MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS

“Saying Numbers and Years & Telling The Time”

Dosen Pengampu : Gia Puspita Mokodompit, S.Pd., M.Hum

Disusun oleh :
Kelompok 3
Anya Jumadil 02101050004
Daniel Pinantik 02303050005
Gledys E. Sampel 02303050012
Nurhikmawati Pikoli 02303050020
Puan M. Monoarfa 02303050022
Revanli Mamonto 02303050024

PROGRAM STUDI SARJANA FARMASI

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 PREFACE

All praise and gratitude are dedicated to the Almighty, Allah subhanallahu wa
ta'ala, whose blessings and kindness alone have enabled the author to complete
this paper entitled “Saying Numbers and Years & Telling The Time” right on
schedule. This paper is crafted to fulfill one of the assignments in the English
Language course taught by Mrs. Gia Puspita Mokodompit, S.Pd., M.Hum.
Numbers, whether cardinal or ordinal, are essential for effective
communication. This exploration delves into their pronunciation intricacies,
contextual nuances, and cultural influences. Shifting to the temporal realm,
articulating years involves a delicate interplay between cardinal and ordinal
numbers, considering context and history. Beyond numbers, telling time requires
precision in language, from hours to seconds, enhancing our communication skills
across various contexts.
In its compilation, the author received considerable assistance and support
from various parties. Therefore, the author expresses heartfelt gratitude. The
author acknowledges that there are still shortcomings in this paper, and as a
follow-up, humbly welcomes constructive suggestions and criticism from all
sides. Hopefully, this paper can contribute to our collective insights.

Kotamobagu, March 2024

Writer

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 DAFTAR ISI
TITLE PAGE ...........................................................................................................i
PREFACE .................................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .........................................................................................iii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .............................................................................1
A. Background of The Paper...............................................................................1
B. Problem Formulation .....................................................................................1
C. Purpose of The Paper .....................................................................................1
CHAPTER II THEORY AND DISCUSSION .......................................................2
A. Numbers in English ........................................................................................2
B. Reading Numbers ...........................................................................................4
C. How to Talk About Years ..............................................................................7
D. Say the Year in English ..................................................................................9
E. Telling the Time in English............................................................................10
F. Prepositions for Telling the Time in English ..................................................11
CHAPTER III CONCLUSION ..............................................................................13
A. Conclusion......................................................................................................13
B. Suggestion ......................................................................................................13
BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................14

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 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of The Paper
The intricacies of language are woven into every facet of
communication, and among its fundamental elements, the expression of
numerical values and temporal concepts stands prominently. This chapter
delves into the rationale behind exploring the linguistic nuances of saying
numbers and years, along with the art of telling time.
Language, as a dynamic tool, serves to convey thoughts, ideas, and
information, making it imperative to master its various dimensions. In the
realm of numeracy and temporality, the English language presents a rich
tapestry of conventions, rules, and cultural influences that significantly
impact communication.
B. Problem Formulation
From the background above, in this paper we formualte several
problems, namely as follows :
1. What are numbers in English?
2. How to read numbers?
3. How to talk about years?
4. How to say “the year” in English?
5. How to tell about the time in English?
C. Purpose of The Paper
1. Knowing about numbers in English.
2. Knowing about how to read numbers.
3. Knowing about how to talk about years.
4. Knowing about how to say ‘the year’ in English.
5. Knowing about how to tell the time in English.

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 CHAPTER II
THEORY AND DISCUSSION
A. Numbers in English
There are three types of numbers in English, we called it as cardinal
numbers and ordinal numbers, also nominal numbers. Cardinal numbers
are the numbers used for counting or indicating quantity. They represent
the "how many" in a set. Examples of cardinal numbers include 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, and so on. They are the basic numbers we use in everyday counting.
Ordinal numbers, on the other hand, represent the position or order of
elements in a sequence. They indicate the "order" or "placement" of items
in relation to one another. Examples of ordinal numbers include 1st, 2nd,
3rd, 4th, 5th, and so forth. While nominal numbers (also known as nominal
numerals) are used for identification or naming rather than indicating
quantity or order. They serve as labels or names for things. Examples
include room numbers, street addresses, or product codes.
In summary, cardinal numbers are used for counting, indicating how
many items there are, while ordinal numbers are used for indicating the
order or position of items in a sequence, and nominal numbers are used for
identification/naming.
a. Cardinal numbers
Cardinal numbers—also known as counting numbers—are used
to specify quantities (i.e., they identify how many). They are what
come to mind most often when we think of numbers. Unlike ordinal
numbers, they do not specify rank, order, or position.
- AP advises to spell out one through nine
“Blaine gas two dogs, and Ray has five.”
“Gator was held back after his junior year of high school, so he
went to three total proms.”
- For cardinal numbers greater than nine, AP typically directs to
use figures :

