UNIT 2

ACADEMIC
READING AND
WRITING
 MOST ESSENTIAL
LEARNING COMPETENCIES

o Distinguish between patterns of development

in writing, namely, comparison and contrast,
cause and effect, problem–solution, and process
analysis; and
 LESSON 1

PATTERNS OF
DEVELOPMENT IN
WRITING
PATTERNS OF
DEVELOPMENT
• Patterns of Development refers to the logical
arrangement of ideas.
• In composition, development, is the process of
adding informative and illustrative details to
support the main idea
• Writing well-focused paragraphs entails
considerable thought wherein we use strategies
or patterns in developing such.
• help us sort out information and shape
paragraphs or essays
• help organize an outline, or depending on the
purpose they can determine the form that a
paper will take
WARM UP!
• RELATE AT LEAST
T H R E E ( 3 )
SENTENCES THAT
HAPPENED TODAY
BEFORE YOU CAME
TO CLASS.
 • NARRATION
• A narration tells a story. It gives an account of an
incident or reports a series of events leading to a
conclusion or ending.
• what happened, where, and when
• Narrative paragraphs contain action verbs that
move the story along in an interesting manner.
They also use transitional words or phrases to
indicate time or sequence.
 SAMPLE TEXT

• Yesterday morning, I was on my way to school when I came across the elderly man who
lived further down the street. He was pulling a stroller loaded with clay pots and small
sacks of soil. For a moment I stopped to observe him. He seemed to be breathing heavily,
so I came up to him and offered to help him pull his supplies. He looked at me and smiled
gratefully, and together we walked to his house. When we arrived, he thanked me and
offered some snacks, but I had to refuse because I would be late for school. Later that
afternoon, when I arrived home, a box of homemade chocolate chip cookies was waiting in
my mailbox.
 2. DESCRIPTION
• A description provides information on what a person, an
object, a place, or a situation is like. A paragraph
developed by description attempts to illustrate through
words the picture or image of a person, an object, place,
or scene.
• When writing a descriptive paragraph, the writer makes
use of concrete and specific details, which are carefully
chosen to paint a picture in the mind of the reader.
• Examples: Literary analyses, descriptive essays,
business plans, lab reports, and research papers
 2 TYPES OF DESCRIPTION
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

Objective Subjective
• aims to inform or to identity; • aims to elicit special feelings
factual. Sometimes called or reactions because it is
informative, scientific, or suggestive or evocative.
technical
 SIGNAL WORDS
• The following signal words will also help you in identifying such
pattern.
 SAMPLE TEXT
• The axolotl is a type of salamander. They are amphibians, but
while most amphibians live on both land and water, they live
almost exclusively underwater. Also, unlike most amphibians,
they do not undergo a drastic transformation. Young axolotls
hatch from eggs as miniature versions of their lizard-like adult
forms. Axolotls have white or grayish bodies that can grow up to
18 inches long. Their colorful gills, which resemble antlers, show
prominently on each side of their head. They eat tiny aquatic
animals and can be very sluggish when not looking for food.
 3. DEFINITION
• A definition paragraph or essay explains what
something is in comparison to other members of its
class, along with any limitations.
• A definition clarifies the meaning of a word or an
idea in a simple and understandable language.
• It consists of three parts:
⚬ The term, concept, or subject to be defined
⚬ The general class to where it belongs
⚬ The characteristics that differentiate it from the
other members of its class
 THREE (3) TYPES OF DEFINITION
Synonym
• word that is similar or almost similar in meaning to the word or idea being defined.
Ex. Pretty – beautiful

Intensive Definition
• This includes the term to be defined, the class to which the term belongs, and the
characteristic(s) that make it different from the other members in the same class or species.
Ex. Emotional intelligence (term) refers to the abilities (class) involving emotional discipline and
control (characteristics differentiating EI from other abilities).

Extensive Definition
• is an expansion of the intensive definition into a paragraph using other methods (exemplification,
classification, analogy, description, etc.)
Ex. The greenhouse effect is a natural process. As the sun shines, Earth absorbs some of its energy.
Then the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere like water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide, and the ozone absorb and emit that energy. This energy warms the atmosphere as well as the
Earth’s surface. As a result, the process keeps the Earth warm.
 SIGNAL WORDS
• Take note of the term to be defined and the detailed explanation of
the term, as these are the most important parts of this pattern.

