Matrices 33

03 Matrices
3.1 Introduction 3.6 Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices
3.2 Matrix 3.7 Elementary Operation (Transformation)of a
3.3 Types of Matrices Matrix
3.4 Operations on Matrices 3.8 Invertible Matrices
3.5 Transpose of a Matrix

Topicwise Analysis of Last 10 Years’ CBSE Board Questions

8 Maximum weightage is of Operations on Matrices 8 LA type questions were asked from Invertible
Matrices
8 Maximum VSA and SA type questions were asked
8 VBQ questions were asked from Operations on
from Operations on Matrices Matrices

QUICK RECAP
MATRIX brackets.
A matrix of m rows and n columns is usually
8 A matrix is any rectangular array of numbers written as
or functions in m rows and n columns within
34 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Mathematics

a11 a12 ......... a1n the non-diagonal elements are zero.

a21 a22 ......... a2n 1 0 0
A= Ex. A = 0 2 0 is a diagonal matrix and it
  
am1 am2 ......... amn 0 0 3
m n
The above matrix is also represented by can also be written as A = diag (1 2 3)
A = [aij]m×n or, A = [aij] X Scalar Matrix : A diagonal matrix in which all
the diagonal elements are equal.
Order of a Matrix
X Identity or Unit Matrix : A square matrix
X A matrix having m rows and n columns has is said to be identity matrix if all its diagonal
order m×n. entries are equal to 1 and rest are zero.
Types of Matrices X Zero or Null Matrix : A matrix whose all the
X Row Matrix : A matrix having only one row. elements are zero.
X Column Matrix : A matrix having only one
EQUALITY OF MATRICES
column.
X Square Matrix : A matrix in which number of 8 Two matrices are said to be equal, if their order
rows is equal to the number of columns. is same and their corresponding elements are
X Diagonal Matrix : A square matrix whose all also equal.

OPERATIONS ON MATRICES
Operations Definition Properties
Addition of two Let A and B be two matrices (i) Commutative Law : For any two matrices A & B,
Matrices each of order m × n. A+B=B+A
Then, A + B = [aij + bij] (ii) Associative Law : For any three matrices A, B and C,
for i = 1, 2, ..., m and A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
j = 1, 2, ..., n (iii) Existence of Additive Identity : For any matrix
A, if there exists a zero matrix O such that A + O
= A = O + A. Then O is called additive identity.
(iv) Existence of Additive Inverse : For any matrix A,
if there exists a matrix (–A) such that A + (–A) = O
= (–A) + A. Then (–A) is called additive inverse of A.
Mu lt ip l i c at i on Let A be a matrix of order Let A and B be two matrices each of order m×n.
of a Matrix by a m × n. Then, for any scalar Then, for any scalars k and l, we have
Scalar k, kA = [k aij]m × n (i) k(A + B) = kA + kB
(ii) (k + l) A = kA + lA
Multiplication of Let A and B be any two (i) Multiplication of two matrices is not commutative
two Matrices matrices of orders m × n i.e., AB BA.
and n × p respectively. (ii) Associative Law : For any three matrices A, B, and C
Then AB = C = [cik]m×p • (AB)C = A(BC)
n (iii) Distributive Law : For any three matrices A, B and C,
where cik = air brk • A(B + C) = AB + AC
r =1
• (A + B)C = AC + BC
(iv) Existence of Multiplicative Identity : For any
square matrix, there exists a matrix I such that
AI = A = IA, where I is called the identity matrix.
Matrices 35

TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX (ii) Multiplying the elements of a row

(or column) by a non-zero scalar : If
8 The matrix obtained by interchanging the rows
and columns of matrix A is called the transpose the elements of ith row (or column) are
of matrix A. It is represented by A or AT. In multiplied by a non-zero scalar k, we write
other words, if A=[aij]m×n , then A = [aji]n×m Ri kRi (or Ci kCi).
Properties of Transpose (iii) Adding the elements of a row
X For any matrices A and B of suitable orders, (or column), to the constant times the
(i) (A + B) = A + B corresponding elements of another row
(ii) (A ) = A (or column) : If k times the elements
(iii) (kA) = kA where k is any constant. of jth row (or column) are added to the
(iv) (AB) = B A corresponding elements of the ith row
8 Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix A = [aij] is (or column), we write Ri Ri + kRj
called a symmetric matrix, if aij = aji for all i, j or (or Ci Ci + kCj).
we say, if A = A .
INVERTIBLE MATRICES
8 Skew-Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix
A = [aij] is called a skew symmetric matrix, if 8 If A is a square matrix of order m and if there
aij = – aji for all i,j or we say, if A = –A. exists another square matrix B of the same
Note :
order m, such that AB = BA = I, then B is
(i) For any square matrix A with real entries,
called the inverse matrix of A and is denoted
A + A is a symmetric matrix and A – A is
by A–1. Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is
a skew symmetric matrix.
unique.
(ii) A matrix which is both symmetric and
skew symmetric, is zero matrix. Inverse of a matrix by elementary operations
ELEMENTARY OPERATION X Let A is a square matrix of order n. To find A–1
(TRANSFORMATION) OF A MATRIX using elementary row (or column) operations,
(i) Interchange of any two rows (or columns) : write A = IA (or A = AI)and apply a sequence of
If ith row (or column) is interchanged row (or column) operations on A = IA (or A = AI)
with jth row (or column), we write Ri Rj till we get, I = BA(or AB). The matrix B will be
(or Ci Cj). the inverse of A.
36 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Mathematics

