Chapter V

Object Orientation the new software paradigm

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 Chapter Outline

 The potential benefits of object orientation

 The potential drawbacks of object orientation

 Object standards

 The object orientation software process

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 Structured vs. Object Orientation paradigm
Structured paradigm
 It is a development strategy based on the concept that a system should be separated
into two parts:
• Data and functionality (modeled using a process model).
 Using the structured approach, you develop applications in which data is separated
from behavior in both the design model and in the system implementation (i.e , the
program).
Object oriented Paradigm
 The main concept behind the object-oriented paradigm is that instead of defining
systems as two separate parts (data and functionality), system defined as a collection of
interacting objects.
– Describes and build system that consists object.

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 An object-oriented system comprises a number of software objects that interact to achieve the
system objective.

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 The Potential Benefits of the Object Oriented paradigm

 Increased reusability:
• The OO paradigm provides opportunities for reuse through the concepts of inheritance,
polymorphism, encapsulation, modularity, coupling and cohesion.
• It provides more opportunities for reuse than the structured paradigm
 Increased extensibility : Because classes have both data and functionality, when you
add new features to the system you need to make changes in one place, the class
 Improved Quality : Quality systems are on time, on budget and meet or exceed the
expectations of their users.
• Improved quality comes from increased participation of users in systems development.
• OO systems development techniques provide greater opportunity for users to participate
in the development process.
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 Financial benefits
• Reusability, extensibility, and improved quality are all technical benefits.
• Object orientation enables you to build systems better, faster and cheaper (BFC)
• The benefits OO are realized through out the entire development life cycle, not just
programming
 Increased Chance of Project success
• A project is successful if it is on time, on budget and meets the needs of the its users.
• Users are expert at business and they are the only ones who can tell you what they need.
• You need to know the right question to ask, know the business very well.
• You need models that communicate the required information and that users understand.
• You need to work closely with users
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 Reduce maintenance Burdon

 Software organizations currently spend significant resources (80%) maintaining and
 operating software, and because of the long waiting list of work to be done,
 it takes significant time to get new projects started.
 These two problems are respectively called
– the maintenance Burdon and
– The application backlog
• These are problems that object orientation can help you to overcome

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 The Potential Drawbacks of OO

 Nothing is perfect including OO. While many exiting benefits exist to OO, they come at a
price:
1. OO requires greater concentration on requirements analysis and design
 You cannot build a system that meets users needs unless you know what those needs
are( you need to do requirements)
 You cannot built a system unless you know how it all fit together (you need to do
analysis and design)
2. Developers must closely work with users
 Users are the experts but they have their own jobs to do (busy)
3. OO requires a complete change in the mindset on the part of individuals
 they should understand the benefits of OO
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4. OO requires the development culture of the IS dept to change

 The change in the mind set of individual developers actually reflect an over all change
in the development culture
 Do more analysis and design but (less programming) and working with users
5. OO is just more than programming
6. Many OO benefits are long term
– OO truly pays off when you extend and enhance your system
7. OO demands up front investments in training education and tools
– Organizations must train and educate their development staff.
– Buy books, development tools and magazines

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8. OO techniques do not guarantee you will build the right system

– While OO increases the probability of project success ,it still depends on the
ability of individuals involved.
– developers, users, mangers must be working together to have a good working atmosphere
9. OO necessitates increased testing
– OO is typically iterative in nature, and probably developing complex system
using the objects, the end result is you need to spend more time in testing.
10. OO is only part of the solution
– You still need CASE tools
– Need to perform quality assurance (QA)
– You still need usable interface so the users can work with the systems effectively
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 Object Standards
 OO orientation today becomes the significant part of the software development .

 Objects are the primary enabling technology for components.

 It also stays in the future because of the standard set by the OMG.

 OO orientation today becomes the significant part of the software development .

 Objects are the primary enabling technology for components.

 It also stays in the future because of the standard set by the OMG.
 CORBA( Common object request broker architecture): the standard architecture for
supporting distributed objects.
 UML ( Unified modeling language)-the standard modeling language for the object oriented
software.
 ANSI(Americans National Standards Institute)-Defined standards for C++.
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 Sun Microsystems ,Http://www.sum.com actively maintains, enhances and supports a de facto

standard definition for java and related standards such as Enterprise Java Beans (EJB).

 The Object Database Management group (ODMG)- Http://www.odmg.org actively maintains,

enhances and supports a standard definition for object oriented databases and object query
language (OQL).

 ANSI ( Americans National Standards Institute)-Defined standards for C++.

Http://www.ansi.org

 Sun Microsystems ,Http://www.sum.com actively maintains, enhances and supports a de facto

standard definition for java and related standards such as Enterprise Java Beans (EJB).

 The Object Database Management group (ODMG)- Http://www.odmg.org actively maintains,

enhances and supports a standard definition for object oriented databases and object query
language (OQL). Compiled Yilkal B. 12
 The object orientation software process

 The Object-Oriented Modeling (OOM) technique visualizes things in an application by

using models organized around objects.
 Any software development approach goes through the following stages:
 Analysis
 Design and
 Implementation.
 In object-oriented software engineering, the software developer identifies and
organizes the application in terms of object-oriented concepts, prior to their final
representation in any specific programming language or software tools.

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Phases in Object-Oriented Software Development

 The major phases of software development using object–oriented methodology are

object-oriented analysis, object-oriented design, and object-oriented implementation.

i. Object–Oriented Analysis

 In this stage, the problem is formulated, user requirements are identified, and then a
model is built based upon real–world objects.

 The analysis produces models on how the desired system should function and how it
must be developed.

 The models don’t include any implementation details so that it can be understood and
examined by any non–technical application expert.
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ii. Object–Oriented Design
 Object-oriented design includes two main stages, namely, system design and object
design.
I. System Design:
In this stage, the complete architecture of the desired system is designed.
 The system is considered as a set of interacting subsystems that in turn is composed of a
hierarchy of interacting objects, grouped into classes.
 System design is done according to both the system analysis model and the proposed
system architecture.
 Here, the emphasis is on the objects comprising the system rather than the processes in
the system.
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II. Object Design: In this phase, a design model is developed based on both the models
developed in the system analysis phase and the architecture designed in the system design
phase.
 All the classes required are identified.
 The designer decides whether: new classes are to be created from scratch,
 any existing classes can be used in their original form, or
 new classes should be inherited from the existing classes
The associations between the identified classes are established and the hierarchies of
classes are identified.
Besides, the developer designs the internal details of the classes and their associations, i.e.,
the data structure for each attribute and the algorithms for the operations.
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III. Object–Oriented Implementation and Testing

In this stage, the design model developed in the object design is translated into code.

 In an appropriate programming language or software tool.

 The databases are created and the specific hardware requirements are

ascertained.

 Once the code is in shape, it is tested using specialized techniques to identify

and remove the errors in the code

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 oo

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End of chapter Five
Any Question?

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