EFFECT OF INDISCRIMINATE DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE A CASE

STUDY OF OGBOMOSO NORTH

BY

EMMANUEL, Abiodun Ayomide (183693)

OJO, Tosin Isaiah (183929)

ADIKA, Emmanuel Adewunmi (183297)

BEING A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED

TO

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

LADOKE AKINTOLA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,

OGBOMOSO, NIGERIA.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

AWARD OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B.TECH)

IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.

NOVEMBER 2023.

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 CERTIFICATION

This thesis with the title “Effect of Indiscriminate Disposal of Solid Waste A Case

Study of Ogbomoso North” Submitted by EMMANUEL, Abiodun Ayomide,

OJO, Tosin Isaiah and ADIKA, Emmanuel Adewunmi was carried out under my

supervision at Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso.

——————————— ———————
Supervisor Date
Prof. S. O. OJOAWO
(B.Tech, Ph.D, COREN)
Civil Engineering Department,
Ladoke Akintola University of
Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

——————————— ———————
Ag. Head of Department Date
Dr. J.R. Oluremi
B.Tech, Ph.D,M.Sc)
Civil Engineering Department,
Ladoke Akintola University of
Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

DEDICATION

ii
We dedicate this work to the Almighty God for the successful commencement of this

program.

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to acknowledge Almighty God, who guided us from the beginning to the end

of the program; to God be the glory.

Special thanks to our supervisors in person of Prof. S. O. Ojoawo for the attention he

gave to us on this research it is highly commendable, despite his tight schedule. We

are grateful for the encouragement and support always.

We also acknowledge the Head of Department (Dr. J.R. Oluremi) of Civil Engineering,

Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso for being loving and

accommodating. Our sincere appreciation also goes to all members of staff of

department of Civil Engineering, LAUTECH for their love and guidance at all times.

We also acknowledge the effort of our Parents for the unconditional love, support, and

prayers all the times.

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 SUMMARY

The indiscriminate disposal of solid waste is a growing concern worldwide, with far-
reaching consequences for the environment. This study focuses on the effects of such
indiscriminate waste disposal practices in the Ogbomoso North region. The aim of this
research is to comprehensively assess the environmental, social, and health impacts of
improper waste management and to provide insights into potential mitigation
strategies.
The study will employ a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data
collection and qualitative analysis. Quantitative data was gathered through extensive
field surveys and sampling of waste disposal sites, water bodies, and ambient air
quality. Qualitative method shall involve in-depth interviews with local residents,
waste management authorities, and health professionals to gain a deeper
understanding of the perceptions, behaviors, and consequences of indiscriminate
waste disposal.
In Ogbomoso North LGA, there is presently leading to severe environmental
degradation. Open dumping and uncontrolled burning of waste contribute to soil and
water contamination, are posing risks to agricultural productivity and aquatic
ecosystems. The study will also identify the release of harmful gases and particulate
matters from burning waste, exacerbating air pollution and respiratory ailments
among the local population.
Finally, the spread of diseases linked to improper waste management practices
is a significant concern. The accumulation of stagnant water in waste piles becomes
breeding grounds for disease vectors, increasing the incidence of waterborne and
vector-borne diseases. The lack of proper waste containment and disposal
infrastructure further compounds these issues.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgments iv
Summary v
Table of contents vi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study 1
1.2 Problem statement 3
1.3 Aim and objectives 3
1.4 Scope of study 4
1.5 Justification of study 4
1.6 Definition of terms 4

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Summary of the chapter 6

2.2 Conceptual clarification 6
2.3 Sources of solid wastes 8
2.4 Characteristics of solid wastes 9
2.5 Method of solid waste treatment 11
2.6 Factors contributing to indiscriminate disposal of wastes 12
2.7 Consequences of indiscriminate disposal of wastes 12
2.8 Solutions to indiscriminate disposal of solid wastes 14

CHAPTER THREE: PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

3.1. The Study Area 16

3.2 The Existing Solid Waste Management Practices of Study Area 18

3.3 Determination of air pollution level In the study area 19

3.3.1 Procedure 19

3.3.2 Methods 20

3.3.3 Comparison of results 20

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3.4 Determination of water pollution around the dumpsite of the study area 20

3.5 Analysis of Solid waste disposal 21

3.5.1. Physical Characteristics of Solid Waste 21

3.5.2 Chemical characteristics of solid waste 22

3.5.3 Biological Characteristics of solid waste 25

REFERENCES 27

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure(A). Map of Nigeria showing Oyo state 17

Figure (B). Map of Oyo state showing Ogbomoso North 17

Figure (C). Map of Local Government Area 18

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 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