Previous Years’ CBSE

PREVIOUS Board
YEARS MCQS Questions

3.2 Matrix x−y 2y 1 4

12. If = , then write the
VSA (1 mark) 2y + z x + y 9 5
value of (x + y + z). (AI 2013C)
1. Write the number of all possible matrices of order
2 × 2 with each entry 1, 2 or 3. (AI 2016) 2x + 1 2y x + 3 10
13. If 2
= , write the
2. Write the element a23 of a 3 × 3 matrix A = [aij] 0 y +1 0 26
|i − j | value of (x + y). (AI 2012C)
whose elements aij are given by aij = .
2
(Delhi 2015) x x−y 3 1
14. If = , then find the value
3. The elements aij of a 3 3 matrix are given by 2x + y 7 8 7
1 of y. (Delhi 2011C)
a=
ij | −3i + j | . Write the value of element a32.
2 (AI 2014C) cos − sin
15. If A = , then for what value of
4. For a 2 2 matrix A = [aij], whose elements are sin cos
(i + 2 j)2 is A an identity matrix? (Delhi 2010)
given by aij = , write the value of a21.
4 x+ y 1 7 1
(Delhi 2012C) 16. If = , then find x.
5. For a 2 2 matrix, A = (aij) whose elements are 2y 5 4 5 (Delhi 2010 C)
i
given by aij = , write the value of a12. 3 y − x −2 x 5 −2
j (Delhi 2011) 17. If = , then find y.
3 7 3 7
(AI 2010C)
6. If a matrix has 5 elements, then write all possible
orders it can have. (AI 2011) 18. Find the values of x and y, if
3x + y − y 1 2
3.3 Types of Matrices 2y − x 3
=
−5 3
. (AI 2009)

VSA (1 mark) 19. Find the value of x from the following :

x−y z −1 4 2x − y 5 6 5
7. If = , find the value of x + y. = . (AI 2009)
2x − y w 0 5 3 y 3 −2
(AI 2014)
a + 4 3b 2a + 2 b + 2 15 x + y 15 8
8. If = , write the 20. If = , then find the value
8 −6 8 a − 8b 2 y x−y 3
value of a – 2b. (Foreign 2014) of x. (Delhi 2009 C)
x y 4 8 w 2x 1 4 1
9. If = , write the value of 21. If = , then find the values
z +6 x + y 0 6 5 x + 2y 5 0
(x + y + z). (Delhi 2014C) of x and y. (AI 2009 C)
10. Find the value of a if x + 2y −y −4 3
22. If = , then find the values
a − b 2a + c −1 5 3x 4 6 4
= (Delhi 2013)
2a − b 3c + d 0 13 of x and y. (Delhi 2008 C)
11. Find the value of b if x +2y 3y 0 −3
23. If = , then find the values
a − b 2a + c −1 5 4x 2 8 2
= (Delhi 2013)
2a − b 3c + d 0 13 of x and y. (AI 2008 C)
Matrices 37

3.4 Operations on Matrices 2 3 1 −3 −4 6

36. If = , write the value
VSA (1 mark) 5 7 −2 4 −9 x
of x. (Delhi 2012)
24. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = I, then find
37. Find the value of x + y from the following
the simplified value of (A – I)3 + (A + I)3 – 7A.
(Delhi 2016) x 5 3 −4 7 6
equation : 2 + =
7 y −3 1 2 15 14
−1 0 −1 1
(AI 2012)
25. If [2 1 3] −1 1 0 0 = A, then write
5 0 4 3
0 1 1 −1 38. If 3 A − B = and B = , then find
1 1 2 5
the order of matrix A. (Foreign 2016)
the matrix A. (Delhi 2012C)
26. Solve the following matrix equation for x:
1 0 1 2 3 1 7 11
[x 1] =O (Delhi 2014) 39. If = , then write the
−2 0 3 4 2 5 k 23
value of k. (Delhi 2010)
3 4 1 y 7 0
27. If 2 + = , find (x – y). 40. If A is a matrix of order 3 4 and B is a matrix of
5 x 0 1 10 5 order 4 3, find the order of matrix (AB).
(Delhi 2014)
(Delhi 2010 C)
28. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A, then
41. Find the values of x and y, if
write the value of 7A – (I + A)3, where I is an
identity matrix. (AI 2014) 1 3 y 0 5 6
2 + = . (Delhi 2008)
0 x 1 2 1 8
x
29. If (2 x 4) = 0, find the positive value of x.
−8 2 4 1 3
(AI 2014C) 42. If A = and B = , then find A – B.
3 2 −2 5
(AI 2008 C)
9 −1 4 1 2 −1
30. If = A+ , then find the
−2 1 3 0 4 9 SA (4 marks)
matrix A. (Delhi 2013)
2 0 1
1 −1 43. If A = 2 1 3 , find A2 – 5A + 4I and hence
31. If matrix A = and A2 = kA, then write
−1 1 1 −1 0
the value of k. (AI 2013) find a matrix X such that A2 – 5A + 4I + X = O
2 −2 (Delhi 2015)
32. If matrix A = and A2 = pA, then 44. Three schools A, B and C organized a mela for
−2 2
collecting funds for helping the rehabilitation of
write the value of p. (AI 2013) flood victims. They sold hand made fans, mats
3 −3 and plates from recycled material at a cost of
33. If matrix A= and A2 = A, then ` 25, ` 100 and ` 50 each. The number of articles
−3 3
sold are given below.
write the value of . (AI 2013) Article/School A B C
1 3 y 0 5 6 Hand-fans 40 25 35
34. If 2 + = , then write the Mats 50 40 50
0 x 1 2 1 8
Plates 20 30 40
value of (x + y). (Delhi 2013C, AI 2012)
Find the funds collected by each school
35. Simplify : separately by selling the above articles. Also,
cos sin sin − cos find the total funds collected for the purpose.
cos + sin
− sin cos cos sin Write one value generated by the above
(Delhi 2012) situation. (Delhi 2015)
38 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Mathematics