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 “Victor owns 32 miniature replicas of different types of
airplanes.”
“The labor strike has reached day 205.”
- CMOS advises to spell out one through one hundred :
“Victor owns thirty-two miniature replicas of different types of
airplanes.”
- For cardinal numbers greater than one hundred, CMOS directs
to use figures :
“The state-park expansion now includes an additional 220
acres for wildlife preservation.”
“That rampart is 1,185 years old.”
- The exceptions to this CMOS guideline are whole numbers
combined with hundred, thousand, hundred thousand, million,
billion, etc.
“Approximately two hundred thousand people attended the city
parade and celebration.”
“Scientists estimate the earth to be more than four billion years
old.”
b. Ordinal numbers
Ordinal numbers are those that indicate rank, order, or position.
Ordinal numbers do not express quantities, an important distinction
from cardinal numbers.
- Concerning ordinal numbers, AP advises to spell out first
through ninth :
“Keersten just won the sixth gold medal of her illustrious ice-
skating career.”
“That is the fourth guitar string I’ve broken in the last few
weeks.”
- For ordinal numbers that greater than ninth, AP directs to use
figures :
“Vithu recently celebrated his 30th birthday.”

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 “Jean has crossed her 13th mile of the marathon.”
- The Chicago Manual of Style advises to spell out first through
one hundredth :
“Vithu recently celebrated his thirtieth birthday.”
“I’m pretty sure that’s the one hundredth time you told me
that.”
- For ordinal numbers greater than one hundredth, CMOS directs
to use figures :
“Today is the 175th anniversary of the founding of the village.”
“The labor strike has reached its 205th day.”
c. Nominal numbers
Certain numbers can be classified as nominal numbers. This
means that they identify something as opposed to counting or
ordering it. Just a few examples might be a zip code, a telephone
number, or a sports player’s uniform number. Examples :
“Jason lives somewhere in Beverly Hills 90210.”
“The new number for Doggie Dearest Grooming is 888-555-3644.”
“We will always remember the Chicago Bears’ legendary 34,
Walter Payton.”
B. Reading Numbers
In this section, we delve into the art of reading numbers effectively.
Whether navigating numerical data, deciphering statistics, or
comprehending numerical information in various contexts, mastering the
skill of reading numbers is paramount.
a. How to say numbers from 1 to 100 - Say individual numbers
between one and twenty. After that, use the tens (twenty, thirty, etc.)
followed by the numbers one through nine :
- 7 (seven)
- 19 (nineteen)
- 32 (thirty-two)
- 89 (eighty-nine)

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 When expressing large numbers (more than one hundred), read in
groups of hundreds. The order is as follows: billion, million,
thousand, hundred. Notice that hundred, thousand, etc. is NOT
followed by an “s:"
- 200 is two hundred NOT two hundreds.
b. How to say numbers in hundreds - Say numbers in the hundreds by
beginning with numerals one through nine followed by "hundred".
Finish by saying the last two digits :
- 350 (three hundred fifty)
- 425 (four hundred twenty-five)
- 873 (eight hundred seventy-three)
- 112 (one hundred twelve)
c. How to say numbers in the thousands - The next group is the
thousands. Say a number up to 999 followed by "thousand." Finish
by reading the hundreds when applicable :
- 15,560 (fifteen thousand five hundred sixty)
- 786,450 (seven hundred six thousand four hundred fifty)
- 342,713 (three hundred forty-two thousand seven hundred
thirteen)
- 569,045 (five hundred sixty-nine thousand forty-five)
d. How to say numbers in the millions - For millions, say a number up
to 999 followed by "million." Finish by saying first the thousands
and then the hundreds when applicable :
- 2,450,000 (two million four hundred fifty thousand)
- 27,805,234 (twenty-seven million eight hundred five thousands
two hundred thirty-four)
- 934,700,000 (nine hundred thirty-four million seven hundred
thousand)
- 589,432,420 (five hundred eighty-nine million four hundred
thirty-two thousand four hundred twenty)