This study investigates the indiscriminate solid waste disposal and the
environmental issues relating to such disposal in Ogbomoso South Local
Government. Indiscriminate solid waste are regarded as discarded materials arising
from operational activities taken place in different land use such as residential,
commercial and industrial. Domestic or residential wastes are those that are collected
from dwelling places on a regular basis, such waste include organic matter resulting
from preparation and consummation of food, rags, nylon and ashes are the remains
after various cooking and heating processes. The commercial wastes are those that
arise from shops, supermarkets, market and others; they include paper carton,
polythene bags and nylons. The industrial wastes are those waste materials that arise
from industries; these could be solid, liquid, sludge or emotive title attached to them
like toxic, hazardous and special waste. The industrial waste include metals, scraps,
chips and grits from machine, shops, sawdust, paper pieces and glass (Omole and
Alakinde 2013). Kenneth and Huie (1983) also classified solid wastes into three
categories, namely; garbage, ashes and rubbish. The garbage includes organic matter
resulting from preparation and consumption of food. Ashes include remains from
cooking and heating process and the rubbish may either take the form of combustible
such as paper, rags, wood, leaves and weeds or non-combustible such as glass, plastic,
polythene and metal materials. There is a growing domestic waste disposal problem in
most developing countries, which is gradually approaching crisis level. This trend has
gone unchecked for so many years that now, the situation appears to be intractable
(Olorunlana and Ogunade, 2022).
Indiscriminate dumping refers to unlawful disposal of waste in undesignated
spaces such as open or vacant land, sources of water and other areas (Achi et al. 2012;
Okechukwu et al. 2012; Machete and Shale 2015). Indiscriminate dumping is a
common and prevalent though risky practice, especially among developed and
developing communities. The volumes of these wastes are increasing rapidly because
of the constant desire of consumers to discard the old and acquire new items,
completely disregarding the concept of recycling and this is a big problem to disposal
management. (Olorunlana and Ogunade, 2022). Two separate studies conducted in

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Nigeria and Ghana came to the same conclusions: that approximately 80% of solid
waste in African countries was disposed of through indiscriminate dumping
(Ogwueleka 2009; Aziale and Asafo-Adjei 2013). The prevalence of indiscriminate
dumping and its spread across African communities is therefore clear. However,
although indiscriminate dumping is more prevalent in developing countries,
developed countries are not an exception. Improper Solid Waste disposal and
management causes all types of pollution: air, soil, and water.
Indiscriminate dumping of wastes contaminates surface and ground water
supplies. In urban areas, Municipal solid wastes clogs drains, creating stagnant water
for insect breeding and floods during rainy seasons. Uncontrolled burning of solid
waste and improper incineration contributes significantly to urban air pollution.
Greenhouse gases are generated from the decomposition of organic wastes in
landfills, and untreated leachate pollutes surrounding soil and water bodies. Health
and safety issues also arise from improper Solid Waste Management. Insect and
rodent vectors are attracted to the waste and can spread diseases such as cholera and
dengue fever. Using water polluted by Solid Waste for bathing, food irrigation and
drinking water can also expose individuals to disease organisms and other
contaminants.
Several studies have shown that solid waste generation rate is average of 0.5kg
per person per day (Okpala, 1984). The generation rates for the African’s major cities
are estimated to range from 0.31 to 1.4kg per capital per day. This gives an average of
0.78kg (Achankang, 2003). According to world Bank study, urban per capital waste
management rate for most of the low-income countries will increase by approximately
0.2kg per day by 2025 because of relatively high annual growth rates of GNP and
urban population (Chakrabarti and Ssarkhal, 2003). Improper collection and disposal
leads to spread of communicable diseases, obnoxious conditions and spoils biosphere
as a whole; for instance, respiratory infections and diarrhea diseases have been
identified as the two major causes of death among the poorest 20% of the world
countries ranked by national GDP per capital (Gwatkin and Guillot, 1999). The
outbreak of these diseases has been attributed to area where solid waste is improperly
collected and disposed.
The poorest populations mostly resort to sporadic and indiscriminate dumping
of their waste into available plots of land, sidewalks, roadways, streams, channels and

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drainage areas. More than 70 percent of the refuse generated in the city is disposed of
in this way. These refuse are good contaminants of streams, ground water especially
shallow wells and the entire environment. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the
effect of indiscriminate solid waste disposal and the environmental issues in
Ogbomoso South and make necessary recommendations on waste disposal and
management practices to prevent further deterioration of the environment and the
negative effects on the human population in Ogbomoso South Local Government
Area.

1.2 Problem statement

In an ideal situation, the environment should be clean and free from waste so
as for the environment to be ultimately free from air, land and water pollution.
However, the reverse is the case in this area. Refuse are being dumped virtually
everywhere in the area, the level of the indiscriminate dumping of refuse is clearly
increasing all over the places, littering street and causing pollution, all of which
contribute to the untidiness of the environment. The conventional waste management
approach based on collection and disposal of wastes, such as provision of waste bins
in the area and monthly collection of wastes from each home by the Ogbomoso south
waste management authority has failed to provide efficient and effective results. And
these poses some environmental and human health risk. The prevalence of parasites,
tetanus, malaria, hookworm, cholera and diarrhea is attributed the unsanitary
condition of this area. The indiscriminate disposal of these wastes also provide
breeding ground for mosquitoes, rats, and other vermins, generating amongst others;
yellow fever, Lassa fever and trachoma mortality in the area. Therefore, this research
sets out to look at the environmental implication of the indiscriminate waste disposal
in Ogbmoso south local government area.

1.3 Aim and objectives

Aim
The aim of this study is to comprehensively assess the effects of
indiscriminate disposal of solid wastes in Ogbomoso South Local Government Area,
identifying the environmental, social and health impacts and proposing effective
strategies for sustainable waste management.

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Objectives

1. To appraise the existing situation of solid waste disposal and identify the existing
waste management practices, infrastructure and policies in place in Ogbomoso
South Local Government.
2. To assess the impact of indiscriminate disposal of solid wastes on ground water,
soil and air in the area.
3. To identify the prevalence of water-borne and vector-borne diseases among
residents due to the poor waste disposal practices.
4. To proffer engineering solution to the menace.

