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    Liquid Crystal

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    rajtripathi0305
    Liquid crystals have three main phases - solid, liquid, and gas. In the solid phase, molecules have both orientation and positional order and are strongly held together. In the liquid phase, molecules have no orientation or positional order but are weakly held together. In the gas phase, there is no ordering or intermolecular attraction. Liquid crystals were discovered in 1888 by Otto Lehmann and exist in a mesophase where positional order may be lost but some orientational order remains. Liquid crystal molecules must be elongated in shape, have some rigidity in the central region, and flexible ends to exhibit liquid crystallinity.

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    Liquid Crystal

    Uploaded by

    rajtripathi0305
    49 views31 pages
    Liquid crystals have three main phases - solid, liquid, and gas. In the solid phase, molecules have both orientation and positional order and are strongly held together. In the liquid phase, molecules have no orientation or positional order but are weakly held together. In the gas phase, there is no ordering or intermolecular attraction. Liquid crystals were discovered in 1888 by Otto Lehmann and exist in a mesophase where positional order may be lost but some orientational order remains. Liquid crystal molecules must be elongated in shape, have some rigidity in the central region, and flexible ends to exhibit liquid crystallinity.

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    ppt crystals

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    PPT Liquid Crystal

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    Liquid crystals have three main phases - solid, liquid, and gas. In the solid phase, molecules have both orientation and positional order and are strongly held together. In the liquid phase, molecules have no orientation or positional order but are weakly held together. In the gas phase, there is no ordering or intermolecular attraction. Liquid crystals were discovered in 1888 by Otto Lehmann and exist in a mesophase where positional order may be lost but some orientational order remains. Liquid crystal molecules must be elongated in shape, have some rigidity in the central region, and flexible ends to exhibit liquid crystallinity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    49 views31 pages

    Liquid Crystal

    Uploaded by

    rajtripathi0305
    Liquid crystals have three main phases - solid, liquid, and gas. In the solid phase, molecules have both orientation and positional order and are strongly held together. In the liquid phase, molecules have no orientation or positional order but are weakly held together. In the gas phase, there is no ordering or intermolecular attraction. Liquid crystals were discovered in 1888 by Otto Lehmann and exist in a mesophase where positional order may be lost but some orientational order remains. Liquid crystal molecules must be elongated in shape, have some rigidity in the central region, and flexible ends to exhibit liquid crystallinity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 31

    What different phases

    Solid Phase
    • Molecules with both orientation and positional
    orders, and are held to each other strongly
    Liquid Phase
    • Molecules with no orientation and positional
    orders, but are held together by weak
    intermolecular forces
    Gas Phase
    • No ordering, no intermolecular attraction
    Pictorial Representation

    2
    Introduction to Liquid Crystals
    In 1988, Austrian Botanist Friedrich Reinitzer

     to study the role of cholesterol in plants

     Found two melting point 145.5 ºC and at 178.5 ºC.


    Otto Lehmann, examined the cloudy ‘in-between phase’

    “mesophase”
    Liquid Crystals are soft condensed matters
    discovered in 1888 by Physicist Otto Lehmann.\

    Positional order may be lost, but some of


    orientational order remains.

    Also referred as mesophase.

    5
    6
    Liquid Crystal Phase
    • A fluid phase in which a liquid crystal
    flows and will take the shape of its
    container. It differs from liquid that there
    are still some orientational order
    possessed by the molecules
    Typical representation of a LC molecule

    Mesogens
    Note: these molecules possess very strong
    dipole moment
    Criteria for a molecule being
    liquid crystalline
     The molecule must be elongated in
    shape-length should be significantly
    greater than its width
     Molecule must have some rigidity in its
    central region
     The ends of the molecule are somewhat
    flexible
    Director
    Assuming that the direction
    of preferred orientation in a
    liquid crystal (LC) is , this
    direction can be represented
    by an arrow, called the
    director of the LC.
    Order Parameter
    • Each molecule is orientated at some angle
    to the director
    • We could measure all the angles and obtain
    the average angle as a measure of the
    degree of orientational order, which
    increases as q  0.

    Order parameter (S) =

    Perfect orientation: q for all molecules = 0°, OD = 1


    Completely random orientation: OD = 0
    • The order parameter decreases as the
    temperature is increased
    • Typical values of OD are ~ 0.3 to 0.9

    Temp.
    Tc: transition temperature from LC to liquid state
    Types of Liquid Crystals

    Thermotropic Liquid Crystals


    • LC phase transitions resulted from
    temperature changes
    Lytropic Liquid Crystals
    • LC phase is formed when a molecule is
    dissolved in a suitable solvent (with
    specific concentration at a particular
    temperature)
    Orientational Order
    • Assuming that the direction of
    preferred orientation in a liquid
    crystal (LC) is , this direction can
    be represented by an arrow, called
    the director of the LC.
    CLASSIFICATION OF LIQUID
    CRYSTALS

    15
    NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS
    Simplest form of a liquid
    crystal
    long-range orientational
    order but no positional
    order
    The preferred direction of
    orientation is known as
    director.
    Molecules in this phase are
    long and rod-like in shape.
    They are free to move in
    space.
    PROPERTIES OF NEMATIC CRYSTALS
    Despite the high degree of orientational order, nematic phase as
    a whole is in disorder i.e. NO MACROSCOPIC ORDER (orientation
    within a group is similar but not from one group to another).