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 For even larger numbers, first use billions and then trillions in a
similar manner to millions :
- 23,870,550,000 (twenty-three billion eight hundred seventy
million five hundred fifty thousand)
- 12,600,450,345,000 (twelve trillion six hundred billion four
hundred fifty million three hundred forty-five thousand)
Large numbers are often rounded to the next biggest or next
smallest number to make things easier. For example, 345,987,650 is
rounded to 350,000,000.
e. How to say numbers with decimals - Speak decimals as the number
followed by "point." Next, say each number beyond the point
individually :
- 2.36 (two point three six)
- 14.82 (fourteen point eight two)
- 9.7841 (nine point seven eight four one)
f. How to say percentages – Say percentages as the number followed
by “percent:”
- 37% (thirty-seven percent)
- 12% (twelve percent)
g. How to talk about fractions – Say the top number as a cardinal
number, followed by the ordinal number + “s:”
- 3/8 - three-eighths
- 5/16 - five-sixteenths
Exceptions to this rule are :
- 1/4, 3/4 (one-quarter, three quarters)
- 1/3, 2/3 (one third, two-thirds)
- 1/2 (one-half)
Read numbers together with fractions by first stating the number
followed by "and" and then the fraction :
- 4 7/8 (four and seven-eighths)
- 23 1/2 (twenty-three and one-half)

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 h. Important numberic expressions
- Speed : 100 mph (miles per hour). Read speed as numbers –
(one hundred miles per hour).
- Weight : 42 lb. (pounds). Read weight as numbers – (forty-two
pounds).
- Telephone numbers : 212-555-1212. Read telephone numbers
in individual numbers – (two one two five five five one two one
two).
- Dates : 12/04/65. Read dates month, day, year in the U.S.
- Temperature : 72°F (Fahrenheit). Read temperature as
"degrees
- +number" – (seventy-two degrees fahrenheit).
- Height : - 6'2''. Read height in feet and then inches – (six feet
two inches).
C. How to Talk About Years
In general terms, "years" refers to periods of time measured in multiples
of the Earth's orbit around the sun. In the Gregorian calendar, which is
commonly used worldwide, a year consists of approximately 365.25 days.
a. Types of years
- A leap year = this is a year when there are 366 days rather than
365 days. The extra day is on 29 January. A leap year occurs
once every four years.
- A light year = the distance that light travels in a year/ a long
distance or great amount (better than something else).
- An academic year/a school year = the period of the year when
students go to university or school (usually September to June).
- A calendar year = from January 1st to December 31st.
- The financial year = also known as the tax year or fiscal year, a
12-month period starting 6 April and ending 5 April of the
following year (in the UK).

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b. Time periods in a year
- A quarter = three months.
A year is divided into four quarters, known as the first, second,
third and fourth quarter – or Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4. “The business did
really well in the first quarter.”
- A semester/a term = the school year is divided into three terms
or semesters. “The exams are in the summer term.”
- A fortnight = two weeks. “I’ll see you in a fortnight!”
- Annual = happening every year. “It’s time for our annual
party!”
We can use time periods as adjectives :
- An annual party (a party that happens once a year)
- A yearly holiday (a holiday every year)
- A monthly meeting ( a meeting every month)
- A weekly schedule (a schedule every week)
- A fortnight appoitment ( an appointment every two weeks)
- A daily catch-up ( a catch-up every day)
c. Historical time
- BC = before Christ. “Julius Caesar got to Britain in 35BC.”
- AD = “anno domini” / after the birth of Christ. “Or was it 35
AD?”
- Century = 100 years. “I was born in the last century.”
- 00s = hundreds.
In the 1900s (nineteen hundreds) travel took a lot longer than
nowadays.
- A decade = a period of ten years. “He spent decased working
for that company”. We can also refer to decades like this :
- Fifties = (1950-1959) “The fifties were a great era for rock
and roll.”
- Sixties = (1960-1969) “I would have loved to have been in
London in the Swinging Sixties.”

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 - Seventies = (1970-1979) “The seventies weren’t famous for
cool fashion.”
- The millenium = a thousand years (such as Year 2000). “Who
was the first baby to be born in the new millenium?”
D. Say the Year in English
Years are normally divided into two parts; the first two digits and the
last two digits. 1984 is divided into 19 and 84 so you would say “nineteen
eighty-four”.
- 1066 = ten sixty-six
- 1652 = sixteen fifty-two
- 1941 = nineteen forty-one
- 2017 = twenty seventeen
For the year 2000 you say (the year) two thousand. For the years 2001
to 2010, the most common way of saying the year is two thousand and +
number.
- 2001 = two thousand and one
- 2005 = two thousand and five
- 2008 = two thousand and eight
When a year ends in a number between 01 and 09, for example 1705,
then that last part is pronounced as the name of the letter O + number.
- 1508 = fifteen O eight
- 1709 = seventeen O nine
- 1901 = nineteen O one
When a year ends in 00 (e.g. 1600) then the year is said as the digits
before 00 and then hundred.
- 1300 = thirteen hundred
- 1700 = seventeen hundred
- 1800 = eighteen hundred

When people refer to the entire century, an S is added to the end.