1.4 Scope of study

The study is focused on the indiscriminate disposal of wastes on the
environment and health of people of Ogbomoso South Local Government Area. This
will include looking at the processes of waste disposal, the effect on the environment
as well as the people and suggestions in addressing and improving of solid waste
management related issues in the community.

1.5 Justification of study

The Study on the effects of indiscriminate disposal of solid waste in

Ogbomoso South Local government is justified by its potential to mitigate
environmental degradation, improve public health, enhance community well-being,
and foster sustainable development. By addressing the critical issues associated with
waste mismanagement, this research can drive positive change and contribute to a
cleaner, healthier and more prosperous future for the region.

1.6 Research Hypotheses

Formulated Hypotheses to guide this study are the following;
1. Indiscriminate dump of Solid waste has no significant effect on the Environment.
H1: Indiscriminate Solid Waste prevention leads to better environment for the present
and future, thereby leading to sustainable development
H2: Indiscriminate dump of Solid waste disposal is a huge mess to the environment
H3: Indiscriminate dump of Solid waste disposal reduces environmental values

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 H4: Indiscriminate dump of Solid waste causes damage to soil through deposits of
harmful chemicals and material
H5: Indiscriminate dump of Solid waste blocks drainages which can lead to flood in
the environment
2. Indiscriminate dump of Solid waste has no significant effect on Health of the
individuals H1: Indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste causes infectious diseases
among people
H2: Indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste pollutes the atmosphere which causes air-
borne diseases
H3: Indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste is a breeding place for diseases vectors which
transmit diseases
H4: Indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste results to contamination of food and water
H5: Indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste causes Cholera and Dysentery
3. Indiscriminate dump of solid waste has no significant relationship between people’s
attitude and practice. H1: Indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste arises because people
cannot pay for the waste
H2: Indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste is because of people’s laziness
H3: Indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste were dumped in abandoned lands
H4: Indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste results as a result of non-implemented
sanctions for violators
H5: Indiscriminate dump of Solid Waste dumped on the waterways

1.7 Definition of terms

Here are definitions of some key terms related to the study of the
indiscriminate disposal of solid waste:

i. Indiscriminate Disposal: The improper and unregulated disposal of solid waste,

often involving the dumping of waste in unauthorized or inappropriate locations,
without consideration for environmental or health consequences.
ii. Solid Waste: This refers to non-liquid, non-hazardous materials that are discarded
and no longer useful. This includes items such as household waste, packaging
materials, paper, plastics, and organic matter.

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 iii. Environment: The natural surroundings in which an organism, population, or
community exists. It encompasses both the living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic)
components of the Earth, including air, water, soil, and ecosystems.
iv. Contamination: The introduction of harmful substances or pollutants into the
environment, which can negatively affect the quality of air, water, soil, and other
natural resources.
v. Ecosystem: A complex network of living organisms (plants, animals,
microorganisms) and their physical environment (air, water, soil) that interact and
function as a unit within a specific geographical area.
vi. Vectors: These are organisms, such as mosquitoes and rodents, that can transmit
diseases to humans and animals. Vectors are capable of carrying and spreading
pathogens that cause illnesses.
vii. Air Pollution: The presence of harmful substances or pollutants in the air, often
resulting from human activities like burning fossil fuels, industrial processes, and
waste decomposition. It can have detrimental effects on human health and the
environment.
viii. Aesthetics: The visual or sensory qualities of a place or object that contribute to its
overall appearance and attractiveness.
ix. Waste Management: The systematic collection, transport, processing, recycling,
and disposal of waste materials, with the goal of minimizing its environmental
impact and promoting sustainability.
x. Leachate: This is a liquid that results from water passing through waste materials
and extracting soluble substances from them. In the context of waste disposal,
leachate is formed when rainwater or other liquid percolate through landfills or waste
dumps picking up contaminants from the decomposing waste. Leachate can be
highly polluted and poses a risk of contaminating ground water and surface water
bodies.

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Summary of the chapter

This chapter reviews related literature on the concepts and theories underpinning
the study. The tragedy of the commons and sustainable development theories were
adopted to account for the indiscriminate disposal of waste by the Ogbomoso south
residents and the need for them to be environmentally sensitive. The literature was
further grouped into the following sub-headings: Conceptual classification; factors
contributing to indiscriminate disposal of wastes; consequences of indiscriminate
disposal of wastes; and solutions to indiscriminate disposal of solid wastes.

2.2 Conceptual clarification

a) Waste
Waste UNEP, (1989) articulates that Wastes are substances or objects, which
are disposed off or are intended to be disposed off or are required to be disposed off
by the provisions of national law. Lox, (1994) asserts that Waste is either an output
with (‘a negative market’) ‘no economic’ value from an industrial system or any
substance or object that has ‘been used for its intended purpose’ (or ‘served its
intended function’) by the consumer and will not be re-used. Pongrácz (1998)
elucidates that Waste is an unwanted, but not avoided output, whence its creation was
not avoided either because it was not possible, or because one failed to avoid it. Baran
(1959) opined that Waste is the difference between the level of output of useful goods
and services that would be obtained if all productive factors were allocated to their
best and highest uses under rational social order, and the level that is actually
obtained. In the opinion of Kumar (2007) waste is almost anything that has served its
original intended purpose and is being discarded. In effect, there is no human
endeavour that does not result in waste creation. All survival and life improvement or
development activities go with the creation of one type of waste or the other. This fact
is aptly captured by Cunningham (2002) that waste management is everyone’s
business.