45. To promote the making of toilets for women, ` 35,000 among two types of bonds if the trust
an organisation tried to generate awareness fund obtains an annual total interest of ` 3,200.
through (i) house calls (ii) letters and (iii) What are the values reflected in this question?
announcements. The cost for each mode per (AI 2015C)
attempt is given below :
2 0 1
(i) ` 50 (ii) ` 20 (iii) ` 40
The number of attempts made in three villages 50. If A = 2 1 3 , then find the value of
X, Y and Z are given below: 1 −1 0
(i) (ii) (iii) A2 – 3A + 2I. (AI 2010)
X 400 300 100
Y 300 250 75 1 2 2
Z 500 400 150 51. If A = 2 1 2 , then verify that A2 – 4A – 5I = O.
Find the total cost incurred by the organisation 2 2 1
(Delhi 2008)
for the three villages separately, using matrices.
Write one value generated by the organisation in 3 1
52. If A = , then show that A2 – 5A + 7I = O.
the society. (AI 2015) −1 2
(Delhi 2007C)
1 −1 a 1
46. If A = and B = and (A + B)2 3.5 Transpose of a Matrix
2 −1 b −1
= A2 + B2, then find the values of a and b. VSA (1 mark)
(Foreign 2015)
3 4
47. In a parliament election, a political party hired a T −1 2 1
public relations firm to promote its candidates in 53. If A = −1 2 and B = , then find
1 2 3
three ways-telephone, house calls and letters. The 0 1
cost per contact (in paise) is given in matrix A as AT – BT. (AI 2012)
140 Telephone
A = 200 House call a +b 2 6 5
54. If = , then find a.
150 Letters 5 b 2 2
(Delhi 2010 C)
The number of contacts of each type made in 1 2
two cities X and Y is given in matrix B as 55. If A = , find A + A . (AI 2010C)
3 4
Telephone House call Letters
1000 500 5000 City X
B= 56. If 2 x + y 3 y = 6 0 , then find x.
3000 1000 10000 City Y 0 4 6 4 (AI 2010C)
Find the total amount spent by the party in the
two cities. What should one consider before 57. If matrix A = [1 2 3], then find AA where A is
the transpose of matrix A. (Delhi 2009)
casting his/her vote-party’s promotional activity
or their social activities? (Foreign 2015) 3 4
58. If A = , then find A + A where A is the
1 2 x 2 3
48. If 2 x 3 = O, find x. transpose of matrix A. (Delhi 2009 C)
−3 0 3 (Delhi 2015C)
49. A trust fund, ` 35,000 is to be invested in two SA (4 marks)
different types of bonds. The first bond pays 59. For the following matrices A and B, verify that
8% interest per annum which will be given
1
to orphanage and second bond pays 10%
interest per annum which will be given to an (AB) = B A A = −4 , B = −1 2 1
N.G.O. (Cancer Aid Society). Using matrix 3
multiplication, determine how to divide (AI 2010)
Matrices 39

3.6 Symmetric and Skew Symmetric 2 1 3 1 1 0

= (AI 2016)
Matrices 2 0 2 0 −1 1

VSA (1 mark) 68. Use elementary column operations C2 C2 – 2C1

in the matrix equation
0 2b −2
4 2 1 2 2 0
60. Matrix A= 3 1 3 is given to be = (Foreign 2014)
3 3 0 3 1 1
3a 3 −1
symmetric, find values of a and b. (Delhi 2016) 3.8 Invertible Matrices
3 5 SA (4 marks)
61. If A = is written as A = P + Q, where P is
7 9 69. Using elementary row transformations, find the
a symmetric matrix and Q is a skew symmetric inverse of the following matrix.
matrix, then write the matrix P. (Foreign 2016)
2 5
2 4 −6 A= (Delhi 2010)
1 3
62. Express the matrix A = 7 3 5 as the sum
1 −2 4 LA (6 marks)
of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix. 70. Using elementary operations, find the inverse of
(AI 2015C) the following matrix :
63. Write a 2 × 2 matrix which is both symmetric −1 1 2
and skew symmetric. (Delhi 2014C) 1 2 3 (Delhi 2012)
64. For what value of x, is the matrix 3 1 1
0 1 −2
71. Using elementary transformations, find the
A = −1 0 3 , a skew-symmetric matrix ? inverse of the matrix.
x −3 0 (AI 2013) 1 3 −2
−3 0 −1 (Delhi 2011)
SA (4 marks)
2 1 0
65. Express the following matrix as the sum of a
symmetric and skew symmetric matrix and 72. Find the inverse of the following matrix using
3 −2 −4 elementary operations :
verify your result. A = 3 −2 −5 (AI 2010) 1 2 −2
−1 1 2 A = −1 3 0 (AI 2010)
0 −2 1
3 2 5
66. Let A = 4 1 3 , express A as a sum of two 73. Obtain the inverse of the following matrix using
elementary operations :
0 6 7
3 0 −1
matrices such that one is symmetric and the
A= 2 3 0 (AI 2009)
other is skew symmetric. (Delhi 2008)
0 4 1
3.7 Elementary Operation
74. Using elementary row transformations, find the
(Transformation) of a Matrix inverse of the following matrix :
VSA (1 mark) 1 2 3
A= 2 5 7 (AI 2008)
67. Use elementary column operation C2 C2 + 2C1
in the following matrix equation: −2 −4 −5
40 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Mathematics

