An overview of Insurance sector

The South Indian Association’s

The S.I.A. College of Higher Education
Affiliated to University of Mumbai
Accredited B+ by NAAC
P-88, MIDC Residential Area Dombivli Gymkhana Road,
Near Balaji Mandir, Dombivli (East), 421203.

Topic: “A study of Awareness among Transgender about

government insurance schemes available for them”

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Class: SYB&I
Subject: FOUNDATION COURSE
Sr. No Name of the student Roll no
1 DIPTI MOHAN SAWANT BF21039
2 SAKSHI SOMAN SINGH BF21046

3 ANJALI KANU BF21065

Project Guide
Mrs. Renu Vijay Verma

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INDEX
SR. NO TOPIC PAGE
NO.
1. INRODUCTION:
❖ Transgender in India
❖ Problem faced by transgender
❖ Health related issues of transgender
❖ Discrimination in healthcare settings
❖ Measures for Protection and Welfare of the Transgender
Persons in India
❖ Government of India and Ministry of Social Justice and
Empowerment various schemes for the welfare of the
transgenders:
1. SIMLE (Support for marginalised individuals for
livelihood & Enterprise)
2. SWEEKRUTI ODISHA (A SCHEME FOR PROMOTION
OF TRANSGENDER EQUALITY & JUSTICE), 2017

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

3. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:
▪ SOURCES OF DATA
▪ PRIMARY DATA
▪ SECONDARY DATA
▪ SAMPLE SIZE
▪ LIMITATIONS

5. DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION:

✓ QUESTIONNAIRE
✓ GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
✓ INTERPRETATION

6. CONCLUSION

7. SUGGESTATIONS

8. BIBLOGRAPHY

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INTRODUCTION
Abstract

India has approximately 5-7 lac transgender people. Sexuality is an issue in India. It has
created social divides. Transgender community includes Kinnar, Hijras, Eunuchs, Kothis,
Aravanis, Jogappas, Shiv-Shakthis etc., who have been a part of Indian society for centuries.
The Vedic and Puranic literatures mention “tritiyaprakriti” meaning the third gender and
“napunsaka” meaning someone with the loss of procreative ability. Sexual minorities have
been oppressed in our society on the ground of them being deviant. The term 'transgender
people' is generally used to describe those who transgress social gender norms. Transgender
is often used as an umbrella term to signify individuals who defy rigid, binary gender
constructions, and who express or present a breaking and/or blurring of culturally prevalent
stereotypical gender roles. Transgender people may live full- or part-time in the gender role
'opposite' to their biological sex. Therefore, the issues related to the rights of genders, their
health problems and also do not find place in the top agendas of the governments and human
rights movements. Barriers to health care, social participation, emotional support experienced
by transgender people. The refusal by many national health systems and health insurance
programs to cover services for trans people.

Introduction
Transgender people have a gender identity or gender expression that differs from their sex
assigned at birth. Some transgender people who desire medical assistance to transition from
one sex to another identify as transsexual. In addition to including people whose gender
identity is the opposite of their assigned sex (trans men and trans women), it may include
people who are not completely masculine or feminine. Other definitions of transgender also
include people who belong to a third gender (Third gender or third sex is a concept in which
individuals are categorized, either by themselves or by society, as neither man nor woman).
In addition to including people whose gender identity is the opposite of their assigned sex
(trans men and trans women), it may include people who are not completely masculine or
feminine. Other definitions of transgender also include people who belong to a third gender
(Third gender or third sex is a concept in which individuals are categorized, either by
themselves or by society, as neither man nor woman). A person's internal sense of being
male, female or something else is their gender identity. For cisgender, or non-transgender
people, their gender identity matches their sex at birth. For transgender people, the two do not
match.
For a very long time, the transgender community in India has lived at the fringes of society. It
was only after the landmark ruling by the Supreme Court in 2014, popularly known as the

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NALSA judgement, that transgender persons were legally recognised as the ‘third gender’.
The Government of India, over the course of years, has made consistent and significant
efforts in designing and working towards a trans-inclusive society. Safeguarding the
fundamental right - ‘to live life with dignity’

Transgender in India:
Indian censes have never recognised third gender i.e., transgender while collecting censes
data for years. But in 2011, transgender data was collected with details related to
employment, literacy, and caste. In India the total population of transgender is 4.88 lakhs as
per 2011 censes.

Problem faced by transgender

The main problems that are being faced by the transgender community are of discrimination,
unemployment, lack of educational facilities, homelessness, lack of medical facilities. The
other fields where this community feels neglected are inheritance of property or adoption of a
child. They are often pushed to the periphery as a social outcaste and many may end up
begging and dancing. In 1994, transgender persons got the voting right but the task of issuing
them voter identity cards got caught up in the male or female question. Several of them were
denied cards with sexual category of their choice. Transgenders have very limited
employment opportunities. Transgenders have no access to bathrooms/toilets and public
spaces. Most families do not accept if their male child starts behaving in ways that are
considered feminine or inappropriate to the expected gender role. Consequently, family
members may threaten, scold or even assault their son/sibling from behaving or dressing-up
like a girl or woman. Social welfare departments provide a variety of social welfare schemes
for socially and economically disadvantaged groups. However, so far, no specific schemes
are available for transgender except some rare cases. The combined operation of the various
societal institutions and mechanisms which bear down upon the affected person constructs a
mindset wherein the person begins to think of himself as dirty, worthless, unclean and vulgar.
The invisibility and silence which surrounds the existence of sexuality minority lives and

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worlds produces its own order of oppression, creating in many the impression that they are
the only ones ‘cursed’ with such desires in the world. There is a huge erosion of self-esteem,
which is prolonged by the way dominant society operates, what it believes in and what it
says. It is a process of self-abuse wherein the person believes that what society says about
sexuality minorities is true for her.

