foods

Questions 38 - 40
Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs, A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.
38 an example of the kind of information passed by whales to each other
39 a reference to variations in communication styles between different cultures within
one species
40 ways in which the skills of whales are favourable for the development of culture
Coffee then and now Whale Culture
1. TRUE 27. TRUE
2. NOT GIVEN 28. FALSE
3. FALSE 29. TRUE
4. TRUE 30. FALSE
5. TRUE 31. NOT GIVEN
6. FALSE 32. pods
7. records 33. physical environment
8. traders 34. mother
9. trend 35. A
10. politicians 36. C
11. frost 37. D
12. picking 38. B
13. flavor 39. D
40. F

Preserving Antarctic History

14. E
15. I
16. A
17. G
18.C
19. F
20. A
21. E
22. A
23. B
24. sheltered
25. penguins
26. permit