• The following signal words will also help you in identifying this
pattern.
 4. EXEMPLIFICATION AND
CLASSIFICATION

• Exemplification - used to show or illustrate the characteristics of the rest

or the whole of something
• Classification - of explaining something by dividing or grouping it into
types of categories
• These patterns of paragraph development are often used together with
another pattern of development since they provide details necessary to
further develop a paragraph.
EXEMPLIFICATION
• A common and effective way to show or explain an
idea or point (e.g., observation, opinion, belief).
• In developing a paragraph using exemplification or
illustration, the writer develops a general statement,
the topic sentence, with one or more examples.
Illustrations through clear and specific examples
help explain abstract ideas and clarify meaning in
texts.
 SIGNAL WORDS
• The following signal words will also help you in identifying
exemplification.
 SAMPLE TEXT
The Pantheon of Greek mythology is made up of various immortal beings.
According to the lore, everything began with the First Borns, who embodied
different aspects of creation. These were Gaea, often called Mother Earth;
Pontus, the boundless Seas; and Oranos, Lord of the Sky. Through the union of
the First Borns came the Titans, the first gods, and later their offspring, the
Olympians, who became rulers of the universe. Strongest of the Olympians were
Zeus, God of thunder and king of Olympus; Poseidon, God of the sea and king
of the Ocean; and Hades, god of the dead and Keeper of the Underworld. Under
the Olympians’ dominion were the rest of the immortals, gods of nature and
civilization. Among them were Helios and Selene, the Sun and Moon; Themis,
goddess of order and prophecy; and Ilithyia, goddess of pregnancy and
childbirth.
CLASSIFICATION
• sorting or arrangement of subjects (e.g., persons,
places, things, ideas) into groups or categories
according to their common or shared
characteristics.

• The purpose of a classification paragraph is to

clearly define something and place it in a group
according to some basis or rule.
 SAMPLE TEXT
When conceptualizing a character for your story, there are a number of classes or
archetypes you can choose from to form the base of the character’s personality.
One of the most common ones, which is usually chosen as the protagonist of an
adventure story, is the Warrior. Warriors possess many traits that are considered
heroic. They are brave, strong, and decisive, which makes them good leaders.
Next is the Damsel. As the name implies, Damsels are usually in distress, so they
require saving by other characters. On their own, they are beautiful and
sympathetic characters that others would want to help and protect. Another
archetype is the Rogue. Rogues are charming and clever, though not entirely
trustworthy as they tend to have hidden motives. They tend to make good foils or
villains.
 5. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST

• Comparing people, things, places, events, situations, or even ideas is

done to illustrate how they are like each other.

• There is a need to identify the points of comparison and make a list of

similar characteristics or qualities for each point of comparison.

• Like, both, as…as, similarly, in the same way, equally important, and
likewise
 SAMPLE TEXT

The old formulation of the drug (MAC) and the new formulation (MAC-II) have
similar effects on the test mice. Within 7 days, both mice lost weight. Mouse A,
which is treated with MAC, lost 2.2 grams (g), while mouse B, which is treated
with MAC-II, lost 2.4 g. Also, there was no increase in hair growth on both
subjects. Lastly, the mice similarly exhibited low energy levels. Mouse A started
to become lethargic on day 4, while mouse B became lethargic on day 5.
 COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST

• A paragraph that shows comparison and contrast has a unifying idea or

purpose. There must be a balance in such a way that there is an equal
amount of information for each subject to avoid bias.
 SIGNAL WORDS
• The following signal words will also help you in identifying such
pattern.
 SIGNAL WORDS
• The following signal words will also help you in identifying such
pattern.
 SAMPLE TEXT

Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo are regarded as two of the greatest artists
of the Renaissance. Both were geniuses; they mastered techniques that made
them superior to their contemporaries. They were also similarly interested in
anatomy, which helped them produce highly realistic works. However, they each
had a distinct style. Da Vinci developed a style that was feminine and full of light.
On the other hand, Michelangelo preferred his works to be masculine and dark.
 6. CAUSE AND EFFECT

• A cause states why something happens while an effect is what happens.

If they are combined, they can be used as a writing development pattern.