Health related issues of transgender

The common conception of Trans health is that it refers only to medical procedures involved
in Transition. However, Trans health is a much broader field. As the WHO recognizes, health
is a state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing, not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity. The full picture of trans health thus involves broad recognition of all the
services, protections, and resources that trans people need to live healthy lives in safe
communities. This includes a range of primary and other health care services, as well as a
focus on socio-economic determinants of health such as identity document policies poverty,
employment, housing, and public acceptance of trans people. Trans people worldwide.
experience substantial health disparities and barriers to appropriate health care services that
keep them from achieving the highest possible health status. Among other health disparities,
trans people are significantly more likely than the general population to be targeted for
violence and harassment, to contract HIV, and to be at risk for mental health concern such as
depression and attempted suicide.
1. HIV
Transgender people are 49 times more at risk of living with HIV compared to the general
population. HIV related stigma and transphobia create barriers to the access of HIV testing
and treatment services by transgender people. Social exclusion, economic vulnerability and a
lack of employment opportunities means that sex work is often the most viable form of
income available to transgender people, and a high proportion of transgender people engage
in sex work.
2. Mental health
Mental health needs of Transgender communities are barely addressed in the current
programs. Some of the mental health issues reported in different community forums include
depression and suicidal tendencies, possibly secondary to societal stigma, lack of social
support, HIV status, and violence-related stress. Most transgender people, especially youth,
face great challenges in coming to terms with one's own gender identity and/or gender
expression which are opposite to that of the gender identity and gender role imposed on them
based on their biological sex
3. Alcohol and substance use
An unknown but significant proportion Transgender communities consume alcohol possibly
to forget stress and depression that they face in their daily life. Transgenders provide several
reasons justifying their alcohol consumption that range from the need to 'forget worries'
(because there is no family support or no one cares about them).

Discrimination in healthcare settings

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• Transgender face discrimination even in the healthcare settings. Often, healthcare providers
rarely had the opportunity to understand the sexual diversities and they do not have adequate
knowledge about the health issues of sexual minorities. Thus, transgender people face unique
barriers when accessing public or private health services.
• Barriers in accessing HIV testing, antiretroviral treatment and sexual health services have
been well documented.
• Types of discrimination reported by transgender communities in the healthcare settings
include: deliberate use of male pronouns in addressing transgender registering them as 'males'
and admitting them in male wards; humiliation faced in having to stand in the male queue;
verbal harassment by the hospital staff and copatients; and lack of healthcare providers who
are sensitive to and trained on providing treatment/care to transgender people and even denial
of medical services. Discrimination could be due to transgender status, sex work status or
HIV status or a combination of these.

Measures for Protection and Welfare of the Transgender Persons in India

Transgender persons have faced several issues of discrimination, historically, like exclusion
from their families, absence of dignified livelihoods, and inadequate access to health, shelter,
welfare, and employment. The Central government has enacted and issued several welfare
acts and rules to address these issues for the provision of identity, education, shelter,
livelihood, skill development, and protection of rights against the community, which are
mentioned below:
The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2019
The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2019 seeks to mitigate the stigma,
discrimination, and abuse against this marginalized section and bring them into the
mainstream of society. It will lead to greater inclusiveness and will make Transgender
persons productive members of society
The Bill has the following provisions:
i. Non-discrimination against a Transgender person in educational institutions, employment,
healthcare services etc.
ii. Recognition of identity of Transgender persons and confer upon them the right to self-
perceived gender identity.
iii. Provision of the Right of Residence with parents and immediate family members.
iv. Provision for the formulation of welfare schemes and programmes for education, social
security, and health of Transgender persons.
v. Provision for National Council for Transgender Persons to advise, monitor, and
evaluate measures for the protection of their rights
The Act is designed to make all the stakeholders responsive and accountable for upholding
the principles underlying the same. It also brings greater accountability on the part of the
Central Government and State Governments/Union Territories Administrations for issues
concerning Transgender persons.

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National portal for transgender persons

The Ministry of Social Justice and
Empowerment launched National Portal
for Transgender Persons on November
25, 2020.
2 Any Transgender applicant can obtain a
certificate of identity and identity card
without any physical interface with the
office of issue. The person who has been
issued a certificate of identity is entitled
to change the first name on the birth
certificate and all other official documents
relating to the identity of such person.
The Portal provides the facility for
transgender persons to apply for a
certificate and an identity card from
across the country without physical
interface through a seamless end-to-end
mechanism. The Transgender
certificate and identity card are nationally recognised and are provided by the Ministry
of Social Justice & Empowerment. The certificate is a mandatory document to avail of
the welfare measures being provided under the SMILE scheme. The number of
certificates and identity cards issued on the portal is as mentioned in Figure.