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b) Solid Waste
Solid Wastes are non-liquid and non-gaseous wastes from houses, streets and
public places, shops, offices, and hospitals, industrial processes etc. We all produce
unwanted byproducts and residues in nearly everything we do. As man processes and
prepares food, waste is generated from the nonedible parts (i.e peels husk, fibres etc);
upon eating food, waste in the form of excreta is the final outcome; in clothing the
body, waste is generated from worn out fabrics; in meeting our desires to comfort
ourselves by acquiring varied material belongings, waste is generated when these are
worn out or become old; and in our technological advancement, waste, most of which
is dangerous to life, is generated. A lot of solid wastes are been created each day in
Nigeria from our household, farms, institutions, industries, business centres among
several others.
Solid wastes could be defined as non-liquid and nongaseous products of
human activities, regarded as being useless. It could take the forms of refuse, garbage
and sludge (Leton and Omotosho, 2004). Solid waste is a non-liquid, non-soluble
material ranging from municipal garbage to industrial waste that sometimes contains
complex and hazardous substances, it includes domestic waste, institutional waste,
catering and market waste and bio-medical waste. Solid waste disposal refers to the
management and final disposal of solid materials generated by various human
activities. It is an essential aspect of waste management and environmental
sustainability. Solid waste includes non-biodegradable materials like plastics, metals,
glass, and hazardous chemicals, as well as organic waste, such food scraps, yard waste
and papers.

c) Municipal Wastes
The main components of municipal waste are food wastes, rubbish, ashes and
residues, demolition and construction wastes, special wastes and treatment plant
wastes. Wastes such as street sweepings, roadside litter, catch basins debris, dead
animals and abandoned vehicles are classified as special wastes. The solid and semi-
solid wastes from water, waste water and industrial waste treatment facilities are
included in treatment plant wastes.

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 d) Industrial Wastes
Industrial wastes are those wastes arising from industrial activities.

e) Hazardous wastes
These are wastes that pose a substantial danger immediately or over a period
of time to human, plant or animal life. A waste is classified as hazardous if it exhibits
any of the following characteristics: Ignitability, Corrosivity, Reactivity, and Toxicity
(Khitoliya, 2014).
f) Indiscriminate Dumping
Indiscriminate Dumping, Achi et al., (2012) opined that indiscriminate dumping
refers to unlawful disposal of waste in undesignated spaces such as open or vacant
land, sources of water and other areas. Indiscriminate dumping is a very common and
prevalent though risky practice, especially among developing countries.

2.3 Sources of solid wastes

i. Domestic/Household Waste: These wastes are also termed as residential wastes
or refuse and they are generated from Single or multi-family dwellings which give
rise to food waste, paper, cardboard, plastics, yard waste, wood, glass, metals, ashes
(Hoornweg et al., 1999). Household waste also comprising of wastes from kitchen,
house cleaning, packaging items, garden trimmings and sweepings.
ii. Agricultural Wastes: In view of Hoornweg et al. (1999) these are wastes and
residues that are resulting from diverse agricultural activities such as ploughing,
harrowing, ridging, bush clearing, planting and harvesting of raw field and tree and
vine crops, animal slaughter and operation are collectively called agricultural wastes.
iii. Commercial Wastes: These wastes are gotten from stores, offices, hotels,
markets and warehouses. These include packaging materials, cartons, paper,
typewriter, ribbons. The waste from restaurants etcetera is similar in nature to
household refuses but usually contains higher portion of paper and polythene
(Hoornweg et al., 1999).
iv. Municipal Services/Wastes: These are wastes that arise from street cleaning,
landscaping, parks, beaches, other recreational areas which include litter, waste from
road side vendors, animal droppings, unauthorized disposal of house and commercial

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 waste, wastes from landscape and tree trimming, general wastes from parks and
recreational areas (Hoornweg et al., 1999).
v. Institutional Waste: These are wastes that are often generated from hospitals,
schools, dispensary, pharmacy, barracks which may be largely household types, but
hospitals (medical wastes/clinical wastes) dispose more dangerous materials such as
cotton wools, bandages, syringes, waste from operating theatres, discharged drugs and
cans (Hoornweg et al., 1999).
vi. Construction/Demolition Wastes: It includes waste generated from construction
and demolition of buildings, roads, bridges, etc. It consists of earth, stones, bricks,
wood, iron bars, concrete, etc.
vii. Hazardous Waste: According to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),
hazardous wastes are wastes or combination of wastes that pose substantial threat to
human health or living organisms because: (a) Such wastes are non-degradable in
nature. (b) They can be biologically magnified. (c) They can be lethal. (d) They may
otherwise cause or tend to cause detrimental cumulative Effects (Hoornweg et al.,
1999).

2.4 Characteristics of solid wastes

The following characteristics of solid waste; corrosiveness, ignitability,

reactivity, and toxicity, are commonly known as the "CERCLA characteristics," which
are used to classify hazardous waste under the United States Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). These characteristics help in
identifying and managing hazardous waste. Let's explore each one in detail and add
more information as necessary:

Corrosiveness:

Corrosive waste refers to materials that can cause severe damage or deterioration to
metal containers, human tissues, and other materials when they come into contact.
Corrosive substances typically have a low or high pH, and they can be either acidic or
alkaline.

Examples of corrosive materials include strong acids like sulfuric acid and
hydrochloric acid and strong bases like sodium hydroxide.

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Corrosive waste poses a threat to human health, infrastructure, and the environment.
When not properly managed, it can lead to leaks, spills, and the release of hazardous
fumes.