• With the cause-and-effect pattern, the writer can better explain how an
event or action leads to another.
 Three (3) Different Ways to Utilize Cause and Effect
Cause to Effect
Pattern
• the cause, which is either an event or action, is stated right at the
beginning of a paragraph, followed by statements on its effects
• single cause with multiple effects

Effect to Cause
• the effect is stated at the beginning of the text, followed by
sentences and paragraphs that explain further the causes (optional)
• single effect with different causes

Consecutive Cause and Effect

• Each cause has its corresponding effect, and they are tackled one
by one in a few sentences or paragraphs
 SIGNAL WORDS
• The following signal words will also help you in identifying such
pattern.
 SIGNAL WORDS
• The following signal words will also help you in identifying such
pattern.
 SAMPLE TEXT
The advancement in technology and economy has created major changes in
modern society. One of these changes is globalization. As we know, globalization
has affected the world in many ways. First, it served as a catalyst to worldwide
trading, thus allowing countries to access foreign products. Although this had
positive effects, it also posed a real threat to the merchandise of local traders.
Second, globalization affected the financial market. As a result, different countries
had more access to funds, and the exchange in national currencies dramatically
increased.
Finally, globalization also had led to the privatization of various facilities, such as
public health institutions. These institutions were being privatized due to the idea
that the private sector can better manage and provide health services. In
consequence, health policies become more and more of a commodity on a global
scale.
 7. PROBLEM-SOLUTION

• Problem - unsatisfactory situation that causes troubles or difficulties that

need to be solved

• Solution - a way to deal with the situation so that the troubles or

difficulties are removed

• Problem-solution pattern of development is used to deal with topics that

logically pose problems and present solutions.
 Variations of Problem-Solution
Pattern

Problem-process-
Problem-solution Problem-cause-
solution
• problem is solution
• discusses the
stated simply, • the cause of the
process or
and a possible problem is
procedure
solution is identified and
extensively which
given analyzed before
addresses the
a possible
problem while the
solution is
leaders are led to
presented
the solutions
 SAMPLE TEXT
Today, most of the energy resources we have are generated from coal, oil, and natural
gas. However, these resources are limited. If continuously consumed at an alarming rate,
fossil fuels necessary for generating power to operate vehicles and factories will run out
before long. Nonetheless, this problem can be resolved using alternative sources of
energy and conservation efforts. First, using alternative sources of energy such as solar
energy and fusion energy would lessen pollution. These alternatives are more accessible
and cost-efficient. Although there are some potential risks in using fusion energy can be
mitigated by implementing strict safety measures. The second solution that governments
can adopt is the enhancement of conservation efforts. To do this, governments need to
make the public more aware of the benefits of conservation, as well as ways of conserving
energy, such as recycling. Laws can also be passed to mandate the public and all
stakeholders to recycle energy.
 SIGNAL WORDS
• The following signal words will also help you in identifying such
pattern.
 8. Process Analysis

• Process - a series of actions or steps toward a specific end

• Analysis - to a detailed examination

• As a pattern of development, process analysis discusses the steps taken

in a given process.
 SAMPLE TEXT
Before you transplant, you need to make the new location ready to receive your
roses. You would not want to transfer the plant where the root ball becomes
susceptible to sun exposure or loss of moisture. If you are moving the rose plant to
its new location using a vehicle, you must ensure that the roots are fully covered by
a wet piece of cloth or burlap. One tip for you is to keep watering the plant the day
before you unearth it. Lots of water will prevent the dryness of roots and wilting of
the roses. If the roots have been watered enough, the rose plant will survive the
transplant since it will have enough nourishment to last the time it is being moved.
When you are digging out your roses, it is very likely that you will not be able to get
all the roots. Since rose plant roots grow very deep into the soil, you will probably
not be able to get all of them. However, if you have watered your roses in advance,
then there is a greater chance that the plants will still flourish after the transfer.
 9. PERSUASION

• It organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence leads to a logical

conclusion or argument.

• It presents the issue, the position, and the supporting evidence that
supports the position.
 SIGNAL WORDS
• The following signal words will also help you in identifying such
pattern.
 SIGNAL WORDS
• The following signal words will also help you in identifying such
pattern.
 SAMPLE TEXT
Euthanasia or mercy killing has been a widely debated issue. It is an act to end
a person’s life to alleviate the suffering brought about by a terminal or grave
illness. While it may be supported by some, mercy killing is not only an
unethical medical practice, it is also a crime. After all, on the most basic level,
euthanasia still takes a life. In fact, majority of the countries in the world,
including those that have legalized it, consider it as homicide. Aside from being
a crime, euthanasia is unethical in the medical context because it violates the
principle of “primum non nocere” which means “first, do no harm”. In their code
of ethics, doctors have responsibility of saving lives, not destroying them, which
is why euthanasia can never be acceptable.
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