Detailed Solutions

1. As matrix is of order 2 × 2, so there are 4 entries a − b 2a + c −1 5

possible. 10. Given, =
2a − b 3c + d 0 13
Each entry has 3 choices i.e. 1, 2 or 3. So, the number
of ways to make such matrices is 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 81. On comparing the corresponding elements, we get
a – b = – 1, 2a – b = 0
i− j On subtraction, we get a = 1.
2. Here, aij =
2
11. Refer to answer 10.
|2−3| 1 Now, we get b = 2
a23 = = [For i = 2, j = 3]
2 2
x−y 2y 1 4
1 12. =
3. Here, a=
ij | −3i + j | 2y + z x + y 9 5
2
On comparing the corresponding elements, we get
1
a32 = | −3 3 + 2 | [For=i 3=
, j 2] x – y = 1, 2y = 4, 2y + z = 9, x + y = 5
2 y = 2, x = 3, z = 5
1 1 7 x + y + z = 3 + 2 + 5 = 10.
= | −9 + 2 |=|− 7 | =
2 2 2
2x + 1 2y x + 3 10
(i + 2 j)2 13. Given, 2
=
4. Here, aij = 0 y +1 0 26
4
2 2x + 1 = x + 3, 2y = 10, y2 + 1 = 26
(2 + 2 1)
= a21 = 4=[For i 2, j = 1] From first two equations, we get x = 2, y = 5
4
which also satisfies y2 + 1 = 26
i 1 x+y=2+5=7
5. Here, a=
ij a12 = [For i = 1, j = 2]
j 2 x x−y 3 1
14. Given, =
6. The possible orders are 1 5 or 5 1. 2x + y 7 8 7
x−y z −1 4 x = 3, x – y = 1, 2x + y = 8
7. Here, = x = 3, y = 2.
2x − y w 0 5
Also, 2x + y = 8 is satisfies by x = 3 and y = 2
x – y = – 1, z = 4, 2x – y = 0, w = 5 x = 3 and y = 2.
Solving these equations for x and y, we get
x = 1, y = 2 cos − sin
15. Given, A =
x + y = 1 + 2 = 3. sin cos
a + 4 3b 2a + 2 b + 2 If A is identity matrix, then
8. Given, = cos − sin 1 0
8 −6 8 a − 8b =
By equality of matrices, we get sin cos 0 1
a + 4 = 2a +2, 3b = b +2, – 6 = a – 8b By equality of two matrices, corresponding elements
On solving these equations, we get a = 2, b = 1. are equal.
So a – 2b = 0. cos = 1 = 0 and sin = 0 =0
= 0.
x y 4 8 w
9. Here, = x+y 1 7 1
z +6 x + y 0 6 16. We are given that =
x y = 8, w = 4 2y 5 4 5
z + 6 = 0, x + y = 6 By equality of two matrices, we get
z = – 6, x + y = 6 2y = 4 y =2
x + y + z = 6 – 6 = 0. Also, x + y = 7 x + 2 = 7 x = 5.
Matrices 41

3 y − x −2 x 5 −2 23. Refer to answer 22.

17. We have =
3 7 3 7 24. Given, A2 = I
Consider, (A – I)3 + (A + I)3 – 7A
By equality of two matrices, we have
= A3 – I3 – 3A2I + 3AI2 + A3 + I3 + 3A2I + 3AI2 – 7A
3y – x = 5 and –2x = –2 x = 1
Putting the value of x, we get = 2A3 + 6AI2 – 7A = 2AA2 + 6AI – 7A
3y – 1 = 5 3y = 6 y = 2 = 2AI + 6A – 7A = 2A + 6A – 7A = A