Ignitability:

Ignitable waste includes materials that can catch fire easily, even under standard
temperature and pressure conditions. These wastes are typically classified into four
categories: liquids with flashpoints below 60°C (140°F), non-liquids that can readily
ignite, ignitable compressed gases, and oxidizers.

Examples of ignitable materials include gasoline, acetone, and certain aerosol cans
containing flammable propellants.

Ignitable waste poses a risk of fire, which can lead to property damage, injuries, and
environmental contamination if not managed properly.

Reactivity:

Reactive waste refers to substances that are unstable and can react violently with
water, air, or other materials. They can also generate toxic gases, heat, or explosions
when subjected to certain conditions, such as temperature or pressure changes.

Examples of reactive materials include explosives, cyanides, and materials that can
release toxic gases upon contact with water.

Reactive waste requires careful handling and disposal to prevent accidents, fires, or
explosions, and it is crucial to store such waste away from incompatible materials to
avoid unexpected reactions.

Toxicity:

Toxic waste contains hazardous substances in concentrations exceeding regulatory

thresholds. These substances can be harmful or fatal to human health and the
environment when released.

Toxicity is often determined through a variety of tests and assessments, including

leachate testing (to assess potential for leaching contaminants), toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure (TCLP), and other laboratory tests.

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Examples of toxic materials include heavy metals (e.g., lead, mercury, and cadmium),
certain organic compounds (e.g., pesticides, PCBs), and many industrial chemicals.

Toxic waste must be managed carefully to prevent contamination of soil and water,
exposure to humans and wildlife, and long-term health and environmental risks.

In addition to these CERCLA characteristics, waste may also be classified based on

other criteria, such as its physical state (e.g., solid, liquid, gas), biodegradability, and
specific chemical properties. Understanding these characteristics is essential for
proper waste management, including labeling, storage, transportation, and disposal, to
minimize risks and protect human health and the environment

2.5 Method of solid waste treatment

A. Incineration: It is a controlled combustion process for burning solid wastes in
presence of excess air (oxygen) at high temperature of about 1000 oC and above to
produce gases and residue containing non-combustible material. One of the most
attractive features of the incineration process is that it can be used to reduce the
original volume of combustible MSW by 8090%.
B. Compaction: The waste is compacted or compressed. It also breaks up large or
fragile items of waste. This process is conspicuous in the feed at the back end of
many garbage collection vehicles. deposit refuse at bottom of slope for best
compaction and control of blowing litter USEPA, 2009.
C. Pyrolysis: Pyrolysis is defined as thermal degradation of waste in the absence of
air to produce char, pyrolysis oil and syngas, e.g. the conversion of wood to
charcoal also it is defined as destructive distillation of waste in the absence of
oxygen. External source of heat is employed in this process. Because most organic
substances are thermally unstable they can upon heating in an oxygen-free
atmosphere be split through a combination of thermal cracking and condensation
reactions into gaseous, liquid and solid fraction USEPA, 2009.
D. Gasification: Gasification is a process in which partial combustion of MSW is
carried out in the presence of oxygen, but in lesser amount than that is required for
complete combustion, to generate a combustible gas (fuel gas) rich in carbon
monoxide and hydrogen e.g. the conversion of coal into town gas. When a gasifier
is operated at atmospheric pressure with air as the oxidant, the end products of the

12
 gasification process are a low-energy gas typically containing (by volume) 20%
CO, 15% H2, 10% CO2 and 2% CH4 USEPA, 2009.
E. Composting: Composting is the most responsible technical solution for many
developing countries especially, where the climate is arid and the soil is in serious
need of organic supplements. The composting process usually follows 2 basic
steps as shown in Fig. 2.13, which may be preceded or followed by pre- or
posttreatments (crushing, sorting, humidification, mixing with other waste, etc...)
USEPA, 2009.

2.6 Factors contributing to indiscriminate disposal of wastes

Indiscriminate disposal of solid waste is influenced by various factors that

contribute to this environmental problem. These factors include:

i. Inadequate waste management infrastructure

ii. Lack of awareness and education about proper waste disposal methods
iii. Population growth leading to increased waste generation
iv. Economic disparities
v. Cultural practices
vi. Insufficient government regulations and enforcement.

Additionally, convenience plays a role, as people may opt for the easiest and quickest
disposal methods rather than the environmentally responsible ones. All of these
factors combined contribute to the widespread issue of indiscriminate solid waste
disposal, leading to pollution, health hazards, and ecological damage.

2.7 Consequences of indiscriminate disposal of wastes

The consequences of indiscriminate disposal of solid waste are far-reaching

and have negative impacts on the environment, human health, and society as a whole.
Some of these consequences include:

1. Environmental Pollution: Improper disposal of solid waste, such as dumping in

open areas or water bodies, leads to soil, air, and water pollution. Harmful chemicals
and toxins from the waste can leach into the ground, contaminating soil and
groundwater. Burning waste releases harmful gases and particulate matter into the air.

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2. Health Hazards: Indiscriminate disposal attracts pests and disease vectors like
rats, mosquitoes, and flies, increasing the risk of diseases like malaria, dengue, and
cholera. People living near dumpsites are exposed to hazardous substances, leading to
respiratory problems and other health issues.

3. Habitat Destruction: Illegal dumping and improper waste disposal destroy natural
habitats, disrupting ecosystems and biodiversity. Waste accumulation can alter the
composition of soil and water, harming plant and animal life.

