. . .

I, MORE ABOUT PUNNEfl SQUARES

ESN Huw can we predict Look again at the Punneft square on page 22. What do the letters in the box tell us?

• The possible gene combination are DO, DO, Od, and Dd.
• Each combination has a dominant gene for dark hair.
• Therefore all of Tom and Susan’s children will have dark hair.
Meet Mr. and Mrs. Jones: If Tom and Susan have four children, the Punnett square predicts that

t1.0
two, or 1/2, will be pure for dark hair.
TOM and SUSAN
‘I
Tom has two of the same Susan has one dominant .. ..
gene for dark hair and one DD-. -.. Dl) I
genes for hair colon He
is pure for dark hair. recessive gene for blonde
x
hair. She is hybrid.
S
How can we predict what color hair their children will have? It’s easy!
We can use a special chart called a Furmeft square. A Punnett square is
a chart used to show possible gene combinations. The steps here show and two, or 1/2, will be hybrid for dark hair.
you how to use a Pmmett square. ,r’sI geniolss
0 0
L Draw a box with four squares in it. •o
Od Dd
2. Write the genes from the father across
the top of the chart. A dominant gene Remember, there are only two possibilities: pj dark and y44 dark. Arid you cannot
always marked with a capital letter tell by looking at the children which ones are pure and which ones are hybrid for dark
“0” stands for dark hair. Both of hair.
Tom’s genes for hair color are repre
sented by D. Which gene combinations will turn up in a child? It’s a matter of chance.

3. Write the genes from the mother

down the side of the chart. A recessive
PREDICTING HEREDITY IN PEA PLANTS
gene is always marked with a lower
case letter. Susan is hybrid dark for
hair color. One gene is marked 0. The When Mendel did his experiments with pea plants he found that some peas had a smooth
-

other gene is the recessive gene for covering. Others were wrinlded.
blond hair. The symbol for this gene
is d.
4. Now fill in each box with a gene from d
0
the father and a gene from the mother
Each box now shows the different
combination of genes that can show d
‘2
up in the offspring.
EH Figure A Smooth peas are dominant (SL Figure B Wrinkled peas are recessive i’s).

22 23
 I
Lets see what happens when a pure smooth pea PREDICTING HUMAN TRAITS

lenale x plant is aossed with a pure wrinkled pea plant.

Can’ and Tma are married. They are plan

1. The dominant smooth genes come from the
ding a family. What will their children look
like? ‘fly some more Punnett squares to
Find out.
mak rimie
fl Gary is hybrid for curly hair (Cc). Tina is
wrinkled peas ‘C smooth peas 2. The recessive wrinided genes come from the
pure for straight hair (cc).

C = dominant curly
mate, female -
Figure C c = recessive straight

Gary is hybrid for dark hair (Dd). Tina is

male gametes ii pure for blonde hair (dd).
— S
3. Now fill in the Punnett square for Figure 0. 0 = dominant dark
05 d = recessive blonde
in E 4. What kind of covering will all the offspring
e Both Gary and Tins are hybrid for brown
C
in ey (Bb). -
Di peas have?
in smooth.
i B = dominant brown
in
Cs b recessive blue
5. Alltheoffspringare
in pure, hybrids
I Figure G
FigureD

male gametes Complete the Pumnetf square for each trait. Then answer the questions.
S S
6. Would there be any difference if the dominant HAIR TYPE HAIR COLOR EYE COLOR
0, (5) genes were from the female and the reces
in
sive (s) genes were from the male? Test it in Gary’s gametes Gars gametes Gary’s gametes
in
C Figure E. d B b
in A C C D
Oi
e Answer: There be a •? • i0
Cu would, wuuld oot U,
difference, in B
CS in in
C,
C E C
it in in
in, Di Di
6, ai a
Figure E in in in
CC cd C b
I I-
Now try a man between two hybrids, 5$ x Ss. Fill
male gametes in Figure F,
Figure H Figure I Figure
S 7. How many offspring will be smooth?
0]
in
in
C
in S. How many wifi be wrinlded? 1. How many offspring will have curly hair?
DI
in
‘a 9. How many offspring will be pure smooth? 2. How many offspring will have straight hair?
CS
in
3. How many offspring will be pure for curly hair?_

Figure F 10. How many will be hybrid smooth? 4. How many offspring will be pure for straight hair?

23
24

. .
_______
________ _____
_____

. .
5. How many will be hybrid for curly hair?

6. How many offspring will have dark hair?

7. How many offspring will have blonde hair?

8. How many offspring will be pure for dark hair?

9. How many will be pure for blonde hair?

10. How many will be hybrid for dark hair?

11. How many offspring will have brown eyes?

12. How many offspring will have blue eyes?

13. How many will be pure for brown eyes?

14. How many will be pure for blue eyes?

15. How many will be hybrid for brown eyes?

I
LdTCiIiNG

Match each tenn in Column A with its description in Column B. Write the correct letter in the
space prooided.

Column A Column B

1. Punnett square a) represented by a lower case letter

2. dominant gene b) male gametes

3. egg cells c) represented by a capital letter

4. sperm cells d) female gametes

5. recessive gene e) used to show gene combinations

26
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