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    Microbio L10

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    Alliah Aprovechar
    1. Edward Jenner administered the first successful vaccine for smallpox in 1796, using fluid from a cowpox blister on a cow scratched onto an 8-year old boy. The boy did not develop smallpox when later exposed. 2. In 1892, Dimitri Ivanovsky proposed that tobacco mosaic disease was caused by a new type of infectious particle smaller than bacteria, now known as viruses. 3. In 1898, Martinus Beijerinck replicated Ivanovsky's experiments and named the infectious agent causing tobacco mosaic disease a "virus", helping to found the field of virology.

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    Microbio L10

    Uploaded by

    Alliah Aprovechar
    7 views2 pages
    1. Edward Jenner administered the first successful vaccine for smallpox in 1796, using fluid from a cowpox blister on a cow scratched onto an 8-year old boy. The boy did not develop smallpox when later exposed. 2. In 1892, Dimitri Ivanovsky proposed that tobacco mosaic disease was caused by a new type of infectious particle smaller than bacteria, now known as viruses. 3. In 1898, Martinus Beijerinck replicated Ivanovsky's experiments and named the infectious agent causing tobacco mosaic disease a "virus", helping to found the field of virology.

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    Microbiology and Parasitology lessons

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    MICROBIO_L10

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    1. Edward Jenner administered the first successful vaccine for smallpox in 1796, using fluid from a cowpox blister on a cow scratched onto an 8-year old boy. The boy did not develop smallpox when later exposed. 2. In 1892, Dimitri Ivanovsky proposed that tobacco mosaic disease was caused by a new type of infectious particle smaller than bacteria, now known as viruses. 3. In 1898, Martinus Beijerinck replicated Ivanovsky's experiments and named the infectious agent causing tobacco mosaic disease a "virus", helping to found the field of virology.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views2 pages

    Microbio L10

    Uploaded by

    Alliah Aprovechar
    1. Edward Jenner administered the first successful vaccine for smallpox in 1796, using fluid from a cowpox blister on a cow scratched onto an 8-year old boy. The boy did not develop smallpox when later exposed. 2. In 1892, Dimitri Ivanovsky proposed that tobacco mosaic disease was caused by a new type of infectious particle smaller than bacteria, now known as viruses. 3. In 1898, Martinus Beijerinck replicated Ivanovsky's experiments and named the infectious agent causing tobacco mosaic disease a "virus", helping to found the field of virology.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Microbiology [L10]

    Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ej390n


    During 1796, Edward ___________ administers the first
    _________ vaccine, which is heralded as the world's first
    _________. The vaccine consists of fluid from a _______ blister, a
    Jenner; smallpox; vaccine; cowpox; skin
    virus similar to smallpox, which is scratched onto the ________ of
    an 8-year old boy. When the boy is later inoculated with smallpox
    matter, no disease develops.
    Dimitri ___________ in 1892, proposed that ________ mosaic
    Ivanovsky; tobacco; disease-causing disease were not simply very small bacteria, but a new type of
    ________________ particle.
    During 1898, Martinus __________ replicates the ____________
    experiments performed by Dmitri ____________ and calls the
    infectious agent that causes _____________ mosaic disease a
    Beijerinck; filtration; Ivanivsky; tobacco; living; founders
    "virus", which he describes as a "contagium vivum fluidum" or
    "contagious ________ fluid". Beijerinck along with Ivanovsky are
    considered to be the _________ of virology.
    - Non-cellular [acellular]
    - Lacks organelles and other components of a biological entity.
    - Consists of nucleic acid core, an outer protein coating or capsid,
    and sometimes outer envelope made of protein. Characteristics of virus
    - Comes in many shapes and sizes.
    - About 20-250 nanometers in diameter [except for poxvirus and
    other DNA viruses may range up to 1000nm in diameter].
    - Not classified into kingdom, phylum, and class.
    - Families always end in "-viridae", subfamilies in "virinae" and
    genera in "-virus". Such names are italicized and capitalized,
    whereas the species name is not.
    - E.g. Order: Mononegavirales Classification of Viruses
    Family: Paramyxoviridae
    Subfamily: Paramyxovirinae
    Genus: Morbilivirus
    Species: Measles virus
    1. Host range [vertebrate/invertebrate, plant, algae/fungi, bacteria]
    [Specialist: Tobacco Mosaic Virus; Generalist: Cucumber mosaic
    virus]

    2. Morphology [capsid symmetry, envelope/non-enveloped, cap-


    Factors considered in classification of viruses
    somere number]
    [Naked: or nonenveloped; enveloped; spiked; helical, icosahedral,
    enveloped, and head-and-tail]
    3. Genome type/model of replication [David Baltimore Classifica-
    tion]
    4. Equilibrium viruses
    Other factors considered in classification of viruses
    5. Non-equilibrium viruses
    They have been long term parasites of a given species. They are
    Equilibrium viruses
    generally not lethal but spread well.
    Common cold, smallpox, polio, measles, herpes viruses Examples of equilibrium viruses
    They have recently jumped from another species. They are some-
    Non-equilibrium viruses times lethal and may spread poorly or well. They represent most
    of our difficult problem viruses.
    Influenza [from birds], HIV [from Chimp], SARS [bats], Ebola
    Examples of non-equilibrium viruses
    [bats]
    1. Attachment
    2. Entry
    Steps of virus infections
    3. Replication and assembly
    4. Egress

    1. Attachment [The phage attaches to the surface of the host.]


    2. Penetration [The viral DNA enters the host cell.]

    1/2
    Microbiology [L10]
    Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ej390n
    3. Biosynthesis [Phage DNA replicates and phage proteins are
    made.]
    The Lytic Cycle
    4. Maturation [New phage particles are assembled.]
    5. Lysis [The cell lyses releasing the newly made phages.]
    1. Formation of prophage [phage genome + bacterial chromo-
    some = prophage]
    2. Bacterial host with phage = lysogen
    3. Lysogen replicates its chromosome during cell reproduction.
    4. Changes in the new cells occur due to the presence of the
    The Lysogenic Cycle
    phage genome [Lysogenic conversion].
    5. The prophage will persist in the host chromosome until induc-
    tion.
    6. Phage can go to lytic cycle. And undergo lysogeny in a new
    infected cell.
    1918 - Cause by H1N1 virus with genes of avian origin. 500 million
    people or 1/3 of the world's population became infected.

    1919 - Third wave of pandemic.

    1930 - First isolation of influenza, providing that flu is caused by


    virus not a bacteria.

    1957 - H2N2 flu virus emerges to trigger pandemic, replacing


    H1N1.
    Virus and the pandemic [Influenza/Flu Pandemic]
    1960 - The U.S. Public Health Service recommends annual flu
    vaccination for people at high risk of serious flu complications.

    1968 - H3N2 flu virus emerges to trigger pandemic replacing


    H2N2 virus.

    2005 - Genome of the 1918 pandemic flu virus is fully sequenced.

    2009 - H1N1 viruses distantly related to the 1918 virus emerge to


    trigger a pandemic.
    - Having RNA, rather than DNA genome. RNA viruses have higher
    mutation rates, having no proofreader like in DNA replication does.

    - Viruses makes zoonotic leap from animals to humans.

    - When a virus can spread through respiratory droplets, it is easily


    transmitted from person to person in close contact. Why viruses are potential to cause pandemics?

    - Influenza virus, Coronavirus, Nipha virus, most likely to trigger


    pandemics.

    - Ebola virus and Marburg virus, Dengue virus, West Nile virus are
    examples of vector borne pathogens.

    2/2

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