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Government of India and Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment have launched
various schemes for the welfare of the transgenders as follows:-

❖ SIMLE (Support for marginalised individuals for livelihood &

Enterprise)
The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment launched an umbrella scheme “SMILE -
Support for Marginalised Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprise” on February 12, 2022.
This umbrella scheme would cover several comprehensive measures including welfare
measures for the transgender community and for persons who are engaged in the act of
begging with a focus extensively on rehabilitation, provision of medical facilities,
counselling, education, skill development, economic linkages etc. with the support of State
Governments/UTs/Local Urban Bodies, Voluntary Organizations, Community Based
Organizations (CBOs)/Institutions and others.

The scheme includes various welfare measures for transgender persons such as financial
assistance in the form of scholarships to transgender students studying in classes Ninth till
post-graduation, skill development training & livelihood, composite medical health for
availing gender reaffirmation surgeries, pre and post-operative procedures and other health
care facilities, setting up of Garima Grehs in each state for providing shelter facility for
abandoned and orphaned transgender persons, setting up of transgender protection cells in the
entire country for providing quick redressal of offences & crimes against transgender persons
etc. The Ministry has allocated Rs. 365 crores for the scheme from 2021-22 to 2025-26.
Scholarship Schemes under SMILE
The Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment is providing scholarship studies in India to
Transgender students studying in classes IX and above thereby reducing incidences of drop-
out and aiding the transition from the elementary to the secondary stage for transgender
students through an automated online system using a single login credential. Under the
scheme, scholarship categories mentioned in Figure are available for Transgender students to
avail.

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Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan

The Samagra Shiksha scheme is an integrated scheme for school education covering the
entire gamut from pre-school to class XII. The scheme was upgraded on August 04, 2021 to
align it with the Sustainable Development Goal for Education and the new National
Education Policy launched in 2020. Among many other major objectives of the redesigned
scheme, it effectively works towards bridging social and gender gaps in school education
along with ensuring equity and inclusion at all levels of school education
Composite Medical Health under SMILE
Composite Medical Health is a component under the SMILE scheme. The objective of the
scheme is to provide health insurance coverage to all transgender persons living in India to
improve their health condition through proper treatment including sex re-assignment
surgeries as well as medical support. The scheme covers all transgender persons not receiving
such benefits from other centre/state sponsored schemes.

The scope of the scheme is as follows:

• Health insurance in the form of Ayushman Bharat TG Plus shall be available for
transgender persons inclusive of gender reaffirmation surgery in the health benefit package

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under Ayushman Bharat Yojana. Each transgender person shall receive an insurance cover of
Rs. 5 Lakh per year under the scheme.
• The Comprehensive Package would cover all aspects of transition related healthcare for
transgender persons. It shall also (not exhaustive) provide coverage for hormone therapy, sex
re-assignment surgery inclusive of post-operation formalities which can be redeemed at all
private and government healthcare facilities.

Empowerment through Skill Development Training & Livelihood

Skill India Mission
Under Skill India Mission, the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE)
has been implementing Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), Jan Shikshan
Sansthan (JSS) Scheme and National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS), for
providing short term Skill Development training and Craftsman Training Scheme (CTS), for
long term training, to the youth belonging to all sections of the society including transgender
persons across India. To know the State-wise details of transgender persons imparted training
under PMKVY, JSS, NAPS and CTS,
The Ministry of Social Justice
and Empowerment is imparting
skill development training to the
Transgender beneficiaries of the
SMILE Scheme through PM-
DAKSH - a skill development
scheme of the Ministry. Short-
Term Training Programmes; Up-
Skilling/Reskilling;
Entrepreneurship Development
Programmes, and Long-Term
Training Programmes are conducted for transgenders under the scheme. The Skill
Development training & livelihood programme under SMILE scheme aims to provide
training for transgender persons to get market-oriented skills for getting a livelihood.
Through the component, transgender persons would be facilitated for wage and se
employment and provided placement through the empanelled training institutes. Follow-ups
and sensitization programmes would also be conducted with the employing agency to
eliminate discrimination at workplaces.
Skill Training through various Sector Skill Councils
The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, through the National Backward Classes
Finance and Development (NBCFDC), has sanctioned skill development training
programmes for transgender persons through Sector Skill Councils/Training partners in six
States in various job roles through which training programmes amounting to over 87 lakh9
have been sanctioned with total 330 trainees for job roles such as beauty therapist, make-up
artists, customer care executive etc.
Garima Grehs: shelter homes for transgender persons

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Section 12(3) of the Transgender Act 2019 says that whether any parent or a member of his
immediate family is unable to take
care of a transgender, the competent
court shall by an order direct such
person to be placed in the
rehabilitation centre. In consonance
with the same, the SMILE scheme
provides for setting up of Garima
Grehs, to provide shelter to the
transgender persons in need with basic
amenities like shelter, food, medical
care, and recreational facilities.
Besides that, it will provide support
for the capacity building/skill
development of transgender persons at
the shelter home.
Ministry has initiated 12 pilot 'Garima Grehs' 10 and provided financial assistance to
community-based organizations (CBOs) for setting up of these shelter homes. These pilot
shelter homes are located in the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Delhi, West Bengal,
Rajasthan, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, and Odisha. An online monitoring system has
been created on the National Portal for Transgender Persons for the Garima Grehs to log in,
using the username and password provided to them.