3x + y − y 1 2 −1 0 −1 1
18. We are given that = 25. Given, A = [2 1 3] −1 1 0 0
2y − x 3 −5 3
By equality of two matrices, we get 0 1 1 −1
3x + y = 1, –y = 2, 2y – x = – 5 1 1
Now, – y = 2 y=–2 = [−2 − 1 1 + 3 −2 + 3] 0 = [−3 4 1] 0
Also, 3x + y =1
−1 −1
3x + (–2) = 1 3x = 3 x=1
Also, 2y – x = – 5 is satisfied by x = 1 and y = – 2. = [– 3 + 0 – 1] = [– 4]
Therefore, x = 1, y = – 2 The order of matrix A = 1 × 1
19. We are given that 1 0
26. Given, [x 1] = O [ x − 2 0]=
[0 0]
2x − y 5 6 5 −2 0
=
3 y 3 −2 x–2=0 x=2
By equality of two matrices, we get 3 4 1 y 7 0
y = – 2 and 2x – y = 6 27. We have, 2 + =
2x – (–2) = 6 2x = 6 –2 = 4 5 x 0 1 10 5
x=2 6 8 1 y 7 0
+ =
15 x + y 15 8 10 2 x 0 1 10 5
20. We have, =
2 y x−y 3 7 8+ y 7 0
=
By equality of two matrices, we get 10 2 x + 1 10 5
x + y = 8, x – y = 2 and y = 3 On comparing corresponding elements of the
Now, y = 3 matrices, we get
x+y=8 x+3=8 x=5 8 + y = 0 and 2x + 1 = 5 y = –8 and x = 2
Also x – y = 2 is satisfied by x = 5 and y = 3 x – y = 2 + 8 =10
x=5 28. Here A2 = A
2x 1 4 1 Now, 7A – (I + A)3
21. We have, = = 7A – (I + A) (I + A) (I + A)
5 x + 2y 5 0
= 7A – (I + A) (I I + I A + A I + (A A))
By equality of two matrices, we get
= 7A – (I + A) (I + A + A + A)
2x = 4 x = 2 and x + 2y = 0
(Q I A = A I = A and A2 = A)
Now, x + 2y = 0 2 + 2y = 0
= 7A – (I + A) (I + 3A)
2y = – 2 y=–1
= 7A – (I I + I 3A + A I + A 3A))
x = 2 and y = – 1
= 7A – (I + 3A + A + 3A)
x + 2y −y −4 3 = 7A – I – 7A = – I.
22. We have, =
3x 4 6 4 x
By equality of two matrices, we get 29. Here, (2 x 4) =0
−8
6
x + 2y = –4, –y = 3 y = – 3 and 3x = 6 x= =2 2x x + 4 (–8) = 0 2x2 – 32 = 0
3
Also x + 2y = – 4 is satisfied by x = 2 and y = – 3 x2 = 16 = 42 x=4
x = 2, y = – 3 which is the required positive value of x.
42 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Mathematics

9 −1 4 1 2 −1 2 − 6 −6 + 12 −4 6
30. A = − =
−2 1 3 0 4 9 5 − 14 −15 + 28 −9 x
9 − 1 −1 − 2 4 − (−1) 8 −3 5 −4 6 −4 6
A= = = x=
13
−2 − 0 1 − 4 3−9 −2 −3 −6 −9 13 −9 x

1 −1 x 5 3 −4 7 6
31. Here, A = and A2 = kA 37. Given, 2 + =
−1 1 7 y −3 1 2 15 14

1 −1 1 −1 1 −1 2x 10 3 −4 7 6
=k + =
−1 1 −1 1 −1 1 14 2 y − 6 1 2 15 14

2 −2 1 −1 2x + 3 6 7 6
=k =
−2 2 −1 1 15 2y − 4 15 14
2x + 3 = 7, 2y – 4 = 14
1 −1 1 −1
2 =k k=
2 2x = 4, 2y = 18 x = 2, y = 9
−1 1 −1 1 x + y = 2 + 9 = 11
32. Refer to answer 31. 5 0 4 3
38. Here, 3 A − B = ,B=
33. Refer to answer 31. 1 1 2 5

1 3 y 0 5 6 5 0 4 3
34. Given, 2 + = (3 A − B) + B = +
0 x 1 2 1 8 1 1 2 5

2 6 y 0 5 6 5+4 0+3 9 3
+ = 3A = =
0 2x 1 2 1 8 1+ 2 1+ 5 3 6

2+ y 6 5 6 3 1
= 3A = 3
1 2x + 2 1 8 1 2

2 + y = 5, 2x + 2 = 8 y = 3, x = 3 3 1
A=
x+y=6 1 2

cos sin sin − cos 1 2 3 1 7 11

35. cos + sin 39. Given, =
− sin cos cos sin 3 4 2 5 k 23

cos2 cos sin 7 11 7 11

= =
17 23 k 23
− sin cos cos2
On comparing the corresponding elements of
sin2 − cos sin matrices, we get k = 17
+
sin cos sin2 40. The order of matrix A is 3 4.
2 2 The order of matrix B is 4 × 3.
cos + sin cos sin − cos sin
= The order of matrix AB is 3 × 3.
− sin cos + sin cos cos2 + sin2
41. Refer to answer 34.
1 0
= 2 4 1 3
0 1 42. A = and B =
3 2 −2 5
2 3 1 −3 −4 6 2 4 1 3 1 1
36. Given, = A−B = − =
5 7 −2 4 −9 x 3 2 −2 5 5 −3
Matrices 43

43. A2 – 5A + 4I 400 300 100 50 A

2 0 1 2 0 1 300 250 75 20 = B
= 2 1 3 2 1 3 500 400 150 40 C
1 −1 0 1 −1 0 A 400 50 + 300 20 + 100 40
2 0 1 1 0 0 B = 300 50 + 250 20 + 75 40
−5 2 1 3 + 4 0 1 0 C 500 500 + 400 20 + 150 40
1 −1 0 0 0 1 20, 000 + 6, 000 + 4, 000 30, 000
5 −1 2 10 0 5 4 0 0 = 15, 000 + 5, 000 + 3, 000 = 23, 000
= 9 −2 5 − 10 5 15 + 0 4 0 25, 000 + 8, 000 + 6, 000 39, 000
0 −1 −2 5 −5 0 0 0 4 A = ` 30,000; B = ` 23,000 and C = ` 39,000
These are respectively the costs incurred by the
9 −1 2 10 0 5 −1 −1 −3 organisation on villages X, Y and Z respectively.
= 9 2 5 − 10 5 15 = −1 −3 −10 The value generated by the organisation in the
0 −1 2 5 −5 0 −5 4 2 society is cleanliness.

