‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫‪pre IDS 318‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫‪2008‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺶﻧﻮﻳﺲ ـ ‪٣١٨‬‬
‫‪1st. Edition‬‬ ‫‪١٣٨۷‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻭﻝ‬

‫ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‬

‫‪Calibration of Liquid - in - Glass Thermometers‬‬

‫‪and Estimation of its Uncertainty‬‬
 ‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪۳۱۸‬‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫‪۲۰‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ‪ /‬ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ـ ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﭘﺎﺳﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩﻱ ‪ ،٥٦٨‬ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﮐﺪﭘﺴﺘﻲ ‪۱۹۵۸۹۱۵۷۵‬‬
‫‪۳۱۹۷‬ـ‪۱۶۷۶۵‬‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﭘﺴﺘﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪۴‬ـ‪۲۲۸۰۸۷۲۳‬ـ‪۰۲۱‬‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪۲۲۲۹۶۱۲۲‬ـ‪۰۲۱‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻧﮕﺎﺭ ‪:‬‬
‫‪cds@noavar.com‬‬ ‫ﭘﺴﺖ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﮑﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Title:‬‬ ‫‪Calibration of Liquid - in - Glass Thermometers and Estimation of‬‬
‫‪its Uncertainty‬‬
‫‪Number:‬‬ ‫‪318‬‬
‫‪Number of Category:‬‬
‫‪Number of pages:‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫‪Date of approval / revision:‬‬
‫‪Edition:‬‬ ‫‪1st.‬‬
‫‪Issued by:‬‬ ‫‪Iran Defense Standardization Center‬‬
‫‪Add:‬‬ ‫‪Institute Of Education and Research for Defense Industries-No. 568,‬‬
‫‪PC: 1958915753‬ـ‪Pasdaran St., Tehran-I.R.IRAN‬‬
‫‪P.O.Box:‬‬ ‫‪16765-3197‬‬
‫‪Tel:‬‬ ‫‪021-22808723:4‬‬
‫‪Fax:‬‬ ‫‪021-22296122‬‬
‫‪mail:‬ـ‪E‬‬ ‫‪cds@noavar.com‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻭﺍﮊﻩ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻭﺑـﺮﻱ ﺟﺰﻳـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎﺳـﻨﺞ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴـﺸﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻓﺮﻭﺑـﺮﻱ ﺗﻤـﺎﻡ ﻣـﺎﻳﻊ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻭﺑﺮﻱ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋـﺪﻡﻗﻄﻌﻴـﺖ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳـﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬
 ‫ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪﻱ ﻓﻨﻲ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫”ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ“‬

‫ﺳﻤﺖ‪ /‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻼﺕ‪ /‬ﺗﺨﺼﺺ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎ‬

‫ﺭﻳﻴﺲ‬

‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺯﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺩﺑﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ /‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺪﻣﺼﻄﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺿﻮﻱ‬

‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻋﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ /‬ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺎﻫﻮﺭ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺛﺎﻣﻦﺍﻻﺋﻤﻪ‪ /‬ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﻓﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻞﺍ‪...‬‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻌﻪﮔﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ /‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺩﻫﻲ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺮﻱ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺷﻬﻴﺪ ﺷﺎﻩﺁﺑﺎﺩﯼ‪ /‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﯼ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺍﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺣﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺣﻤﺎﻧﯽ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻫﻮﺍﻓﻀﺎ ـ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺷﻬﻴﺪ ﻫﻤﺖ‪ /‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬
‫ﮐﺎﺭﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﻕ ـ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻌﺖﺯﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻚ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ‪ /‬ﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳﺖ ﺑﺨﺶ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻳﻒﺯﺍﺩﻩﺟﺎﻭﻳﺪ ﯼ ﻋﻠﯽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﮏ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻧﮕﺎﺷﺖ‪ /‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺭﺷﺪ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺑﺪﻳﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻚ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ‪ /‬ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺻﺎﺩﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﺨﺎﺭﺯﺍﺩﮔﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ /‬ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺭﺷﺪ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺾ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭﯼ ﻫﻮﺍﻳﻲ ﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭﯼ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﯽ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ /‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺸﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﺷﺮﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﯽ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﺑﺎﻟﮕﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ)ﭘﻨﻬﺎ(‪ /‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺗﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ)ﻫﺴﺎ(‪ /‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ)ﻫﺴﺎ(‪ /‬ﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳﺖ ﺍﺭﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﻟﻲﺑﺎﺷﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ /‬ﮐﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺭﺷﺪ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻱ ﻟﻴﻮﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﯽ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ‪٣١٨‬‬

‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻔﺘﺎﺭ ‪٤.........................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪٥................................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪١‬ﻫﺪﻑ ‪٦..............................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ ٢‬ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ‪٦...............................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ ٣‬ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ‪٦..................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ ٤‬ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‪٦....................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ ۵‬ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻳﻜﺎﻫﺎ‪٩................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ ٦‬ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ‪١٠ ...............................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ ۷‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ‪١١ .......................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪۷‬ـ‪ ١‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﯽ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ‪١١ ...............................................................................................‬‬

‫‪۷‬ـ‪ ٢‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪١١ ......................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪۷‬ـ‪ ٣‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪١١ .................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪۷‬ـ‪ ٤‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ‪١٢ .......................................................................................‬‬

‫‪۷‬ـ‪ ۵‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺩﻣﺎﻳﻲ ‪١٢ ...............................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪۷‬ـ‪ ۶‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‪١٢ ..........................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪۷‬ـ‪ ٧‬ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ‪١٣ ........................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪٧‬ـ‪ ٨‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ‪١٣ ........................................................................................‬‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ‪٣١٨‬‬

‫‪ ۸‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻋﺪﻡﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ‪١٤ ...............................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪٨‬ـ‪١‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎ‪١٤ ...........................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪٨‬ـ‪ ٢‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺮﮐﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ‪١٥ ....................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪٨‬ـ‪ ٣‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ‪١٦ ........................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪٨‬ـ‪ ٤‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ‪١٦ .................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪ ٩‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‪١٦ ....................................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﺏ )ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ(‪١٨ ....................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﭖ )ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ(‪١٩ ....................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﺕ )ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ(‪٢٠ ....................................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ‪٣١٨‬‬

‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ :۱‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ‪١٢ ........................................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ :۲‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ k‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ‪١٣ .............................................................................................‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻒـ‪ :۱‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ‪ k‬ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪١٧ ......................................‬‬

‫‪٣‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ‪٣١٨‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻔﺘﺎﺭ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ”ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ“ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺶﻧﻮﻳﺲ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪﻱ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪١٣٨٦/٥/١٠‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﻳﺎﺯﺩﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﻠﺴﻪﻱ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪ ١٣٨٧/٣/٧‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺍﻳﻨﻚ ﺑﻪﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﻩﻱ )‪ (٥‬ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪﻱ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ ﻭ‬

‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺼﻮﺏ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﻴﺶﻧﻮﻳﺲ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻱ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ؛ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬

‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺳﻌﻲ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﮐـﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺪ ﺍﻣﮑـﺎﻥ ﺑـﻴﻦ ﺍﻳـﻦ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺂﺧﺬﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬

‫‪1. ISO 386: 1977; Liquid-in-Glass Laboratory Thermometers-Principles of Design, Construction and Use.‬‬
‫‪2. OIML R 133: 2002; Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers.‬‬
‫‪٣‬ـ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ‪) ۰۰۱‬ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻭﻝ ـ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ(‪۱۳۸۳ :‬؛ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ـ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻮﻩﻱ‬

‫ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ‪.‬‬

‫‪4. ASTM E 1: 1995; Standard Specification for ASTM Thermometers.‬‬

‫‪5. BS 7789: 1995; Guide to Design of Measurement Laboratories.‬‬
‫‪6. BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, OIML: 1993;International Vocabulary of Basic‬‬
‫‪and General Terms in Metrology.‬‬
‫‪7. EA-4/02: 1999; Expression of Uncertainty of Measurement in Calibration.‬‬

