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    Notes ICSEClass 10 Chemistry Organic Chemistry

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    Notes ICSEClass 10 Chemistry Organic Chemistry

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    1709881843159 Notes ICSEClass 10 Chemistry Organic Chemistry

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    Notes ICSEClass 10 Chemistry Organic Chemistry

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    ICSE Class 10 Chemistry | Organic Chemistry | Notes

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    ICSE Class 10 Chemistry | Organic Chemistry | Notes

    Organic Chemistry
    Notes

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    ICSE Class 10 Chemistry | Organic Chemistry | Notes

    Organic compounds are the compounds of carbon and organic chemistry is the
    study of carbon compounds, excluding oxides of carbon, metallic carbonates
    and related compounds like metal cyanides, metal carbides. ·

    Sources of organic compounds


    1) Plants : Compounds like sugar, starch and cellulose, as well as several drugs,
    are obtained from plants.
    2) Animals : Urea, proteins, fats, etc., are .obtained from animals.
    3) Coal : Destructive distillation of coal produces benzene, toluene,
    naphthalene, dyes, drugs, perfumes, etc.
    Petroleum : A large number of organic compounds, like gasoline, fuel gases,
    petrol, naphtha, etc., are obtained from petroleum

    Catenation : Carbon atoms possess a unique property to link together (self-


    linking) to form very long chains. This property is referred to as
    Catenation
    The property of self-linking of atoms of an element through covalent bonds in
    order to form straight chains, branched chains and cyclic chains of different
    sizes is known as catenation. The carbon-carbon chain can be very long.

    Formation of single, double and triple covalent bonds


    The valency of carbon is four, i.e. it is tetravalent. In order to satisfy its valency,
    it forms single, double and triple covalent bonds by sharing one, two or three
    pairs of electrons respectively between two carbon atoms as well as with other
    atoms like oxygen, nitrogen and so on.

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    ICSE Class 10 Chemistry | Organic Chemistry | Notes

    Hydrocarbons
    Hydrocarbons are compounds that are made up only of carbon and hydrogen
    atoms.

    Hydrocarbons are sub-divided into two main groups, the aliphatic (open) and
    cyclic (closed) chain. The open chain compounds or aliphatic compounds are
    further sub-divided into saturated compounds and unsaturated compounds

    Saturated compounds
    It is a saturated hydrocarbon, as all the four valencies of carbon are satisfied by
    a single covalent bond.

    Unsaturated Compounds
    The hydrocarbons that have double or triple covalent bonds between two
    adjacent carbon atoms are called unsaturated hydrocarbons. These
    unsaturated compounds are further classified as Alkenes which are the
    hydrocarbons with double bond and Alkynes which are the hydrocarbons with
    triple bond between two carbon atoms

    The cyclic hydrocarbons are of two types :


    (i) Alicyclic compounds : These are ringed carbon compounds containing three
    or more atom of carbon arranged in a closed structure.

    ii) Aromatic compounds : Some hydro- carbons contain at least one benzene
    ring in their molecules. The benzene ring is a specific type of ring structure of
    six carbon (Atoms having carbon- carbon single and carbon-carbon double
    bonds in alternate positions

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    ICSE Class 10 Chemistry | Organic Chemistry | Notes

    Homologous series
    A homologous series is a group of organic compounds having a similar
    structure and similar chemical properties in which the successive compounds
    differ by a CH2 group.
    **********

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