Chapter 14

The Ideal Gas Law

and Its Applications
 Gases Revisited
Properties of Gases (Section 4.1)

Gases may be compressed.

Gases expand to fill their containers
uniformly.
All gases have low densities compared with
those of liquids and solids.
Gases may be mixed in the same volume.
A gas exerts constant, uniform pressure in
 Gases Revisited
The Ideal Gas Model describes the
particulate behavior of gases as (Section 4.2):

Gases consist of molecular particles moving at any

given instant in straight lines.
Molecules collide with each other and with the
container walls without loss of energy.
Gas molecules are very widely spaced.
The actual volume of molecules is negligible
compared to the space they occupy.
Gas molecules behave as independent particles;
attractive forces between them are negligible.
 Gases Revisited
Gas measurements and the units in which
they
are usually expressed include (Section 4.3):

Pressure, P, expressed in torr or

atmospheres (atm)
Volume, V, expressed in liters (L)
Temperature, T, expressed in degrees
Celsius (°C) or kelvins (K)
 Gases Revisited
Combined Gas Law

Standard Temperature and Pressure

0°C (273 K) and 1 atm (bar)
 Avogadro’s Law
Goal 1

If pressure and temperature are constant,

state how volume and amount of gas are
related and explain phenomena or make
predictions based on that relationship.
 Avogadro’s Law
Law of Combining Volumes
When gases react with each other, the reacting
volumes are always in the ratio of small whole
numbers if the volumes are measured at the same
temperature and pressure. It extends to gaseous
products, too. Could be explained by:
Avogadro’s Law
Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and
pressure contain the same number of molecules.
Quantitatively,
Volume is proportional to number of molecules:
V∝n
Avogadro’s Law
Avogadro’s Law
 The Ideal Gas Law
Goal 2

Explain how the ideal gas equation can

be constructed by combining
Charles’s, Boyle’s, and Avogadro’s
Laws, and explain how the ideal gas
equation can be used to derive each of
the three two-variable laws.
 The Ideal Gas Law
The Ideal Gas Law is a mathematical
combination
of the individual gas laws:

Charles’s Law: V ∝ T

Boyle’s Law: V ∝

Avogadro’s Law: V ∝ n
 The Ideal Gas Law
V∝T× ×n

Inserting a proportionality constant yields an equation:

V=R×T× ×n

Rearranging gives the ideal gas equation

in its most common form:

PV = nRT

R is called the universal (or ideal) gas constant.

 The Ideal Gas Law
Example:
A 0.1000-mole sample of helium is placed in a
piston and heated to 25.00°C (298.15 K). The
volume is adjusted to 4.600 L, and the
resulting pressure is measured as 0.5319
atm. Use these data to determine the value of
the universal gas constant.
Solution:
Use the ideal gas equation and algebra.
PV = nRT
 The Ideal Gas Law
A useful variation of the ideal gas
equation replaces n, the number of
moles, by the mass of a sample, m,
divided by molar mass, MM:

n= = =g× = mol

PV = nRT = RT =
 The Ideal Gas Equation
Goal 3

Given values for all except one of the

variables in the ideal gas equation,
calculate the value of the remaining
variable.
 The Ideal Gas Equation
If you know values for all variables
except one in the ideal gas equation,
you can use algebra to find the value
of the unknown variable.

As with all problems to be calculated

algebraically,
first solve the equation for the wanted
quantity.
 The Ideal Gas Equation
Example:
What is the pressure (atm) in a helium-filled 0.77-L
balloon if it contains 1.0 g of gas at 22°C?

Solution:
V, m, and T are directly given in the problem
statement. You also need MM, and that can be
found based on the name of the gas, helium. From
the periodic table, MM for He is 4.003 g/mol. You
now have all variables but one.

We will use the 0.0821 L • atm/mol • K value for R

because the problem statement asks for P in atm.
 The Ideal Gas Equation
PV = RT

P= = 1.0 g × 0.0821 ×
(22 + 273) K

= 7.9 atm
 Gas Density
Goal 4

Calculate the density of a known gas at any

specified temperature and pressure.

Goal 5

Given the density of a pure gas at specified

temperature and pressure, or information
from which it can be found, calculate the
 Gas Density

So density is proportional to molar mass

of a gas
 Gas Density
Example:
What is the density of helium at 22°C and 744
torr?
Solution:
Solve with algebra.
 USING GAS DENSITY
The density of air at 15 oC and 1.00 atm is
1.23 g/L. What is the molar mass of air?
1. Calc. moles of air.
V = 1.00 L P = 1.00 atm T = 288
K
n = PV/RT = 0.0423 mol
2. Calc. molar mass
mass/mol = 1.23 g/0.0423 mol = 29.1 g/
 Molar Volume
Goal 6

Calculate the molar volume of any gas at

any given temperature and pressure.