Since, A2 – 5A + 4I + X = 0 1 −1 a 1
46. We have, A = and B =
X = – (A2 – 5A + 4I) 2 −1 b −1
1 1 3 1 −1 a 1 1+ a 0
X = 1 3 10 Consider, (A + B) = + =
2 −1 b −1 2 + b −2
5 −4 −2 1+ a 0 1+ a 0
Now, (A + B)2 =
44. The number of articles sold by each school can 2 + b −2 2 + b −2
be written in the matrix form as
(1 + a)2 0 (1 + a)2 0
40 25 35 = =
(2 + b)(1 + a − 2) 4 (2 + b)(a − 1) 4
X = 50 40 50
20 30 40 1 −1 1 −1
Now, consider A2 =
The cost of each article can be written in the matrix 2 −1 2 −1
form as 1 − 2 −1 + 1 −1 0
Y = [25 100 50] = =
2 − 2 −2 + 1 0 −1
The fund collected by each school is given by
40 25 35 a 1 a 1 a2 + b a − 1
and B 2 = =
b −1 b −1 ab − b b + 1
YX = [25 100 50] 50 40 50
20 30 40 −1 0 a2 + b a − 1
A2 + B2 = +
= [7000 6125 7875] 0 −1 ab − b b + 1
Therefore, the funds collected by schools A, B and C a2 + b − 1 a − 1
are ` 7000, ` 6125 and ` 7875 respectively =
ab − b b
Thus, the total fund collected
= ` (7000 + 6125 + 7875) = ` 21000 It is given that (A + B)2 = A2 + B2
The situation highlights the helping nature of the (1 + a)2 0 a2 + b − 1 a − 1
students. =
(2 + b)(a − 1) 4 ab − b b
45. Let ` A, ` B and ` C be the cost incurred by By equality of matrices, comparing the corresponding
the organisation for villages X, Y and Z respectively. elements, we get
Then we get the matrix eq. as a – 1 = 0 a = 1 and b = 4
44 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Mathematics

Also, (1 + a)2 = a2 + b – 1 and (2 + b) (a – 1)= ab – b x = 15,000

satisfied by a = 1 and b = 4 ` 15,000 should be invested in the first bond and
Therefore, a = 1 and b = 4. ` 35,000 – ` 15,000 = ` 20,000 be invested in the
second bond.
47. The total amount spent by the party in two cities
The values reflected in this question are :
X and Y is represented in the matrix equation by
(i) Spirit of investment.
matrix C as,
(ii) Giving charity to cancer patients.
C = BA (iii) Helping the orphans living in the society.
140
X 1000 500 5000 50. Refer to answer 43.
= 200
Y 3000 1000 10000 1 2 2
150
51. Given, A = 2 1 2
X 1000 140 + 500 200 + 5000 150
= 2 2 1
Y 3000 140 + 1000 200 + 10000 150
1 2 2 1 2 2 9 8 8
990000 2
= Now, A = 2 1 2 2 1 2 = 8 9 8
2120000
2 2 1 2 2 1 8 8 9
X = ` 990000 and Y = ` 2120000
i.e., Amount spent by the party in city X and Y is A2 – 4A – 5I
` 990000 and ` 2120000 respectively. One should 9 8 8 1 2 2 1 0 0
consider about the social activity before casting = 8 9 8 −4 2 1 2 −5 0 1 0
his/her vote. 8 8 9 2 2 1 0 0 1
1 2 x 9 8 8 4 8 8 5 0 0
48. Here, 2 x 3 =O
−3 0 3 = 8 9 8 − 8 4 8 − 0 5 0
x +6 8 8 9 8 8 4 0 0 5
[2 x 3] =O
−3x 0 0 0
2x (x + 6) + 3 (–3x) = 0 = 0 0 0 =O
2x2 + 12x – 9x = 0 0 0 0
2x2 + 3x = 0 x(2x + 3) = 0
−3 3 1
x = 0, . 52. Given, A =
2 −1 2
49. Trust fund = ` 35,000. 3 1 3 1
Let ` x be invested in the first bond and then A2 =
−1 2 −1 2
` (35,000 – x) will be invested in the second bond.
9 −1 3 + 2 8 5
Interest paid on the first bond = 8% = 0.08 = =
Interest paid on the second bond = 10% = 0.10 −3 − 2 −1 + 4 −5 3
Total annual interest = ` 3,200. 3 1 15 5
and 5 A = 5 =
0.08 −1 2 −5 10
In matrices,[x 35, 000 − x] = [3, 200]
0.10 Now, A2 – 5A + 7I
x × 0.08 + (35,000 – x) × 0.10 = 3,200 8 5 15 5 7 0
8 10 = − +
x + (35, 000 − x ) = 3, 200 −5 3 −5 10 0 7
100 100
8x + 3,50,000 – 10x = 3,20,000 −7 0 7 0 0 0
= + = =O
2x = 30,000 0 −7 0 7 0 0
Matrices 45