❖ SWEEKRUTI ODISHA (A SCHEME FOR PROMOTION OF

TRANSGENDER EQUALITY & JUSTICE), 2017
The Government of Odisha formulated an umbrella scheme ‘Sweekruti’ to secure the rights
of transgender persons and ensure equitable justice. It recognises that transgender persons are
subject to discrimination and hardships in society.The main objectives of the scheme are to
create an enabling environment for transgender persons, ensure their participation and social
integration, strengthen the implementation of various schemes and facilities, and promote
measures for employment and socio-educational services for transgender persons.
KEY STRATEGIES
The key strategies proposed to implement the scheme and make the services available to the
transgender persons are:
• Survey and identify all transgender persons in the State, and issue certificates and
multipurpose smart cards.
• Assist the parents of transgender children and provide pre and post-matric
scholarship.
• Upgrade skills and entrepreneurship development training by strengthening self-help
groups.
• Provide support for critical health care and group insurance support for transgender
persons.
• Provide legal aid, counselling and guidance services for transgender persons.

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• Organize awareness and sensitisation campaigns on rights of transgender persons and

provide training to staff and volunteers.
ASSISTANCE TO PARENTS OF TRANSGENDER PERSONS
The scheme discusses providing awareness and sensitisation to parents to provide support to
their gender non-conforming children. This is particularly relevant because transgender
children are at the risk of being bullied. They are also more likely to face violence within the
extended family and in schools. The scheme places importance on providing counselling and
mental health services for the child and the parents. explains the details on financial support
to the parents who need it, after examining their eligibility. It also proposes financial support
for parents of transgender children to assist in raising them and as a first step towards
providing educational scholarships. Finally, it lays down the eligibility criteria and method of
disbursement in detail.
SKILL UPGRADATION, TRAINING AND SELF-EMPLOYMENT
To increase employment opportunities for transgender persons, the scheme provides for
assistance with skill upgradation, securing employment and engaging in income-generating
activities. Further, it suggests providing self-employment kits and encourages group
endeavours to initiate income generating projects not exceeding a one-time investment of Rs.
20 lakhs. Similarly, self-help groups formed by transgender persons and registered with the
District Social Security Office will be provided Rs. 50,000 for their initial activities.
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
The scheme notes that transgender persons are not integrated into mainstream society and
family life. It states that to address the effects of oppression and deprivation of transgender
persons, the State should provide mental health and counselling support, personality
development training, support for office furniture, equipment and other expenses.
RESEARCH AND DOCUMENTATION ON TRANSGENDER ISSUES
The scheme emphasises the significance of the research and documentation on transgender
issues. It states that transgender persons have a range of rights-based concerns including hate
crime laws inclusion, equal rights in housing, employment non-discrimination, bathroom use,
changing name and gender on public documents, marriage rights, medical insurance, and
financial assistance. Since the lived experience of the transgender persons matters in
determining future action, the scheme recognises the need for research support on
transgender issues and rehabilitation models for their empowerment.
IMPLEMENTATION
The scheme concludes that including transgender persons in existing government welfare
schemes would address most of the problems faced by them. It places the obligation on
coordinating and converging existing schemes on the District Administration. In particular,
the scheme specifies that the Block Administration must (a) ensure coverage of transgender
persons under various poverty alleviation schemes; (b) sensitize local leaders on transgender
rights and issues; and (c) increase participation of community-based organisations at the grass
root level.

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of the related literature is one of the first steps in the research process. It is relevant to
refer briefly to the previous studies and research in the related areas of the subject to find out
and to fill up the research gaps, if any. It consists of summary of findings of research carried
out in the past on same related topics. This review provides insight to the researcher
regarding what is already known and what remains to be tested regarding the topic of
research. It guides the researcher to avoid duplication and provides useful suggestion for
further research on given topic.
The review is necessary for the following reasons :-
1. It helps in deciding of the methodology, tools, and instruments in the study.
2. It gives recommendations for further research.
3. It helps to highlight the gap in existing knowledge
4. It helps in overcoming the problem regarding research studies and defining it in
appropriate manner. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to take review of the literature on
“Awareness among the Transgender related to government Insurance schemes available to
them”. In this chapter, the studies have been undertaken by various researchers in India in
relation to Insurance schemes.
❖ Some worthwhile studies relating to the present topic are being reviewed here:-
1. Morton (2008) found that 62 per cent of respondents had experienced transphobic
harassment from strangers in public places who perceived them to be trans: mostly
this had taken the form of verbal abuse but 40 per cent had experienced transphobic
threatening behaviour, 17 per cent had been physically assaulted and 4 per cent had
been sexually assaulted.

2. Sivakami, et. al. (2011) conducted an interview on 120 transgenders of 20- 70 years
old in Coimbatore to know their socio-economic status and nutritional status. The
study revealed that transgenders suffered from mental stress due to non-acceptance
and humiliation from society. These mental conditions affected their food intake
routine. The common diseases known among transgenders are blood pressure, high
blood sugar and HIV/AIDS.

3.Sudha, M. (2015) found that thirty-five percent of participants had felt harsh
transgender identity stigma, whereas 49 percent of participants had felt reasonable stigma.
Only 44% of participants felt good quality of life (QOL),while 35% of participants
reported very poor QOL. The QOL of participants depended on their acceptance or
nonacceptance by their family members.