    Structure of nematic phase can be altered in a number of ways.


    E.g. electric or magnetic field or treatment of surfaces of the
    sample container.

    Thus, possible to have microscopic order & macroscopic order.


    Nematic liquid crystals are widely used in electro-optic display
    devices .
    SMECTIC LIQUID CRYSTALS
    It occurs at a temperature below
    nematic and cholesteric.
    Molecules align themselves
    parallel & tend to arrange in
    layers.
    All positional order is not
    destroyed when a crystal melts to
    form this liquid crystal.
    Chiral Smectic C liquid crystals
    are useful in LCDS.
    They are also known as soap like
    as the layers slide over the other.
    CHOLESTERIC LIQUID CRYSTALS
     The first liquid crystal that was observed through a polarizing
    microscope is cholesteryl benzoate. Thus, CHOLESTERIC liquid crystal
    OR chiral nematic liquid crystal.

     E.g. cholesteryl benzoate: LC @ 147C, isotropic @ 186C


     Cholesteric liquid crystals have great potential uses as
     Sensors
     Thermometer
     Fashion fabrics that change colour with temperature
     Display devices
    PROPERTIES OF CHOLESTERIC CRYSTALS
     In CHOLESTERIC phase, there is
    orientational order & no
    positional order, but, director is in
    HELICAL ORDER.
     The structure of cholesteric
    depends on the PITCH, the
    distance over which the director
    makes one complete turn i.e.
    360°.
     One pitch - several hundred
    nanometers (170 nm-200 nm)
     Pitch is affected by:-
     Temperature
     Pressure
     Electric & magnetic fields
    Applications of liquid Crystals
    Applications of Liquid Crystals
    LCD ( Liquid crystal display)
    Liquid crystal thermometer
    Liquid crystal lenses
    Liquid crystal laser
    Optical Images
    Medicinal Uses
    Helmets and bullet proof Jackets
    Optical memories
    LCD: MULTIDISCIPLINARY AREA

    Organic
    Preparation of various and
    types of liquid Physicist Theory, law
    crystalline
    Material and various
    Chemists LCD based Physical
    compounds and
    Technological properties
    characterisation
    application

    Electrical&
    Electronic
    Engineering

    Device (manufactures)
    Technological application
    WORKING OF LCD’S

    LCD’s work using the four main concepts:

    1. Light can be polarized.


    2. Liquid crystals can transmit and change polarized light.
    3. The structure of liquid crystals can be changed by electric currents.
    4. These are transparent substances that can conduct electricity.
    CONSTRUCTION OF LED
    •There are two polarization filters oriented at 90° angle to each other. These
    filters are used to polarize the Unpolarized light.
    •The first filter (Vertical polarized filter) polarizes the light with one
    polarization plane (Vertical). When the vertically polarized light passes
    through the second filter (Horizontal polarized filter) no light is produced at
    the o/p.
    •The vertically polarized light should rotate at 90° in order to pass the
    horizontally polarized light. This can be achieved by embedding liquid crystal
    layer between two polarization filters.
    •The liquid crystal layer consists of rod shaped tiny molecules and ordering of
    these molecules creates directional orientation property.
    •These molecules in the liquid crystal are twisted at 90° degrees. The vertically
    polarized light passes through the rotated molecules and gets twisted to 90°.
    When the orientation of light matches with the outer polarization filter, light
    passes and brightens the screen.
    •If the Liquid crystal molecules are twisted at 90° more precisely, then more
    light will pass through it.
    •Two electrodes are aligned in the front and back of the liquid crystal in
    order to change the orientation of the crystal molecules by applying voltage
    between them.
    •If no voltage is applied b/w the electrodes, the orientation remains twisted
    at 90 °, the light passes through the outer filter and thus the pixel appears
    white.
    •If a voltage is applied, the molecules in the liquid crystal layer changes its
    orientation, changing the orientation of light that gets blocked by the outer
    filter, and thus the pixel appears black.
    •In this way, black and white images or characters are produced.
    •By controlling the voltage applied between liquid crystal layers in each
    pixel, light can be allowed to pass through outer polarization filter in various
    amounts, so that it becomes possible to produce different gray levels on the
    LCD screen.
    • In order to produce color images a color filter is placed in front of the
    outer polarization plate. The red, green and blue are the three standard
    colors filters are placed for every three pixels to produce different
    color images by varying the intensity of each color.
    Liquid Crystal Display(LCD)
    Liquid Crystal Display(LCD) screen works on the principle of blocking light rather than emitting light. LCD’s
    requires backlight as they do not emits light by them.

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