4. Aesthetic Degradation: Piles of garbage and waste strewn around public areas
negatively impact the visual appeal of communities, reducing overall quality of life
and affecting tourism potential.

5. Groundwater Contamination: Leachate, a liquid that forms as waste breaks

down, can seep into the ground and contaminate groundwater supplies, affecting the
availability of clean and safe drinking water.

6. Air Quality: Burning of waste generates harmful pollutants, contributing to air

pollution. This can lead to respiratory illnesses, especially in densely populated areas.

7. Economic Loss: The cost of cleaning up and managing waste sites, as well as
treating the health issues caused by improper disposal, can place a heavy economic
burden on governments and communities.

8. Social Issues: Improper waste disposal can lead to social conflicts, as communities
near dumpsites may protest against their adverse living conditions. Waste scavenging
can also expose vulnerable populations, such as children and informal waste workers,
to health and safety risks.

9. Climate Impact: Landfills release methane, a potent greenhouse gas, as waste

decomposes anaerobically. This contributes to global warming and climate change.

10. Legal and Regulatory Issues: Governments may need to allocate resources for
stricter waste management regulations and enforcement measures, diverting resources
from other essential services.

Addressing these consequences requires comprehensive waste management strategies

that prioritize waste reduction, proper disposal methods, recycling, and public
awareness campaigns.

14
2.8 Solutions to indiscriminate disposal of solid wastes

Addressing the indiscriminate disposal of solid waste requires a multi-faceted

approach that involves individuals, communities, governments, and industries. Here
are some possible solutions:

1. Public Awareness and Education: Launch campaigns to educate people about the
importance of proper waste disposal, recycling, and the harmful effects of
indiscriminate dumping. Increasing awareness can encourage responsible behavior.

2. Waste Segregation: Promote the separation of waste at the source into categories
like organic, recyclable, and non-recyclable. This makes recycling and proper disposal
more efficient.

3. Improved Infrastructure: Invest in waste management infrastructure such as

waste collection, recycling facilities, composting sites, and sanitary landfills. These
facilities provide legal and safe disposal options.

4. Community Participation: Involve local communities in waste management

initiatives. Encourage neighborhood clean-up drives and recycling programs to foster
a sense of responsibility.

5. Incentives for Recycling: Governments and organizations can offer incentives,

such as tax breaks or discounts, for recycling and responsible waste disposal practices.

6. Banning Single-Use Plastics: Implement regulations to restrict or ban the use of

single-use plastics, which contribute significantly to the waste problem.

7. Promoting Composting: Encourage composting of organic waste at the household

level. Compost can be used to enrich soil, reducing the need for chemical fertilizers.

8. Encouraging Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Hold manufacturers

responsible for the disposal of their products, especially those that are difficult to
recycle. This can encourage eco-friendly product design.

9. Formalizing Informal Waste Workers: Integrate informal waste workers into

formal waste management systems, providing them with proper equipment, training,
and fair wages.

15
10. Stringent Enforcement: Enforce waste management regulations and impose
penalties for indiscriminate disposal. Regular monitoring can deter illegal dumping.

11. Promoting Circular Economy: Encourage practices that minimize waste

generation and promote recycling, reusing, and repurposing materials.

12. Technological Solutions: Implement waste-to-energy technologies and other

innovative methods for managing waste, thereby reducing the volume of waste and its
environmental impact.

13. International Collaboration: Collaborate with international organizations to

share best practices and learn from successful waste management models around the
world.

Solving the indiscriminate disposal of solid waste requires a collective effort

that involves individuals, communities, industries, and governments working together
to create a cleaner and more sustainable environment.

16
 CHAPTER THREE
PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
3.1. THE STUDY AREA
Ogbomosho has about 257 surrounding villages and emerging towns which
amalgamated to the rulership of Soun. The major economy in the land is Agriculture
cashew plantations are widely distributed across the land, In addition, Mango
plantations are widely distributed too. Ogbomosho is one time the largest planter of
cassava across the globe.

The people of the land also engages in trading, rearing of domestic animals like
goats and sheep. Also, a very prominent veterinary hospital exist in Ogbomosho for
vaccination of livestock. The people are widely traveled.

The location of the town on terrain unattractive to manufacturers and investors, with
the road network being poor.

The present Ogbomoso North Local Government Area with its Administrative
Headquarters at Kinnira was carved out of the Old Ogbomoso Local Council on the
27th September, 1991, the Old Ogbomoso Local Council was however established on
1st of April,1973.

The Local Government being an semi-urban area is strategically located and serves as
link to Northern part of the country.

It covers total land mass of 207978 square kilometres and using the growth rate of
3.2% from 2006 census, the 2010 estimated population, the Local Government Area is
put at 225,408. The Local Government Area is bounded by Ogbomoso South, Orire
and Surulere Local Government Areas to the West and East respectively. It lies
between longitude 8.1335N and latitude 4.2538E

17
The map of study are shown below in figure 3.1a, 3.1b and 3.1c

Figure(A). Map of Nigeria showing Oyo state

18
Figure (B). Map of Oyo state showing Ogbomoso North

Figure (C). Map of Local Government Area

3.2 The Existing Solid Waste Management Practices of Study Area

In other to put in place the existing solid wastes management practice in the study
area, an assessable method for data collection was acquired, which will consist of a
field/preliminary survey using questionnaires. The questionnaires was designed to
source various information relevant to study area.