4. Chettiar A. (2015) examined that the socio-economic status of hijras and to

understand the problems faced by them with special reference to their health and the

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harassment face by the police. Among the hijras about half of them belong to the
middle class and about 40% belonged to the upper lower class.

5. Athreye (2015) argued that transgender people constitute the marginalized section of
Indian society and face lots of legal, social as well as economic difficulties. Their
families avoid to accept their transgender children, most of these children have left
their school because of ill treatment by peers as well as by teachers, have very limited
access to health services and public spaces. But some of the transgenders have
excelled in various fields despite many barriers.

6. Divan, V. et. al. (2016) explained that the United Nations, Development Programme
(UNDP) furnished literature of transgender community’s human rights, health issues,
socioeconomic issues and also mentioned solutions for these problems. This
document addressed to countries to take actions immediately to tackle the
infringement of human rights of transgender persons, prevalence of HIV, poverty, and
humiliation. Suggests encouraging social acceptance, superior health services,
impartiality, and socio-economic development.

7. Andrews, D. T.G. (2016) analysed the dimensions of victimization of transgender

people that includes biological, psychological, sociological and legal and also its
effects on the permanent resident and migrant transgender people in Tamil Nadu state.
Findings show that there is no significant difference between the biological dimension
of victimization and educational qualification of the permanent resident transgender
people and migrant transgender persons of Tamil Nadu state.

8. Thilakavathi et al. (2016) All trans-women across each state reported that their
sexual partners were males, whereas very few reported to have females also as their
sexual partners. Majority of the trans-women mentioned during the discussion that
they started having sex from the age of 8-15 years. For many, the first encounter
happened with their close relatives and family members and mostly it was forced sex.

9. Sawant, N. S. (2017) stated that Indian government has taken various welfare
measures for the transgender people which include census, certification, providing
citizenship ID Cards, passports, housing facility, legal measures, police reforms, legal
and constitutional safeguards to prevent infringement of human rights of the third
gender persons and institutional mechanisms to address unambiguous concerns of
transgender people.

10. Konduru, D. et al. (2018) defined the problems of transgender’s sociocultural

elimination and addition, their growth and attitudes of society towards them. Even
after Supreme Court recognised transgender as third gender they still face elimination
from social, cultural, political and economic fields. Society should have positive
attitude towards them and accept them for giving dignified life.

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11. Agosto, S. et al. (2018) [1] described that the rate of substance use is much higher in
transgender community than the heterosexuals. The causing factors of this substance
use in Transgender and Gender Nonconforming (TGNC) older adults are their
loneliness, rejection from society, prejudicial treatment, guilt, violence and physical
health.
12. Sameeta, et al. (2018) found the connection between sociodemographic factors and
subjective well-being among fifty transgender aged 18 years and above, in Manipur.
The results show no significant connection between the subjective well-being and
socio demographic parameters like age, educational qualification, profession,
dwelling and outlook of family.

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OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

The objectives of the study are as under:

1. To create an enabling environment to ensure equal opportunities, equity, social justice
& empowerment of transgender persons of the state.

2. To encourage voluntary action and participation of all stake holders for ensuring
effective social integration of transgender persons.

3. To expand outreach activities for protection of rights and entitlements of transgender

persons in the state.

4. To promote individual and group endeavours by transgender persons for employment,

self-employment and other socio-educational services.

5. To strengthen the existing implementation machinery and create facilities for

coverage of all transgender persons of the state.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The topic of research, “A Study of Awareness among transgenders related to government
insurance schemes for them” provides information about the awareness of the government
schemes for the transgenders and the steps for their betterment of their life.
SOURCES OF DATA: -
Data collection is an important step in the research process. To collect data from the
respondents, the researcher approached the respondents with structured questionnaire. The
instructions were also given in the form. Respondents were asked to give their responses
freely and were permitted to ask their difficulties, if any. After the respondents had submitted
their responses, data was collected and conclusions were drawn, In this study, both primary
and secondary data has been utilized to arrive at certain conclusions.
Sample size:
$ample size determination is an important and often difficult step in planning an empirical
study. A sample is a subset of a population element, where a population is a theoretically
specified aggregation of an element. Hence a sample size is a subset of a population. The aim
of the sample was to select estimated population parameters. The information was collected
from the sample size of from the population
What is Primary Data?
Primary data is a type of data that is collected by researchers directly from main sources
through interviews, surveys, experiments, etc. Primary data are usually collected from the
source—where the data originally originates from and are regarded as the best kind of data in
research.
The sources of primary data are usually chosen and tailored specifically to meet the demands
or requirements of research. Also, before choosing a data collection source, things like the
aim of the research and target population need to be identified.
For example, when doing a market survey, the goal of the survey and the sample population
need to be identified first. This is what will determine what data collection source will be
most suitable—an offline survey will be more suitable for a population living in remote areas
without an internet connection compared to online surveys.
How primary data was collected for this study?
Primary data was collected by conducting survey, the questions were asked with the help of a
set of structured questionnaires which comprised statistical and personal information about
the respondent i.e. their daily habits and some questions to test their level of awareness
regarding the schemes.
What is Secondary Data?
Secondary data is the data that has already been collected through primary sources and made
readily available for researchers to use for their own research. It is a type of data that has
already been collected in the past.