Goal 7

Given the molar volume of a gas at any

specified temperature or pressure, or
information from which molar volume may
be determined, and eitehr the number of
 Molar Volume
Molar Volume of a Gas
The volume occupied by one mole of gas
molecules.
 Molar Volume
At the common reference conditions of
standard temperature (0°C, 273 K) and
pressure (1 atm),

The STP molar volume of a gas is 22.4 L/

 Gas Stoichiometry at STP
Goal 8

Given a chemical equation, or a reaction

for which the equation can be written,
and the mass or number of moles of
one species in the reaction, or the STP
volume of a gaseous species, find the
mass or number of moles of another
species, or the STP volume of another
Gas Stoichiometry at STP
 Gas Stoichiometry at STP
STP gas stoichiometry is based on the fact that
the
molar volume of an ideal gas at STP is 22.4 L/
mol.
 Gas Stoichiometry at STP
Molar volume (L/mol) and molar mass (g/mol)
are similar.
However, they differ in two important respects:

The molar mass of a substance is constant,

independent of temperature and pressure. By
contrast, the molar volume of a gas is
variable, depending on temperature and
pressure.

Each substance has its own unique molar mass.

 Gas Stoichiometry at STP
Example:
What volume of hydrogen, measured at STP, is
released when a 1.44 g chip of solid calcium
is added to a hydrochloric acid solution?
Solution:
GIVEN: 1.44 g Ca WANTED: volume H2
(assume L)
Ca + 2 HCl → H2 + CaCl2
1.44 g Ca × × × = 0.805
L H2
 Stoich: Ideal Gas Eqn Method
Goal 9

Given a chemical equation, or a reaction for

which the equation can be written, and the
mass or number of moles of one species in
the reaction, or the volume of any gaseous
species at a given temperature and
pressure, find the mass or number of moles
of any other species, or the volume of any
other gaseous species at a given
temperature and pressure.
Stoich: Ideal Gas Eqn Method
Procedure
Solving a Gas Stoichiometry Problem
Ideal Gas Equation Method

Volume Given
(want g or mol)

1. Use the ideal gas equation to change given

volume to moles: n = PV/RT.
2. Use the result in Step 1 to calculate the wanted
quantity (such as grams) using Steps 2 and 3 of
the stoichiometry path.
Stoich: Ideal Gas Eqn Method
Procedure
Solving a Gas Stoichiometry Problem
Ideal Gas Equation Method

Volume Wanted
(start with g or mol)

1. Calculate moles of wanted substance using

Steps 1 and 2 of the stoichiometry path.
2. Use the ideal gas equation to change moles
calculated above to volume: V = nRT/P.
Stoich: Ideal Gas Eqn Method
Example:
What volume of CO2, measured at 22°C and 755 torr,
is produced when 10.0 g CH4 is burned completely?
Solution:
Step 1 is to calculate the moles of the wanted
substance using the first two steps in the
stoichiometry path.
CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O
GIVEN: 10.0 g CH4 WANTED: mol CO2
Stoich: Ideal Gas Eqn Method
The second step is to use the ideal gas
equation to change moles from the
first step to volume.
PV = nRT
 Vol–Vol Gas Stoichiometry
Goal 10

Given a chemical equation, or a

reaction for which the equation can
be written, and the volume of any
gaseous species at a given
temperature and pressure, find the
volume of any other gaseous species
at a given temperature and pressure.
Vol–Vol Gas Stoichiometry
Volume–Volume Gas Stoichiometry

V ∝ n (at constant T and P)

The ratio of volumes of gases in a

reaction is the same as the ratio of
moles, provided that the gas volumes
are measured at the same temperature
 Vol–Vol Gas Stoichiometry
Example:
Hydrogen and nitrogen gases react to form gaseous
ammonia. How many liters of hydrogen are required to
react with 5.5 L of nitrogen? Both gases are measured at
STP.

Solution:
Since both gases are at the same temperature and
pressure, the mole ratio in the balanced equation is also
a volume ratio.

3 H2 + N2 → 2 NH3
 Vol–Vol Gas Stoichiometry
Example:
Hydrogen and nitrogen gases react to form
gaseous ammonia. How many liters of
hydrogen, measured at 26°C and 0.977 atm,
are required to react with 5.5 L of nitrogen,
measured at –11°C and 2.49 atm?

Solution:
Change the given temperature and pressure to
the wanted temperature and pressure for the
gas given, and then solve by using the volume
Vol–Vol Gas Stoichiometry
Volume Temperature Pressure

Initial 5.5 L –11°C; 2.49 atm

Value (1) 262 K

Final V2 26°C; 0.977 atm

Value (2) 299 K
Vol–Vol Gas Stoichiometry
 Vol–Vol Gas Stoichiometry
GIVEN: 16 L N2 (at 26°C and 0.977 atm)
WANTED: L H2 (at 26°C and 0.977 atm)

3 H2 + N2 → 2 NH3
3 L H2/1 L N2