Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Region I
Schools Division Office I Pangasinan
Pangasinan National High School
Lingayen, Pangasinan

MINI LECTURE AND ACTIVITY SHEETS

IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
QUARTER 3, WEEK 7-8

MELCs:
CS_RS11-IIIfj-4 Writes coherent review of literature
CS_RS11-IIIfj-5 Follows ethical standards in writing related literature
CS_RS11-IIIfj-6 Presents written review of literature

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to:
1. follow the procedural structure in writing review;
2. identify ethical concerns in writing related literature;
3. craft review of related literature and studies following ethical standards; and
4. present a well-written review of literature.

Prepared by:

MARILYN R. ROXAS
Master Teacher II
 LEARNING FROM OTHERS AND REVIEWING THE LITERATURE
(Part 2)

This lesson aims the learners to understand better on how to write a coherent and
comprehensive literature review. Future researchers must be aware that there are some rules, formats
as well as ethical standards that must be followed in preparing a sound and relevant related literature
and studies. Doing this part accurately will help you in the directions of conducting a well-written
qualitative research. The activities given in this activity sheets will be accomplished in two weeks to
give you enough time work on writing and presenting your coherently and academically written
literature review.

Lesson 1: Writing Review of Literature

In writing the literature review, just like all the other academic papers, a certain structure must
be followed. The researcher should follow the procedural structure in writing review which includes
the following parts -- introduction, body, and conclusion.
1. Introduction
The introduction to the literature review explains the focus and establishes the importance
of the subject. It discusses what kind of work has been done on the topic and identifies any
controversies within the field or any recent research which has raised questions about earlier
assumptions.
The introduction can be seen as the beginning paragraph of Chapter 2, or the beginning
paragraph of the body of related literature. In writing the introduction part, bear in mind that it
must be focused and emphasized the subject or topic or problem of the study. It explains what kind
of study or research has been done and its purpose, too. It also describes on any controversies
encompassing the previous and recent studies incorporating the present problems under
investigation. It also provides the background of the study or research. Sometimes an introduction
will summarize or evaluate the kind of research the researcher would like to undertake or may
suggest how the findings of research will lead to further research.
Take a look at the given example of the introduction of review of related literature and
learn how to write it on your own to avoid plagiarism.
Related Literature
Example 1. An introduction that expresses opposing views
There are opposing views to the impact ICT has on the acquisition of learning by
students. On one hand, ICT has been viewed as a tool for promoting quality learning. This
is supported by studies from several parts of the globe such as Gha- mrawi (2011),
Gillespie (2006), Romeo (2006), Murphy (2006), Wong et al. (2006), Becta (2003), Yelland
(2001), Oliver (2000) and Grimus (2000).
Source: Aparejo, Brandino & Calipusan (2020)

Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This study is designed to explore the lived experiences of street children in Gingoog
City who are enrolled in Open High School Program (OHSP). To give the comprehensive
view of this research, review of related literature and studies are presented below (Aparejo,
2017).
Source: Lleoren (2016 )
 2. Body
The body of related review of literature is oftentimes divided into major headings and
subheadings. In most cases to, the body of related literature and studies will summarize,
evaluate, and assess the field of knowledge under study in current stage. It gives reports and
findings on themes, issues, topics, trends for researchers to confirm or negate. In this part, the
previous research on the topic according to theme, theoretical, perspective, method used, or
chronological development must be addressed. It draws together the significance of previous
individual studies by highlighting the main themes, issues, and knowledge gaps. Remember to
connect the literature to the proposed research objectives within this part and describe previous
work that have been accomplished in relation to the proposed study.
3. Conclusion
The conclusion will give the summary of all the evidence that are being presented from
introduction to the body of related literature and studies. Aside from that, the conclusion will
also give the precise key findings of other studies of the review in general concepts. This is
often expressed in a single paragraph which provides the summary statement of the overall
state of knowledge about the topic.
The conclusion for review of related literature is different from the conclusion of the
entire research findings of your study. This conclusion is specifically for the review of related
literature. It consists of one paragraph only summarizing the main points of all the research
findings, theories and models used in the study or in your research. This section should
reconnect ideas to the introduction. It should establish the potential significance or importance
of the proposed study relative
Note: Remember to use accurate in-text citations. A literature review must contain complete
and correct citations for every source.
Example in Concluding the Review of Related Literature and Studies

To sum up, the literature and studies mentioned above give the strong evidence of
what the researchers claim on the lived experiences of the respondents.

How to Write the Review of Related Literature:

1. Present relevant findings and issues from your research articles in your literature review.
2. Decide on the organizational pattern to be used in organizing the studies into a coherent
presentation: chronological, categorical/topical, general to specific, known to unknown, etc.
3. Follow the models of the research articles you are reading and the textbook’s description of
previous research as closely as possible.
4. Do not use all the information from each study; rather use each study to help advance the
necessary definitions, context, explanation, and rationalization for variables, gaps, and the
argument your paper is making. The main goal is to synthesize information from the studies
into a meaningful presentation.
5. The study rationale is the last part of the body section of the literature review. This is where it
leads to the research questions.