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E. Telling the Time in English
Expressing time in English can be done in several ways, namely :
a. For hourly times use the phrase ‘o’clock’. The phrase ‘o’clock’ is a
shortening of the phrase ‘of the clock’. This is to differentiate it
from when we used to tell time by the position of the sun and stars.
We always pronounce ‘o’ in this phrase as ‘oh’. In English, we
sometimes call zero ‘0’, pronounced ‘oh’, which is faster and easier
than saying ‘zero’.
- It is three o’clock (three oh clock).
b. For any minute past the hour but before the half hour, use the word
‘past’ before the previous o’clock, or read out the full numbers.
- (3.05) – five past three or three-oh-five
- (3.15) – Quarter past three or three-fifteen (sometimes people
say ‘fifteen minutes past’, but never just ‘fifteen past’)
- (3.25) – Twenty-five past three or three twenty-five
- (3.30) – Half past three or three thirty
c. For any minute beyond the half hour, use the word ‘to’ before the
next o’clock.
- (3.40) – Twenty to four or three forty
- (3.45) – Quarter to four or three forty-five
- (3.50) – Ten to four or three fifty
- (3.55) – Five to four three fifty-five
d. The 12 hour clock and AM/PM
The 12 hour clock splits the day into two 12 hour sections. One
lasts from midnight to noon and the second half lasts from noon to
midnight. In the 12 hour clock, we need a way to differentiate
between morning and evening, so we use the letter ‘am’ and ‘pm’ to
show whether 11.20 is in the morning or at night.
Hours before noon are called ‘a.m.’ (pronounced ay-em), which
comes from the Lain ‘ante meridiem’, which means before midday.

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 Hours after noon are called ‘p.m.’ (pronounced pee-em), which
comes from the Lain ‘post meridiem’, which means after midday.
So, 11.20 in the morning is 11.20 am (eleven twenty or twenty past
eleven) and 11.20 at night is 11.20 pm.
e. The 24 hour clock
If we use the 24 hour clock to tell the time in English, there is no
need to use ‘am’ and ‘pm’. This is because 11.20 am is simply
11.20, and 11.20 pm is 23.20. When we get past 12 noon the time
does not go back to 1, but instead moves onto 13, often written with
an ‘h’ after the number, for example 13h.
F. Prepositions for Telling the Time in English
We normally use the preposition ‘at’ with times for making plans for
a specific time. For example, “I am meeting them at two o’clock”. But we
use the word ‘in’ for a less definite amount of time. For example, “I am
meeting them in two hours”.
We use the preposition ‘in’ for a general time of day. For example “in
the morning”, “in the afternoon” and “in the evening”. If it is late, we
normally say ‘at night’, for example “it’s ten o’clock at night” to mean 10
pm. We also say ‘in the night’ to mean in the middle of the night in
general.
We can add the phrase ‘in the morning’ to mean a time before noon. If
the time is very early, for example before 6am, we can say “early
morning”. If the time is in the middle of the night, for example 1 am until
3 am, we can say it is “in the early hours”. For general amounts of time,
we can use various phrases that aren’t exact, often starting with ‘about’ or
‘around’. For example :
- “It will take about half an hour” / “about 30 minutes”
- “I’ll meet you in about a quarter of an hour” / “about 15
minutes”
- “We’ll be there in about an hour”
- “It should be about an hour and a half’ / “about 90 minutes”

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- “It will only take a few minutes”
- “They will be ready in a couple of minutes” (a couple means
two, but people sometimes use ‘couple’ to mean slightly more
when talking about time or quantity)

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 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
A. Conclusion
In the exploration of language nuances, our journey delves into the realm
of expressing numbers and years, and the intricate art of telling time in
English. Navigating the linguistic landscape, we uncover the subtleties of
pronunciation and writing rules for numbers, venturing into the realms of
decimals and percentages. The narrative unfolds with a detailed guide on the
nuanced expression of years, exploring diverse writing formats.
B. Suggestion
The author acknowledges that there are still shortcomings in this paper,
and as a follow-up, humbly welcomes constructive suggestions and criticism
from all sides. Hopefully, this paper can contribute to our collective insights.

13
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.woodwardenglish.com/lesson/how-to-say-the-year-in-
english/#:~:text=How%20to%20say%20the%20YEAR%20in%20English%0
Years,1941%20%3D%20nineteen%20forty-
one%202017%20%3D%20twenty%20seventeen

https://english-at-home.com/years/

https://www.myenglishlanguage.com/?s=date%2C+months%2C+years

https://www.vocabulary.cl/Basic/Telling_Time.htm

https://eslfriend.com/wp-
content/uploads/2021/06/ESLConversation.ReadingNumbers.pdf

https://www.grammarbook.com/blog/numbers/ordinal-vs-cardinal-numbers/

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