‫‪٤‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ‪٣١٨‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻳﮏ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻳﮏ‬

‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻭﺑﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ‬

‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﻭﺑﺮﻱ ﺟﺰﻳﻲ‪ ،1‬ﻓﺮﻭﺑﺮﻱ ﻛﻠﻲ‪) ٢‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ( ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺑﺮﻱ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ‪٣‬؛ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻓﺮﻭﺑﺮﻱ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻓﺮﻭ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻭﺑﺮﻱ ﺟﺰﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻓﺮﻭ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻭﺑﺮﻱ ﻛﻠﻲ )ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ( ﮐﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ‬

‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ »‪ «total‬ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺋﺖ‬

‫ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻭﺑﺮﻱ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ‪،‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻓﺮﻭ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎ »‪ «complete‬ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬

‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ( ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺑﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪1. Partial Immersion‬‬

‫‪2. Total Immersion‬‬
‫‪3. Complete Immersion‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ‪٣١٨‬‬

‫‪١‬ﻫﺪﻑ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٢‬ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻠﻴﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻭﺑﺮﻱ ﺟﺰﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﮐﻠﻲ ﻭ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﮐﻤﻴﻨﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻃﺒﻲ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬

‫ﻧﻤﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٣‬ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪١‬ـ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻠﯽ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ‪۱۳۷۸ :۴۷۲۳‬؛ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٤‬ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﯽ )‪ ،(١‬ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬

‫ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﻭﺑﺮﻱ ﺟﺰﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﻭﺑﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺗﺎ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ )ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺁﻥ( ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻓﺮﻭﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬

‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﻭﺑﺮﻱ ﻛﻠﻲ )ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ(‪ :‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﻭﺑﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻮﻳﺴﺎﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻤﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪٦‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ‪٣١٨‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﻭﺑﺮﻱ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﻭﺑﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻓﺮﻭ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ‪ :١‬ﻣﺨﺰﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‪ :٢‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻳﻜﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬

‫ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ‪ :٣‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ )ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ( ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‪ :٤‬ﺩﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻳﺪﮔﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻮﻳﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻳﺦ ﻭ ﺁﺏ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺳﻪﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ‪ :٥‬ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‪ :٦‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻋﺪﻡﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪1. Bulb‬‬
‫‪2. Main Scale‬‬
‫‪3. Aunilary Scale‬‬
‫‪4. Reference Point‬‬
‫‪5. Maximum Permisssible Error‬‬
‫‪6. Liquid in Glass‬‬

‫‪٧‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ‪٣١٨‬‬

‫ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺭﺩﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻼﺳﻚ ﺩﻭﺋﺮ‪ :‬ﻇﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﺦ ﺧﺮﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ )ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻘﻄﺮ(‬

‫ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﻔﻮﻥ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻟﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻴﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺪﻡﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :١‬ﻋﺪﻡﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺪﻡﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ :(uc) ٢‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻋﺪﻡﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺪﻡﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ‪ ٣‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ‪٩۵‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ )‪ :(U‬ﻋﺪﻡﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ‪٩۵‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ) ‪ ( k‬ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ ٢‬ﺍﺯ ﻋﺪﻡﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺪﻡﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ‪٩۵‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻭ ‪ k = ٢‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬

‫)‪ (١‬ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪U = ku c = 2u c‬‬ ‫)‪(١‬‬

‫‪1. Standard Measurement Uncertainty‬‬

‫‪2. Combined Standard Measurement Uncertainty‬‬
‫‪3. Expanded Uncertainty‬‬

‫‪٨‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ‪٣١٨‬‬

‫‪ ۵‬ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻳﻜﺎﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ‪ SI‬ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﺩ‬

‫ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬ ‫‪K‬‬

‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫‪k‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬ ‫‪t‬‬

‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬ ‫‪∆t1B‬‬

‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺘﻲ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬ ‫‪∆t 2 B‬‬

‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﺭﺍﻧﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬ ‫‪∆t D‬‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬ ‫‪tF‬‬

‫ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻓﺎﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬ ‫‪∆t F‬‬

‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬ ‫‪∆t r‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬ ‫‪ts‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ )ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ(‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬ ‫‪tx‬‬

‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬ ‫‪∆t z‬‬

‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬ ‫‪U‬‬

‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬ ‫‪U BS‬‬

‫‪٩‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ‪٣١٨‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﺩ‬

‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬ ‫‪uc‬‬

‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﻼﺳﻚ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬ ‫) ‪u (∆t Fz‬‬

‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬ ‫‪Us‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫‪υ eff‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫‪υi‬‬

‫‪ ٦‬ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (١‬ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻲ )‪ ،(PRT, SPRT‬ﺗﺮﻣﻮﮐﻮﭘﻞ )‪ (TC‬ﮐﻪ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺁﻥ‬

‫ﮐﻤﻴﻨﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻛﻮﭼﻚﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (٢‬ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﻫﻤﺰﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ‬

‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻏﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ‪ ١٠‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (٣‬ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﮑﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﻫﻤﺰﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ‬

‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ‪:١‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﺎﺩ ﺁﻥ ‪ ١٠‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٠‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ‪٣١٨‬‬

‫ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ‪:٢‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ )ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ‪:٣‬‬

‫ﺣﻤﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )ﭖ( ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (٤‬ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻓﺎﺩﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (۵‬ﻳﺦ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻘﻄﺮ‬

‫‪ (٦‬ﻳﺦ ﺧﺮﺩﮐﻦ ﻭ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺁﻥ‬

‫‪ (٧‬ﻓﻼﺳﮏ ﺳﻴﻔﻮﻥﺩﺍﺭ )ﻓﻼﺳﮏ ﺩﻭﺋﺮ(‬

‫‪ (٨‬ﺫﺭﻩﺑﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﮑﺶ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻩ‬

‫‪ ۷‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬

‫‪۷‬ـ‪ ١‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﯽ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎ‪ :‬ﺩﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ ٢٠‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٢٣‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ‪ ± ٢‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬

‫ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ‪ :‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٧٠‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ‬

‫‪۷‬ـ‪ ٢‬ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳﮑﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻨﺪ )‪ (٦‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۷‬ـ‪ ٣‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬

‫‪۷‬ـ‪٣‬ـ‪ ١‬ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺫﺭﻩﺑﻴﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺣﺒﺎﺏ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬

‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﮑﻲ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮﻃﺮﻑ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪١١‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ‪٣١٨‬‬

‫‪۷‬ـ‪٣‬ـ‪ ٢‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ١٠۵‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪،‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺕ ‪ ٣٠‬ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺕ ‪ ١٦‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ٢٠‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﺁﺭﺍﻣﻲ ﺳﺮﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۷‬ـ‪ ٤‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﻼﺳﮏ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻘﻄﺮ‬

‫ﻭ ﻳﺦ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۷‬ـ‪ ۵‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺩﻣﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪﮐﻤﻴﻨﻪ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۷‬ـ‪ ۶‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺗﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (١‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ :۱‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ‪%٩۵‬‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬
‫)‪( C‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫)‪( C‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫)‪(oC‬‬

‫‪١٢‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ‪٣١٨‬‬

‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﻓﺮﻭﺑﺮﻱ )ﺟﺰﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻭ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ( ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۷‬ـ‪ ٧‬ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻓﺮﻭﺑﺮﻱ ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻓﺮﻭﺑﺮﻱ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺰﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٢‬ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪ = n(t − t F )k‬ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ‬ ‫)‪(٢‬‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ n‬ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﺟﻴﻮﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻣﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‪ t ،‬ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ‪ t F ،‬ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻓﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ‪ k‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻁ‬

‫ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ k‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )‪ (۲‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ :۲‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ k‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬

‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬ ‫)‪k(°C‬‬
‫ﺟﻴﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺮﻛﺲ‬ ‫‪۱/۶×۱۰-۴‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺮﻛﺲ‬ ‫‪۱۰-۲‬‬

‫‪٧‬ـ‪ ٨‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﻼﺳﮏ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺁﺏ ﻣﻘﻄﺮ )ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ( ﻭ ﻳﺦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺗﺤﺖ‬

‫ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫ﺟﻬﺖ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )ﺏ( ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٣‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ‪٣١٨‬‬

‫‪ ۸‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻋﺪﻡﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬

‫‪٨‬ـ‪١‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎ‬

‫ﮐﻤﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (١١‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ) ‪ ،( U s‬ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﺍﻫﻴﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺑﻲﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ‬

‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺁﻥ ) ‪ ( ± E‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻲﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ‬

‫‪ (٢‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﺭﺍﻧﺶ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻗﺒﻠﻲ ) ‪ ،( ∆t D‬ﺍﺯ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﮐﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺗﺎﻟﻮﮒ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻲﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬

‫ﻋﺪﻡﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺩﻭ ﮔﻮﺍﻫﻴﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (٣‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ) ‪ ،( U BS‬ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﺍﻫﻴﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺑﻲﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ‬

‫ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (٤‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ) ‪ ،( ∆t1B‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺗﺎﻟﻮﮒ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﺍﻫﻴﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻲﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ‬

‫‪ (٥‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﻳﮑﻨﻮﺍﺧﺘﻲ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ) ‪ ،( ∆t 2 B‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺗﺎﻟﻮﮒ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﺍﻫﻴﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻲﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ‬

‫‪ (۶‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﻔﮑﻴﮏﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ) ‪ ،( ∆t r‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ‬

‫‪١٤‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ‪٣١٨‬‬

‫‪ (٧‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺻﻔﺮ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ) ‪ ،( ∆t z‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺩﺭ‬

‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﻼﺳﮏ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻲﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ‬

‫‪ (٨‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﻼﺳﻚ ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ) ) ‪ ،( u (∆t Fz‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻮﮒ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ‪3‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ‪ k‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (٩‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻓﺎﺩﻥ ) ‪،( ∆t F‬ﮐﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻓﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ‬

‫‪٨‬ـ‪ ٢‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺮﮐﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٣‬ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪t x = t s + ∆t D + t BS + ∆t1 B + ∆t2 B + ∆t r + ∆t z + ∆t FZ + ∆t F + ∆t‬‬ ‫)‪(٣‬‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ t x ، ∆t = t x − t s‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ )ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ( ﻭ ‪ t s‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺮﮐﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٤‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(۴‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ 1   ∆t‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬‬ ‫‪  ∆t‬‬ ‫‪  ∆t 2 B‬‬ ‫‪  0.5∆t r‬‬ ‫‪  0.5∆t z‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 2∆t F nk ‬‬
‫‪u c2 (t x ) =  U s  +  D‬‬ ‫‪ +  U BS  +  1B‬‬ ‫‪ + ‬‬ ‫‪ + ‬‬ ‫‪ + ‬‬ ‫‪ + u 2 (∆t FZ ) + ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪  3‬‬ ‫‪ k‬‬ ‫‪  3‬‬ ‫‪  3‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪3 ‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪١٥‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ‪٣١٨‬‬

‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪Us‬‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬

‫‪٨‬ـ‪ ٣‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ )ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪٨‬ـ‪ ٤‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ‬

‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ‪٩۵‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻭ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ‪ k‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )‪ (٥‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬

‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪U = kuc (t x‬‬ ‫)‪( ٥‬‬

‫‪ ٩‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬

‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﺍﻫﻴﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٦‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ‪٣١٨‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ‪k‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﭘﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻪ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻌﻲ ﭘﻴﺮﻭﻱ‬

‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ )ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ( ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﻘﺪﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ‬

‫ﺣﺪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ‪ ١‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ‪ k‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (۱‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ‬

‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ) ‪ ui ( y )....,u 2 ( y ),u1 ( y‬ﻭ ‪ υi ...,υ2 ,υ1‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (۲‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ‪ υe f f‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ) ‪ uc ( y‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )ﺍﻟﻒـ‪ (۱‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪u c4 ( y‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻒـ‪(۱‬‬
‫= ‪υ eff‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫) ‪u i4 ( y‬‬
‫∑‬
‫‪i =1‬‬ ‫‪υi‬‬

‫‪ (٣‬ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ υe f f‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ )ﺍﻟﻒـ‪ (١‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ k‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ )ﺍﻟﻒـ‪ (١‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻒـ‪ :۱‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ‪ k‬ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫∞‬ ‫‪۵۰‬‬ ‫‪۲۰‬‬ ‫‪۱۰‬‬ ‫‪۸‬‬ ‫‪۷‬‬ ‫‪۶‬‬ ‫‪۵‬‬ ‫‪۴‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪υe f f‬‬
‫‪۲/۰۰‬‬ ‫‪۲/۰۵‬‬ ‫‪۲/۱۳‬‬ ‫‪۲/۲۸‬‬ ‫‪۲/۳۷‬‬ ‫‪۲/۴۳‬‬ ‫‪۲/۵۲‬‬ ‫‪۲/۶۵‬‬ ‫‪۲/۸۷‬‬ ‫‪۳/۳۱‬‬ ‫‪۴/۵۳‬‬ ‫‪۱۳/۹۷‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬

‫‪1. Central Limit Theorem‬‬

‫‪١٧‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ‪٣١٨‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﺏ )ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ(‬

‫ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎ ﻳﮏ ﺗﻔﮑﻴﮏﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ )ﻳﮏ ﺩﺭﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ(‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺧﻄﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬

‫ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ‪ :‬ﻫﺮ ﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﭻ‬

‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺧﻄﺎﻱ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٨‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ‪٣١٨‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﭖ )ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ(‬

‫ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﻢﺩﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ )ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ )‪ (۶‬ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ(‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺩﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٠/٠۵ o C‬ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻳﺎ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺘﻲ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ٠/٠۵ o C‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺣﻤﺎﻡﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﻤﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻣﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻪﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (١‬ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﮊﻥ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ‪ -١٥٠‬ﺗﺎ ‪ -٢٠٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬

‫‪ (٢‬ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻴﻞﭘﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ -۵٠‬ﺗﺎ ‪ -۱۵٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬

‫‪ (٣‬ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﺗﺎﻧﻮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ‪ ٠‬ﺗﺎ ‪ -۵٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬

‫‪ (٤‬ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﺁﺏ )ﻣﻘﻄﺮ( ﺍﺯ ﺩﻣﺎﯼ ‪ +۵‬ﺗﺎ ‪ + ٩۵‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬

‫‪ (٥‬ﺣﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ )ﮔﻠﻴﺴﻴﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻓﻴﻦ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻩ( ﺍﺯ ‪ +٩۵‬ﺗﺎ ‪ +٢٠٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ‬

‫‪١٩‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻴﺒﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻣﺎﺳﻨﺞﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‬ ٣١٨ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ‬

(‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﺕ )ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‬

‫ﮐﺘﺎﺑﻨﺎﻣﻪ‬

1. ISO 651: 1975; Solid -Stem Calorimeter Thermometers.

2. ISO 656: 1980; Short Enclosed - Scale Thermometers for Precision Use.
3. ISO 653: 1980; Long Solid - Stem Thermometers for Precision Use.
4. ISO 654: 1980; Short Solid - Stem Thermometers for Precision Use.
5. ISO 1770: 1981; Solid - Stem General Purpose Thermometers.
6. ASTM E 77: 1992; Standard Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Thermometers.
7. NIST: 1988; Jacquelyn Wises Liquid - in - Glass Thermometer Calibration Service
8. IANZ: 2002; Technical Guide, Working Thermometer Calibration Procedures.
9. J. V. Nicholas, D.R. Whith, Traceable Temperatures, Second edition , John wiley 2001.

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