What makes a good literature review? There are many ways of coming up with a good literature
review. Hence, every writer has their own style on how they can create a good literature review
(Thomas et al., 2015). Here are some suggestions that may be used in polishing your work.
Five (5) Elements of Good Literature Review:
1. Literature review is intensive. The main purpose of literature review is to provide background
of your research (Ramdhani, Ramdhani, & Amin, 2014). It has to be intensive wherein all
relevant discussion must be included to clearly understand the parameter and bases of your
study. Thus, a good literature review is concentrated, wherein all aspects of it are focused,
explored, and identified.
2. Literature review is concise. Literature review does not represent the entire claim of the
research being reviewed. It is just a part of your research that provides information about the
variables that you are exploring that were already explored by other researchers on their
studies. Therefore, a short discussion of their processes, findings, and implication is more than
enough to establish the concepts being dealt on your research (Wee & Banister, 2015). One
reviewed literature has to be comprised of one (1) paragraph with six (6) to ten (10) sentences.
However, you can exceed depending on the information and its relevance to your research.
3. Literature review is logical. Literature review has to be logical, analytical, and rational. It is
accomplished through deductive or inductive presentation. Deductive presentation may begin
with most important to lesser important. On the other hand, inductive presentation may begin
with local going to global. Nonetheless, each sentence has to be in harmony with each other.
4. Literature review is complete. Saturation of the studies related to you research has to be
practiced. It should not be based on the quota of literature you need to cite but on the
relationship of previous research to your research. But of course, it is impossible to exhaust all
literature in the world related to your work. It is up to you to decide whether the literature
considered clarified all the inquiries related to your research or not. Thus, all important parts
are present (Reijers et al., 2018).
5. Literature review is recent. The literature to be used have to be conducted within ten (10) years
for it to be called recent. However, there are institutions that are requiring literature to be only
within five (5) years. Though these time frames differ from each other, their suggested time
has to be recent. The more recent it will be, the better. The wisdom behind this idea is that
every day we discover new things. There is a great possibility that the information on a certain
topic may possibly change.

Lesson 2: Ethical Standards in Writing Related Literature

Ethics, according to Fraenkel & Wallen (2007), is the term coined to words of right or wrong.
It is generally considered as to dealing with beliefs about what is right or wrong, proper, or improper,
good, or bad. To be ethical means to conform to accepted professional practice. And if researchers
think about research, they are thinking whether or not conducting research to particular respondents
in a particular situation and place is “right “or “wrong”.

Ethical writing must be clear, accurate, fair, and honest reflection of ethical practice. Ethical
standard in research means following the right procedure/ protocol in conducting research. Here are
some points to consider the ethical standard in writing review of related literature.

1. Understand the Intellectual Property (IP) rights

To understand the ethics of information use, you should know the law of intellectual
property rights and the law. Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind such as
inventions, literary and artistic works and symbols, names, images, and designs used in
commerce. IP is divided into two categories: Industrial property, which includes inventions
(patents), trademarks, industrial designs, and geographic indications of source; and Copyright,
which includes literary and artistic works such as novels, poems and plays, films, musical
 works, artistic works such as drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures, and
architectural designs" (Source: "What is Intellectual Property?", WIPO-World Intellectual
Property Organization).

According to this law, it is illegal to grab an image off someone else's web page and
put it on your web page without the permission of the copyright owner. Likewise, it is illegal
to copy and paste any articles, studies or research findings and consider them as yours without
citing and asking permission from the owner.

To protect the owners, form illegal use of their intellectual property, a copyright law
comes into view. This protects (1) literary works; (2) musical works, including any
accompanying words; (3) dramatic works, including any accompanying music; (4)
pantomimes and choreographic works; (5) pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works; (6) motion
pictures and other audiovisual works; (7) sound recordings; and (8) architectural works. Thus,
anybody violating this law may be accountable to copy right law.

Absence of a copyright mark or statement does NOT mean that an item is not
copyrighted. Copyright owners have exclusive rights of reproduction, adaptation, distribution,
public performance, and display. As original work that is fixed in a tangible medium, material
on the Web is protected. It is illegal to grab an image off someone else's web page and put it
on your web page without the permission of the copyright owner.

For educational purposes, some uses of copyrighted material are allowed through
provisions of copyright law such as "fair use." In general, you can use only a small part of
another's work. In short, be careful when you use the intellectual property of others.

2. To understand the ethical use of information

This helps you understand the ethical use of information by providing information on
quoting, paraphrasing, and citing the work of others and on recognizing and avoiding
plagiarism.

To use the work of others aside from respecting the intellectual property right, you
should know how to quote, summarize, or paraphrase, and cite properly the work of others.

Here are the tips of maintaining the use of ethical information:

• Cite the author/s name to give respect of credit of his/ their property by quoting directly
or by paraphrasing. Academic ethics require that writers be credited for their work and
their writing.
• If in case the work of others was used purposely or unintentionally without giving
proper credit, the law of plagiarism has been violated.
• Bibliography or references is a good evidence to support that review of related literature
demonstrated scholarly materials with credible evidence – references or bibliography.
• When citing other people literary work, use direct quotation by putting quotation in
entire words and cite source. If other people's literary words will be paraphrased, cite
that source. If others’ ideas were used, cite the names of those who give those ideas.