3 4 1
T −1 2 1
53. Given, A = −1 2 and B = 59. Given A = −4 , B = −1 2 1
1 2 3
0 1 3
−1 1 1 −1 2 1
T
B = 2 2 AB = −4 −1 2 1 = 4 −8 −4
1 3 3 −3 6 3
3 4 −1 1 4 3 −1 4 −3
AT − BT =−1 2 − 2 2 = −3 0 ( AB) = 2 −8 6
0 1 1 3 −1 −2 1 −4 3
−1
54. Given, a + b 2 = 6 5
5 b 2 2 Now, A = 1 −4 3 and B = 2
a +b 2 6 2 1
= −1 −1 4 −3
5 b 5 2
On comparing corresponding elements of the B A = 2 1 −4 3 = 2 −8 6
matrices, we get a + b = 6 and b = 2 1 1 −4 3
a=4
(AB) = B A Hence proved.
1 2 1 3
55. We have, A = A = 0 2b −2
3 4 2 4
60. Given, A = 3 1 3
1 2 1 3 2 5 3a 3 −1
Now, A + A = + =
3 4 2 4 5 8 ... A is symmetric.
A =A
56. We have 2 x + y 3 y = 6 0 0 3 3a 0 2b −2
0 4 6 4
2b 1 3 = 3 1 3
2x + y 3 y 6 6 −2 3 −1 3a 3 −1
=
0 4 0 4 On comparing the corresponding elements of the
By equality of two matrices, we have −2 3
2x + y = 6 and 3y = 6 y = 2. matrices, we get a = and b =
3 2
Putting the value of y, we get
2x + 2 = 6 2x = 4 x = 2. 3 5 3 7
61. Given, A = A =
1 7 9 5 9
57. A = 1 2 3 A = 2
1
3 Q P is symmetric matrix. So, P = A+ A
2
1
AA = 1 2 3 2 1 3 5 3 7
AA = 1+ 4 + 9 =
14 P= +
3 2 7 9 5 9

3 4 3 2 1 3+3 5+7 1 6 12 3 6
58. A = , A = = = =
2 3 4 3 2 7+5 9+9 2 12 18 6 9

3 4 3 2 6 6 3 6
A+ A = + = Hence, the matrix P =
2 3 4 3 6 6 6 9
 46 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Mathematics

62. We know that a square matrix A can be written as 3 −2 −4 3 3 −1

1 1 Now, A = 3 −2 −5 A = −2 −2 1
=
A ( A + AT ) + ( A − AT )
2 2 −1 1 2 −4 −5 2
1 3 + 3 −2 + 3 −4 − 1
Out of which ( A + AT ) is symmetric and 1 1
1 2 (A + A =3 − 2 −2 − 2 −5 + 1
( A − AT ) is skew symmetric 2 2
−1 − 4 1 − 5 2 + 2
2
For the given matrix 6 1 −5
2 4 −6 2 7 1 1
= 1 −4 −4 , which is symmetric.
A= 7 3 = 5 , AT 4 3 −2 2
−5 −4 4
1 −2 4 −6 5 4
3 − 3 −2 − 3 −4 + 1
4 11 −5 1 1
and (A − A = + 2 −2 + 2 −5 − 1
3
T
A+ A =11 6 3 and 2 2
−1 + 4 1 + 5 2 − 2
−5 3 8 0 −5 −3
0 −3 −7 1
= 5 0 −6 which is skew symmetric.
T 2
A−A =3 0 7 3 6 0
7 −7 0 6 1 −5 0 −5 −3
1 1
1 1 A= 1 −4 −4 + 5 0 −6
Hence,=
A ( A + AT ) + ( A − AT ) 2 2
2 2 −5 −4 4 3 6 0
2 11 / 2 −5 / 2 0 −3 / 2 −7 / 2 3 1 / 2 −5 / 2 0 −5 / 2 −3 / 2
= 11 / 2 3 3/2 + 3/2 0 7/2 A= 1 / 2 −2 −2 + 5 / 2 0 −3
−5 / 2 3 / 2 4 7 / 2 −7 / 2 0 −5 / 2 −2 2 3/2 3 0
First of which is symmetric and the second is skew
66. Refer to answer 65.
symmetric matrix.
2 1 3 1 1 0
0 0 67. We have, =
63. is a 2 × 2 symmetric as well as skew 2 0 2 0 −1 1
0 0
symmetric matrix. On applying C2 C2 + 2C1, we get
2 5 3 1 1 2
0 1 −2 =
2 4 2 0 −1 −1
64. The matrix A = −1 0 3 is skew-
x −3 0 4 2 1 2 2 0
symmetric 68. We have, =
0 −1 x 0 −1 2 3 3 0 3 1 1
A =− A 1 0 −3 = 1 0 −3 Applying C2 C2 – 2C1, we get
−2 3 0 −x 3 0 4 −6 1 2 2 −4
=
x=2 3 −3 0 3 1 −1
65. We know that 2 5
1 1 69. We have, A =
=A (A + A ) + (A − A ) 1 3
2 2
We know that, A = IA
1 1
Here, ( A + A ) is symmetric matrix and ( A − A ) 2 5 1 0
2 2 = A
is skew symmetric matrix. 1 3 0 1
Matrices 47