These Questionnaire was administered to get information from residents, institution,

commercial and industries in the study area. This Information covered the collection
disposal of solid waste on the Ogbomoso north. An interview was conducted
randomly as attempt to covers the entire area concerned with waste collection and
disposal in the study area.

19
This comprised:

a. General Information:

This section of questioner contained the Dumpsite location or area, Number of

occupant in the area, Occupations, Highest level of education and Type of Waste.

b. Waste Disposal Information:

Here, the questionnaire was mandatory to prepare information on the method which
implies waste transportation and disposing off of solid waste

c. Effect of solid waste disposal on air:

Below this section, the questioner was mandated to prepare information on the
situation of the air in the area whether it is clear most of the time or polluted and how
frequent and critical is it.

d. Effect of solid waste disposal on water:

Here, the questioner was mandated to prepare information on the situation concerning
the groundwater in the area to know what major sources of water and how far is the
source of water to the waste disposal point.

e. Effect of solid waste disposal on human health:

Under this section, the questioner was required to provide information on the
condition on human health in the area to know if there is a regular ailment related to
water source and if human consumption from polluted water bodies can lead to
diseases like cholera, diarrhea and dysentery and so on.

3.3 Determination of air pollution level in the study area

3.3.1 Procedure

1. The Proper working condition of the gas monitor was used, calibration and the
proper functionality of its sensors was ensured.
2. Safety was prioritized by wearing appropriate personal protective equipment
3. The survey of the around the dumpsite was carried out to identify potential gas
emission point and as well the wind direction was noted.

20
4. The gas monitor was calibrated using certified calibration gases for the gases to
be detected to ensure the accuracy of the measurements.
5. The gas monitor was hold close to point where gas emission is suspected, and
the readings were taken at multiple location to ensure a comprehensive
assessment.
6. The concentration of gases detected were recorded and location where high
concentration found was noted. This helped us to assess the extent of gas
emissions.
7. The result which we got was later compared in context to health and
environmental risks.
8. The result was documented and necessary recommendations was provided based
on the findings.
9. Lastly, the compliance of the activities with local regulations and safety standard
for working around hazardous sites was ensured.

3.3.2 Methods

This was carried out with the use of gas monitor or other gas detector sources to
determine the presence of gases in the environment( gases such as CO, CO2, NO,
Methane etc) to know the level at the air of the environment is polluted.

3.3.3 Comparison of results

This was compared to the results with EPA standards and discuss the results

3.4 Determination of water pollution around the dumpsite of the study area

This was done by identifying the certain dumpsite closer to water source, identifying
another source that was served as control, some 20-25cm away from dumpsite. The
water sample was collected from the source of water

To determine the level at which the water is polluted in the water sources the
following procedures was followed:

i. Two different wells was identified and selected, one closer to the dumpsite,
when the others was about 20 to 30 metres away from the dumpsite. The well
further away from the dumpsite was assumed to be ideal while the other well
near the dumpsite was assumed to be polluted.

21
 ii. Water samples was collected from both wells in a clean and sterile container
which had not been previously used for other substances.
iii. The sample information such as the date, time, location, well identification
and other necessary information was recorded.
iv. The temperature of the sample was measured using thermometer.
v. The water samples was now taken to the laboratory for further examinations,
the water samples obtained from both wells was now examined under,
Physical analysis, Chemical analysis and Biological analysis, to determine the
pollution level of the samples.

3.5 Analysis of Solid wastes

3.5.1. Physical Characteristics of Solid Waste

1. Density

When designing a solid waste management system, such as the design of sanitary
landfills, storage, types of collection, little sample and transport vehicles, etc., the
density of the garbage, or its mass per unit volume (kg/m3), is an important
consideration.

To put it simply, compaction of wastes to the ideal density was necessary for an
experimental test to operate efficiently.

In other words, as solid waste were travelled from its source to its disposal, its density
was fluctuated significantly due to manual scavenging, handling, weather-related
wetting and drying, and decomposition.

We calculated for density of solid waste dividing the net weight of the waste sample
(weight of loaded container minus weight of empty container) by the container's
volume and expressed as kg/m.

2. Moisture level

The weight of water (wet weight minus dry weight) divided by the total wet weight of
the waste, is known as the moisture content.

Moisture makes solid wastes heavier, which was raised to the cost of collection and
transportation. Additionally, moisture content is a key factor in determining whether

22
waste treatment by incineration is economically feasible, because wet waste requires
energy for the evaporation of water, and for raising the temperature of water vapour.
Wastes should be generally be protected from rain or other outside water.

Using the formula below, we can determine the moisture percentage.

Moisture content (%)= {Wet wt. – dry wt. / wet wt.} x 100

The usual moisture content range is 20 to 40%, which will reflects the extremes of
wastes in a dry climate, and during the wet season in an area with considerable
precipitation. Values above 40%, however, will not be unusual.

Aside from climatic factors, low-income areas typically have higher moisture content,
due to the greater percentage of food and yard waste.

Moisture content will also plays an important role in other processing methods such
as composting and anaerobic digestion.

3. Dimensions of waste components

Due to its significance in the design of mechanical separators, shredders, and waste
treatment processes, the size distribution of waste elements in the waste stream was
crucial. This varies greatly, hence it is important to properly analyse the waste
characteristics, while developing a system.

3.5.2 Chemical characteristics of solid waste

a. Determination of pH of solid waste

A 5 gm portion of the powdered sample was mixed with 50 ml of distilled

water by stirring and pH was measured by a pH meter. The pH of fresh solid waste
was normally around 7. During decomposition it tends to become acidic and
stabilized solid waste has an alkaline pH.