In one way or another, research misconduct may happen. Therefore, as future researchers, all
of you must be aware what research misconduct is. Research misconduct means Fabrication,
Falsification, or Plagiarism (FFP) in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting
research results. (Source: http://www3.nd.edu/~pkamat/pdf/ethics.pdf)
(a) Fabrication is making up data or results and recording or reporting them.
(b) Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or
omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research
record.
(c) Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words
without giving appropriate credit.
(d) Research misconduct does not include honest error or differences of opinion.

The following are the three (3) important and relevant ethical issues to students who will be
conducting research projects, namely: Plagiarism, Language use, and Fraud.

1. Plagiarism
Plagiarism is described as a practice that involves knowingly taking and using another
person’s work and claiming it, directly or indirectly, as your own (Neville, 2007). It may be
blatant or technical.
• Blatant plagiarism is an act in which the writer tries to deceive the teacher or readers
– either for a grade or acclaim – into believing he/she is totally responsible for or
originator of the content.
• Technical plagiarism occurs when the writer is not trying to cheat or deceive but fails
to follow accepted methods of using and revealing sources.

The following are some of the specific forms of plagiarism as identified by

Plagiarism.org in “What is Plagiarism?” which can be classified as either of the two above
mentioned classifications:
• Turning in someone else’s work as your own
• Copying words or ideas from someone else, without giving credit
• Failing to put quotation in quotation marks
• Giving incorrect information about the source of quotation
• Changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit
• Copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work,
whether you give credit or not

In addition to this, Galvan (p.89) emphasized that plagiarism takes place when:
• Using another writer’s words without proper citation
• Using another writer’s ideas without proper citation
• Citing a source but reproducing the exact word without quotation marks
• Borrowing the structure of another author’s phrases/sentences without giving the source
• Borrowing all or part of another student’s paper
• Using paper-writing service or having a friend write the paper

2. Language Use
Aside from plagiarism, proper use of language must also be considered. Racially
charged, sexist, offensive language, and tendencies must be avoided (University of Richmond,
2017). As a writer, it is one’s ethical responsibility to be sensitive to the sensibilities of the
audience or readers. The following guidelines may be used for language use in writing:
• Do not make sweeping generalizations about a specific gender, ethnic minority, or any
other category of people.
 • When referring to racial groups use accurate and politically correct terminology.
• Overly inclusive racial terms, such as Asian or Hispanic: be more specific by using terms
such as Japanese, Chinese, and Filipino.
• Racial titles such as "Black" should be capitalized.
• Avoid sexist phrasing, such as gender-oriented diction, for example: "Man is often tempted
by false promises of fulfillment" could be revised by replacing "man" with "human beings":
"Human beings are often tempted by false promises of fulfillment."
• Remain conscious of how you refer to individuals, even fictitious characters: using "boy"
or "girl" to refer to individuals above the age of eighteen may carry racial overtones and
create a patronizing tone.
• When referring to individuals with physical impairments always place the description after
the subject; for example, the man who is blind rather than the blind man.
• Omit language associated with negative stereotypes, such as redneck and welfare mother.

3. Fraud
Aside from the first aforementioned ethical issues to be aware of, another temptation
that may be committed by future researchers is fabricating data or results just to get over the
course work or school requirement known as fraud. Therefore, ethical obligations involved,
and serious consequences must be observed once a writer or research commits fraud.
The following must be observed by a writer to avoid fraud:
a. Honesty – Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status.
Do not fabricate, falsify, or misinterpret data. Do not deceive colleagues, research sponsors,
or the public.
b. Objectivity - Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation,
peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of
research where objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-
deception. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research.
c. Integrity - Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of
thought and action.
d. Carefulness - Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your
own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities, such as
data collection, research design, and correspondence with agencies or journals.

To avoid research misconducts or any ethical issues, the following ethical standards regarding
the honest review of literature may be followed (Logan University, 2017):
• Report your findings with complete honesty
• Do not misrepresent, misinform, mislead and/or intentionally misinterpret
• Give appropriate credit when using other people’s work
• Avoid plagiarism by fully acknowledging all content belonging to others.

References:

Baraceros, Esther L. 2016. Practical Research 1. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.
Department of Education. 2019. "Practical Research 1 – Senior High School Alternative Delivery Mode: Quarter 3
Module 4: Learning from Others and Reviewing the Literature." Cagayan De Oro City: DepEd Regional Office
10.
Department of Education. 2019. "Practical Research 1 – Senior High School Alternative Delivery Mode: Quarter 3
Module 14 - Literature Review: Elements and Ethics." Balanga City: Schools Division of Bataan.
Garcia, Miriam Del Rosario, Violeta L. Jerusalem, Jonas M. Palencia, and Marjueve M. Palencia. 2017. Practical
Research 1: Basics of Qualitative Research. Manila: Fastbooks Educational Supply, Inc.
Prieto, Nelia G., Victoria C. Naval, and Teresita G. Carey. 2017. Practical Research I. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing,
Inc.