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A researcher may have collected the data for a particular project, then made it available to be
used by another researcher. The data may also have been collected for general use with no
specific research purpose like in the case of the national census.
Data classified as secondary for particular research may be said to be primary for another
research. This is the case when data is being reused, making it primary data for the first
research and secondary data for the second research it is being used for.
How Secondary Data is collected?
Secondary data is collected from the following sources:- A. Publications of selected Banks
specially reports, Bulletins, Occasional publications etc. B. Various Books, Research
Journals, Magazines, Reports, web sites and News, etc.

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DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

INTRODUCTION: -
This chapter deals with the collection of data. The data collected is scrutinized, tabulated,
analysed and to end with, it is used for the study purpose. It is also presented briefly in the
form of different tables, graphs, bar and pie designs and interpretation. In this, effort has been
made to assess the current health condition of transgenders, the way society behaves with
them, daily activities, awareness about the various schemes of government for them, the
benefits they get from these schemes, the problems they face in daily life, the challenges they
need to face in their daily life. The assessment has enabled them to come to conclusions
concerning various aspects of awareness of the schemes Based on the data analysed,
researcher has mentioned some vital suggestions.
SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION: -
There are two types of data, Primary Data and Secondary Data. When data is collected from
the specific source or source of origin, it is called Primary Data, and it was collected by
preparing an open-ended questionnaire as well as conducting personal interviews, survey and
analysed the data there after.
Secondary Data is readymade data which is available with sample organizations previous
researchers and in print and E-Media.
ANALYSIS OF DATA COLLECTION: -
The details are presented with Figures and Graphs. Pictorial presentation of research creates
easy and perpetual impression.
At first the basic information about the respondent was collected:
• Name
• Email-id
• Age
• Gender
• Qualification
• Daily habits
• Health problems

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What is your assigned gender on your birth certificate?

Assigned gender Male Female Transgender Total
on birth
certificate of
respondents
No of 5 14 2 21
respondents
Percentage (%) 23.8 66.7 9.5 100

INTERPRETATION: -
Above table, provides the information about the gender of the respondents as per birth
certificate. Out of 21(100%) respondents, 5(23.8%) respondents assigned gender is male.
14(66.7%) respondents assigned gender is female, and 2 (9.5%) respondents’ gender is
transgender.

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What is the highest level of education you have attained so far?

Level of Graduate 12th 10th Primary Illiterate Total
education education
No. of 5 2 3 5 6 21
respondents
Percentage 23.8 9.5 14.3 23.8 28.6 100
(%)

INTERPRETATION: -
Above table shows the data of the education qualification of the respondents, out of
21(100%) respondents, 5 (23.8%) respondents have done graduation, 2(9.5%) respondents
have completed 12th, 3(14.3%) respondents have done 10th, 5(23.8%) respondents have done
the primary education and 6 (28.6%) respondents are illiterate.

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What is your estimated annual income?

Annual Below 1,00,000- 2,00,000- More than Total

income 1,00,000 2,00,000 3,00,000 3,00,00
No. of 16 3 1 1 21
respondents
Percentage (%) 76 14 5 5 100

INTERPRETATION: -
Above table gives information about the estimated annual income of the respondents, out of
21 (100%) respondents, 16 (76%) respondents annual income is less than 1,00,000. 3(14%)
respondents have respondent their annual income is between 1,00,000-2,00,000,
1(5%)respondents income is between 2,00,000-3,0000 and 1(5%) respondents annual income
is more than 3,00,00,000.

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What are your current living arrangements?

Living With On With With In a At I Other Total
arrangement family my my friends refuge college couch
own partner surf
No. of 0 3 1 14 3 0 0 0 21
respondents

Percentage 0 14.7 4.7 66.7 14.7 0 0 0 100

(%)

INTERPRETATION :-
Above table talks about the living arrangements of the respondents. Out of 21 respondents
14.7% respondents live in their own houses and 4.7 are respondents live with their family
66.7% people are living with their friends and 14.7% are living in Refuge.

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How would you describe your physical health in the last 12 months?
Very Bad Neither good Good Very good Total
bad or bad

No. of 6 4 4 6 1 21
respondents

Percentage 28.6 19 19 28.6 4.7 100

(%)

INTERPRETATION:-
According to the Figures we can see that 28.6% people have responded that their physical
health is very bad from last 12 months, 19% people have responded bad and 19% people
have responded neither good or bad physical health and 28.6%and 4.7% have responded
good and very good health from last 12 month

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In the last 12 months, have you received any of these mental health
diagnoses?
Depression Anxiety Other Total

No. of 10 4 7 21
respondents
Percentage (%) 47.6 19 33.34 100

INTERPRETATION:-
According to the Data and table , 47.6% people respondents they are depression in last 12
month and 19% people are Anxiety and also 33.34 people are have other mental health
diagnoses

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Do you have any health problems?

Yes No Total

No. of respondents 7 14 21

Percentage (%) 33.34 66.67 100

INTERPRETATION :-
From the about survey We can see that 33.34 % people are respondents they have the health
problems but 66.67% people are respondents they don’t have any health problems

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What are the health problems faced by you?

Faced by HIV Mental Suicidality Other No Total
problems health and non problem
suicidal self
harm
No. of 2 8 4 2 5 21
respondents
Percentage 9.5 38 19 9.5 23.8 100
(%)

INTERPRETATION :- From the above table we can see that 38% people are respondents
mental health problem facing by people and 9.5% people are respondents they have facing
the HIV health Problem and 19 % suicidality and non suicidal self harm and 23.8% people
are say that they don’t have any health problem.