Analysis using pH meter (Solid waste disposal)

* 20 g of solid waste was weighed and transferred into 100 mL beaker.

* 40 mL distilled water was added and stirred well with a glass rod.

* This was allowed to stand for half an hour with intermittent stirring.

* We collected the supernatant to measure the pH.

23
Procedure for pH test

Calibration of electrode

1. We dipped the combined electrode in a 7pH buffer solution.

2. We set the "TEMPERATURE C" at to the temperature of the buffer solution.
3. We set the function selector switch to pH position and adjust "CALIBRATE"
control until the meter displays the precise pH value of the buffer solution.
4. We set the function selector switch to "STAND BY".
5. We removed the electrode from the buffer solution, washed with distill water.
6. We dipped the combined electrode into another buffer solution (say 4pH
value).
7. We set the "TEMPERATURE C" control to the buffer solution temperature.
8. We set the function selector switch to pH position. Adjust the "SLOPE"
correction control, check that the correct readings were obtained with both
solution without further adjustment.

b. Organic content:

A 10 gm portion of the dried ground sample was placed in a silica dish and
slowly heated in an electric furnace to 700 degree Celsius for 30 min. The residue was
weighed and the loss of weight represents the organic content and was expressed as
percent by weight. The knowledge of organic content helps assess the feasibility of
biological processing-composting and anaerobic digestion.

c. Toxicity:

Toxicity characteristics include heavy metals, pesticides, insecticides etc.

Heavy metals are present in municipal solid waste due to the waste from small scale
industries. As some of the heavy metals leach out, testing for heavy metals was often
carried out. Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test was invariably
carried out if the waste was suspected to be toxic in nature.

* Ultimate analysis

* Proximate analysis

24
Toxicity test

1. Separation of liquid wastes: Liquids (containing less than 0.5% dry solid
material) were filtered through glass fiber to create a TCLP extract. Wastes
(containing 0.5% or greater dry matter) were separated and stored for later
analysis.
2. Particle size reduction: Using a standard 9.5 mm sieve, we filtered solid
material and prepared it for extraction by cutting, crushing or grinding to a
particle size of 1 cm or less.
3. Extraction of solid material: The solid material is then extracted for at least 18
hours with a slightly acidic fluid equal to 20 times its weight. The materials
were placed in a tumbler to simulate the leaching action of water seeping
through waste in the landfill.
4. Final separation: The liquid waste was separated from the solid waste through
a fiber glass filter. The solid material was discarded and the liquid components
were assessed. The initial liquid components may be added or may be
analyzed separately, depending on compatibility.
5. TCLP testing analysis: Lastly, we identify and quantify all inorganic and
organic materials using EPA-approved methods.

d. Proximate analysis

Proximate analysis for the combustible components of MSW includes the

following tests:

1. Moisture (loss of moisture when heated to 105°C for 1 h)

2. Volatile combustible matter (additional loss of weight on ignition at 950°C in a

covered crucible)

3. Fixed carbon (combustible residue left after volatile matter is removed)

4. Ash (weight of residue after combustion in an open crucible)

e. Ultimate analysis

The ultimate analysis of a waste component typically involves the

determination of the percent C(carbon), H(hydrogen), O(oxygen), N(nitrogen),
S(sulfur), and ash. Because of the concern over the emission of chlorinated

25
compounds during combustion, the determination of halogens is often included in an
ultimate analysis. The results of the ultimate analysis were used to characterize the
chemical composition of the organic matter in MSW. They were also used to define
the proper mix of waste materials to achieve suitable C/N ratios for biological
conversion processes.

f. Fusing point of ash

The fusing point of ash is defined as that temperature at which the ash
resulting from the burning of waste will form a solid (clinker) by fusion and
agglomeration. Typical fusing temperatures for the formation of clinker from solid
waste range from 2000 to 2200°F (1100 to 1200°C.

3.5.3 Biological Characteristics of solid waste

a. Biodegradability

A. Organic fraction often equated with the volatile solids (VS) content of the waste

i. However, not all organic materials are easily degradable

Volatile solids (VS)content, determined by ignition at 550°C, is often used as a

measure of the biodegradability of the organic fraction of MSW. The use of VS in
describing the biodegradability of the organic fraction of MSW is misleading, as some
of the organic constituents of MSW are highly volatile but low in biodegradability
(e.g., newsprint and certain plant trimmings). Alternatively, the lignin content of a
waste can be used to estimate the biodegradable fraction, using the following
relationship:

BF = 0.83 - 0.028LC

Where:

BF= biodegradable fraction expressed on a volatile solids(VS)basis

0.83= empirical constant

0.028=empirical constant

LC=lignin content of the VS expressed as a percent of dry weight

B. Biodegradable fraction - Degradation produces odors

26
i. Hydrogen sulfide, H2S (rotten eggs)

ii. Methyl mercaptans

iii. Aminobutyric acid

iv. Methane is odorless.

b. Production of Odors

Odors can develop when solid wastes are stored for long periods of time on-site
between collections, in transfer stations, and in landfills. The development of odors in
on-site storage facilities is more significant in warm climates. Typically, the formation
of odors results from the anaerobic decomposition of the readily decomposable
organic components found in MSW. For example, under anaerobic (reducing)
conditions, sulfate can be reduced to sulfide (S-2), which subsequently combines with
hydrogen to form H2S The formation of H2S can be illustrated by the following two
series of reactions.

27
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25. Top of Form

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