Applying R1 R1 – R2, we get 1 −1 1

1 2 1 −1 −1
= A Hence, A = −8 7 −5
1 3 0 1
5 −4 3
Applying R2 R2 – R1, we get
1 3 −2
1 2 1 −1
= A 71. Consider A = −3 0 −1
0 1 −1 2
2 1 0
Applying R1 R1 – 2 R2, we get
1 0 3 −5 We have A = IA
= A 1 3 −2 1 0 0
0 1 −1 2
−3 0 −1 = 0 1 0 A
3 −5
Hence, A−1 = 2 1 0 0 0 1
−1 2
Applying R2 R2 + 3R1 and R3 R3 –2R1, we get
70. We have A = IA 1 3 −2 1 0 0
−1 1 2 1 0 0 0 9 −7 = 3 1 0 A
1 2 3 = 0 1 0 A 0 −5 4 −2 0 1
3 1 1 0 0 1
R2
Applying R2
R2 + R1, R3 R3 + 3R1, we get Applying R2 , we get
9
−1 1 2 1 0 0 1 3 −2 1 0 0
0 3 5 = 1 1 0 A 0 1 −7 / 9 = 1 / 3 1 / 9 0 A
0 4 7 3 0 1 0 −5 4 −2 0 1
Applying R2 R2 – R3, we get Applying R3 R3 + 5R2, we get
−1 1 2 1 0 0 1 3 −2 1 0 0
0 −1 −2 = −2 1 −1 A 0 1 −7 / 9 = 1 / 3 1 / 9 0 A
0 4 7 3 0 1 0 0 1/ 9 −1 / 3 5 / 9 1
Applying R1 R1 + R2, we get Applying R3 9R3, we get
−1 0 0 −1 1 −1 1 3 −2 1 0 0
0 −1 −2 = −2 1 −1 A 0 1 −7 / 9 = 1 / 3 1 / 9 0 A
0 4 7 3 0 1 0 0 1 −3 5 9
Applying R3 R3 + 4R2, we get Applying R1 R1 – 3R2, we get
−1 0 0 −1 1 −1 1 0 1/ 3 0 −1 / 3 0
0 −1 −2 = −2 1 −1 A 0 1 −7 / 9 = 1 / 3 1 / 9 0 A
0 0 −1 −5 4 −3 0 0 1 −3 5 9
Applying R2
R2 – 2R3, we get
1 7
−1 0 0 −1 1 −1 R1 − R3 , R2 R2 + R3 , we get
Applying R1
3 9
0 −1 0 = 8 −7 5 A 1 0 0 1 −2 −3
0 0 −1 −5 4 −3 0 1 0 = −2 4 7 A
Applying R1 (–1)R1, R2 (–1)R2, R3 (–1)R3 0 0 1 −3 5 9
1 0 0 1 −1 1 1 −2 −3
0 1 0 = −8 7 −5 A −1
A = −2 4 7
0 0 1 5 −4 3 −3 5 9
48 CBSE Chapterwise-Topicwise Mathematics

1 2 −2 3 0 −1
72. A = −1 3 0 73. A = 2 3 0
0 −2 1 0 4 1
Since, A = IA
Since, A = IA
3 0 −1 1 0 0
1 2 −2 1 0 0 2 3 0 = 0 1 0 A
−1 3 0 = 0 1 0 A 0 4 1 0 0 1
0 −2 1 0 0 1 Applying R1 R1 – R2, we get
1 −3 −1 1 −1 0
Applying R2 R2 + R1, we get
2 3 0 = 0 1 0 A
1 2 −2 1 0 0
0 4 1 0 0 1
0 5 −2 = 1 1 0 A
0 −2 1 0 0 1 Applying R2 R2 – 2R1, we get
1 −3 −1 1 −1 0
1 0 9 2 = −2 3 0 A
Applying R2 R2 , we get
5 0 4 1 0 0 1
1 2 −2
1 0 0 1
Applying R2 R2 , we get
2 1 1 9
0 1 − = 0 A
5 5 5 1 −3 −1 1 −1 0
0 −2 1 0 0 1 2 2 1
0 1 = − 0 A
Applying R1 R1 – 2R2, R3 R3 + 2R2, we get 9 9 3
0 4 1 0 0 1
6 3 2
1 0 − − 0 Applying R1 R1 + 3R2, R3 R3 – 4R2, we get
5 5 5
2 1 1 1 1
0 1 − = 0 A 1 0 − 0 0
5 5 5 3 3
1 2 2 2 2 1
0 0 1 0 1 = − 0 A
5 5 5 9 9 3
1 8 4
Applying R3 5R3, we get 0 0 − 1
9 9 3
6 3 2 Applying R3 9R3, we get
1 0 − − 0
5 5 5 1 1
1 0 − 0 0
2 1 1 3 3
0 1 − = 0 A
5 5 5 2 2 1
0 1 = − 0 A
0 0 1 2 2 5 9 9 3
0 0 1 8 −12 9
6 2
Applying R1 R1 + R3 , R2 R2 + R3 , we get 1 2
5 5 Applying R1 R1 + R3 , R2 R2 − R3 , we get
3 9
1 0 0 3 2 6 1 0 0 3 −4 3
0 1 0 = 1 1 2 A 0 1 0 = −2 3 −2 A
0 0 1 2 2 5 0 0 1 8 −12 9
3 2 6 3 −4 3
−1 −1
Hence, A = 1 1 2 Hence, A = −2 3 −2
2 2 5 8 −12 9
Matrices 49

1 2 3 Applying R1 R1 – 2R2, we get

74. A = 2 5 7 1 0 1 5 −2 0
−2 −4 −5 0 1 1 = −2 1 0 A
0 0 1 2 0 1
Since, A = IA
Applying R1 R1 – R3, R2 R2 – R3, we get
1 2 3 1 0 0
1 0 0 3 −2 −1
2 5 7 = 0 1 0 A
0 1 0 = −4 1 −1 A
−2 −4 −5 0 0 1
Applying R2 R2 – 2R1, R3 R3 + 2R1, we get 0 0 1 2 0 1
1 2 3 1 0 0 3 −2 −1
−1
0 1 1 = −2 1 0 A A =
−4 1 −1
0 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1