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What has your experience with health service providers been like so far?
Excellent Good Bad Very bad Total

No. of 1 7 7 6 21
respondents
Percentage 4.7 33.34 33.34 28.6 100
(%)

INTERPRETATION :-
According to survey, 4.7 % people are respondents excellent they experience with health
service provided and 33.34% people are respondents good experience but 33.34 % and 28.6%
people are respondents they are Bad and very bad experience with health service provided.

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Do you use : alcohol

Daily Weekly Monthly Occasionally Never Total

No. of 2 2 1 1 15 21
respondents
Percentage 9.5 9.5 4.7 4.7 71.4 100

INTERPRETATION: -
From the above data We can see that 9.5 % people are consuming alcohol on daily basis
and 9.5 % people on weekly basis and 4.7 % respondents they are consuming monthly, and
4.7% respondents occasionally and 71.4% people have responded that they don’t consume
alcohol..

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Do you use : cigarettes

Daily Weekly Monthly Occasionally Never Total

No. of 4 3 1 0 13 21
respondents
Percentage 19 14.7 4.7 0 14.7 100

INTERPRETATION :- according to the Data 19% people are respondents to using the
cigarettes in daily basis and 14.7% people using the cigarettes on weekly and 4.7% people in
monthly basis but here ..14.7% people are respondents they don’t using the cigarettes.

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Do you use : tobacco

Daily Weekly Monthly Occasionally Never Total

No. of 12 1 2 0 6 21
respondents
Percentage 57.2 4.7 9.5 0 28.6 100

INTERPRETATION :- According to the Data We can find that 57.2 % people

Respondents they are using the tobacco in daily basis 4.7 are respondents using the cigarettes
in weekly ..and 9.5 % people responded they are using the tobacco in monthly basis but
28.6% people are never use the tobacco .

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Do your life changed after the landmark ruling by the supreme court in
2014 , the NALSA judgement?
Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly total
agree disagree

No. of 3 6 10 2 0 21
respondents
Percentage 14.7 28.6 47.6 9.5 0 100
(%)

INTERPRETATION :- From the above survey we can see that 14,7% people are
respondents are very strongly agree with the NALSA judgement and 28.6% people
Respondents they are Agree with this judgement but 47.6% people are respondents Neutral
and 9.5% is Disagree with the judgment .

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During COVID-19, the ministry of social justice and empowerment through National
Backward Class Finance and Development Corporation (NBCFDC) has given rs.1,500
to each transgender person, have received this amount?
Yes No Total
No. of respondents 2 19 21
Percentage (%) 9.5 90.5 100

INTERPRETATION:- from the about table we can see that the majority of people that
is 90.5 % respondents No they don’t received the 1,500 Rupees but 9.5 % people are
respondents Yes they are receiving this Amount .

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Through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT). NBCFDC has additionally helped

with ration supplies to transgender persons, have you received the ration?
Yes No Total

No. of respondents 3 18 21
Percentage (%) 14.7 85.7 100

INTERPRETATION :- According to the Data 14.7 % respondents YES they have

received the ration and 85.7 % people respondents No they don’t have receive the ration .

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Do you have any insurance schemes?

Yes No May be Total

No. of 4 17 0 21
respondents
Percentage (%) 19 80.9 0 100

INTERPRETATION :- According to the Data 19% respondents yes they have insurance
Scheme and 80.9 % respondents they don’t have any insurance Scheme

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do you know that government of India provides Each transgender person an insurance
cover of Rs. 5 Lakh per year under the Ayushman Bharat Yojana scheme.
Yes No May be Total

No. of Respondents 1 17 3 21

Percentage (%) 4.7 80.9 14.7 100

INTERPRETATION :-
from the about data we can see that 4.7% respondents YES very well known about the
insurance coverage of RS 5 lakh per year in Ayushman bharat yojana scheme, but
unfortunately majority of people that is 80.9% respondents don’t know that Ayushman
bharat yojana scheme.

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Do you get the benefit of this scheme?

Yes No Maybe total
No of respondents 5 16 0 21

Percentage 23.8 76.1 0 100

Interpretation:
From the above data we can see that 23.8% respondents are very well known about
the insurance schemes but unfortunately majority of people that is 76.1% respondents don’t
know the insurance scheme’s.

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from where did you get the information about these schemes?
No of respondents Percentage
TV 2 9.5
Newspaper 3 14.7
Mobile 1 4.7
Neighbours 3 14.7
Relatives 1 4.7
Friends 3 14.7
Government employees 5 23.8
Insurance agents 0 0
Others 3 14.7
Total 21 100

Interpretation:
According to the data 9.5% individuals have received the information about insurance
sector from TV (Television), 14.7% from newspaper, 4.7% from Mobile, 14.7 from
neighbours, 4.7% from relatives, 14.7% from friends, 23.8% from government employees,
14.7% from others, etc.

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The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment launched an umbrella scheme

“SMILE – Support for Marginalised Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprise” on
February 12, 2022.do you know about this scheme?
Yes No May be Total

No of 7 13 1 21
respondents
Percentage 33.34 14.7 4.7 100

Interpretation:
From the data which we collect we can see that 33.34% individuals knows about the
SMILE scheme which is provide by government of India but 14.7% individuals don’t know
about the same scheme and 4.7% individuals are not sure about the scheme.

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have you received any help from State Governments/UTs/Local Urban

Bodies, Voluntary Organizations, Community Based Organizations
(CBOs)/Institutions related to rehabilitation, provision of medical facilities,
counselling, education, skill development, economic linkages, etc.

Yes No May be Total

No of 5 16 0 21
respondents
Percentage 23.8 76.1 0 100

Interpretation:
According to the survey we can see that 23.8% of individuals are
received the help from state governments and 76.1% of individuals are not
received any help regarding the scheme from state government.

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are you satisfied with this help?

Very Satisfied Neutral Unsatisfied Very Total
satisfied unsatisfied
No of 5 4 11 1 21
respondents
Percentage 23.8 19 52.4 4.7 100

Interpretation:
From the data which we have collected shows that around 23.8% of
individuals are very satisfied with the help which is provided by state
government, 19% are satisfied, 52% are neutral with the help and 4.7%
individuals are not satisfied with help which is provided by state government.

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have you done any skill development training initiated by the government?

Yes No May be Total

No of respondents 6 14 1 21
Percentage 28.6 66.67 4.7 100

Interpretation:
According to the survey, data shows that 28.6% of individuals are done with skill
development training initiated by the government, but unfortunately majority of individuals
that is 66.67% are not completed the skill development training and 4.7% individuals are not
sure about the same.

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do you have the Transgender certificate and identity card issued by the Ministry of
Social Justice & Empowerment which is a mandatory document to avail of the welfare
measures being provided under the SMILE scheme.?

Yes No Total
No of respondents 1 20 21
Percentage 4.7 95.2 100

Interpretation:
From the data we can see that 4.7% individuals having the transgender certificate and
identity card which is issued by the ministry of social justice but majority of individuals that
is 95.2% are not having the certificate as well as identity card.

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Have you done any skill development training given by the government
under the scheme PM Daksh?

Yes No Maybe total

No of 2 19 0 21
respondents
Percentage 9.5 90.5 0 100

Interpretation:
According to the data, we can analysis that 2(9.5%) respondents have completed the
skill development training under the Daksh scheme, and 19(90.5%) respondents have not
done the skill development training.

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do you know about Sweekruti Schemes?

Yes No Maybe total
No of respondents 5 16 0 21
Percentage 23.8 76.1 0 100

Interpretation:
According to the survey, data shows that 23.8% of individuals are aware about the
sweekruti scheme but majority of individuals that is 76.1% of individuals are not aware about
the sweekruti scheme which is provided by the government of India.

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CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION:
In this chapter an attempt is made to present the conclusions based on previous chapters. The
study of schemes for transgender was carried out use primary sources as well as secondary
sources of information. The information thus provided was segregate based on various socio-
economic parameters and then analysed in tabular as well as graphical formats. Conclusions
have been drawn on the various segregations based on the analytical tools. These conclusions
have provided based on which the researcher was able to meet the objectives of the study.
The rationale behind the study was verified based on these conclusions as well as the final
conclusions that were drawn from the various segregations have enable the researcher to
pinpoint the exact level of awareness amongst transgenders about various schemes available
for them, suggestions are also given for creating awareness about various schemes for the
transgenders.
CONCLUSIONS: -
From the above discussion it is to be concluded that,
1. Now it’s time for the public of India to change their point of view towards the
transgender.
2. First step should be taken by the public and second by govt. of India.
3. Indian authorities should implement the constitutional rights of transgender people.
4. People need to understand that all people are different but after all every one is a
Human being.
5. The public and authorities should also work towards ending the discrimination against
the transgender.
6. There is also a need to spread larger awareness campaign in public for the
acceptability of the Transgender community.

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SUGGESTIONS:
1. With the legal recognition, policy support and the transgender community being
identified under the SEDGs, the movement for inclusion and acceptance of
transgender persons has received a strong backing in India.
2. Further, it is the responsibility of everyone at all micro and macro levels to create a
‘gender inclusive’ environment around them at their households, workplaces and
other institutions.
3. With more awareness, empathy, and a welcoming attitude we can pave the way for a
country, in rainbow colours, where we respect, support, and celebrate the engagement,
expression, and well-being of all members of the LGBTQIA+ community
4. Increase funding for community health centres and other safety net providers Develop
policies to prevent violence against transgender people.
5. Continue to support strategies for prevention, treatment, and harm reduction the HHS
Office for Civil Rights (OCR) issued a historic131 rule codifying non-discrimination
protections for transgender people in health facilities, programs, and activities that
receive federal funding.
6. The rule clarified132 that the sex non-discrimination protections in Section 1557
explicitly protect transgender individuals based on gender identity and confirmed that
individuals must have access to health care facilities

Suggestions given by the transgenders under the survey: -

1. Government should take steps to increase the awareness among the transgenders.
2. Government should frequently visit to their community and provide timely help.
3. Government should employee more employees under this scheme.
4. Laws against transgender abuse should be made stronger.
5. Transgenders should get job opportunities as they are ready to work.
6. Government should show more attention towards them.
7. Government should provide development training

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BIBLOGRAPHY
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328718852_Transgender_Health_and_Their_
Rights_in_India

https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/jun/doc202263068
801.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5723709/

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