Pythonmodules

Python - Modules
A function is a block of organized, reusable code that is used to perform a single, related action.
Functions provide better modularity for your application and a high degree of code reusing.
The concept of module in Python further enhances the modularity. You can define more than one
related functions together and load required functions. A module is a file containing definition of
functions, classes, variables, constants or any other Python object. Contents of this file can be
made available to any other program. Python has the import keyword for this purpose.
A module in Python is a single file that contains a collection of related functions, classes, and
variables. It allows you to organize your code into reusable, modular units and also enables code
reuse across different projects. Modules are typically used to group related functionality together,
such as mathematical operations, file handling, or data processing. They can be imported into
other Python scripts using the built-in import statement, which allows you to use the functions
and classes defined in the module in your script.
Modules
A module is simply a Python file with a .py extension that can be imported inside another Python
program.
The name of the Python file becomes the module name.
The module contains — 1) definitions and implementation of classes 2) variables and 3)

functions that can be used inside another program.
Advantages of modules –
 Reusability : Working with modules makes the code reusable.

 Simplicity: Module focuses on a small proportion of the problem, rather than focusing on the
entire problem.
 Scoping: A separate namespace is defined by a module that helps to avoid collisions between
identifiers.
Built in Modules
Python's standard library comes bundled with a large number of modules. They are called built-
in modules. Most of these built-in modules are written in C (as the reference implementation of
Python is in C), and pre-compiled into the library. These modules pack useful functionality like
system-specific OS management, disk IO, networking, etc.
os
This module provides a unified interface to a number of operating system functions.

string
2
This module contains a number of functions for string processing
re
3
This module provides a set of powerful regular expression facilities. Regular expression
(RegEx), allows powerful string search and matching for a pattern in a string
math
4
This module implements a number of mathematical operations for floating point numbers.
These functions are generally thin wrappers around the platform C library functions.
cmath
5
This module contains a number of mathematical operations for complex numbers.
datetime
6
This module provides functions to deal with dates and the time within a day. It wraps the C
runtime library.
gc
7
This module provides an interface to the built-in garbage collector.
asyncio
8
This module defines functionality required for asynchronous processing
Collections
9
This module provides advanced Container datatypes.
Functools
10
This module has Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects. Useful in
functional programming
operator
11
Functions corresponding to the standard operators.
pickle
12
Convert Python objects to streams of bytes and back.
socket
13
Low-level networking interface.
sqlite3
14
A DB-API 2.0 implementation using SQLite 3.x.
15 statistics
Mathematical statistics functions
typing
16
Support for type hints
venv
17
Creation of virtual environments.
json
18
Encode and decode the JSON format.
wsgiref
19
WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation.
unittest
20
Unit testing framework for Python.
random
21
Generate pseudo-random numbers
User Defined Modules
Any text file with .py extension and containing Python code is basically a module. It can contain
definitions of one or more functions, variables, constants as well as classes. Any Python object
from a module can be made available to interpreter session or another Python script by import
statement. A module can also include runnable code.
Create a Module
Creating a module is nothing but saving a Python code with the help of any editor. Let us save
the following code as mymodule.py
def SayHello(name):
print ("Hi {}! How are you?".format(name))
return
You can now import mymodule in the current Python terminal.

import mymodule
>>> mymodule.SayHello("Harish")
Hi Harish! How are you?
You can also import one module in another Python script. Save the following code as
example.py
import mymodule
mymodule.SayHello("Harish")
Run this script from command terminal
C:\Users\user\examples> python example.py

Hi Harish! How are you?
The import Statement
In Python, the import keyword has been provided to load a Python object from one module. The
object may be a function, class, a variable etc. If a module contains multiple definitions, all of
them will be loaded in the namespace.
Let us save the following code having three functions as mymodule.py.
def sum(x,y):
return x+y
def average(x,y):
return (x+y)/2
def power(x,y):
return x**y
The import mymodule statement loads all the functions in this module in the current
namespace. Each function in the imported module is an attribute of this module object.
>>> dir(mymodule)
['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__',
'__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'average', 'power', 'sum']
To call any function, use the module object's reference. For example, mymodule.sum().
import mymodule
print ("sum:",mymodule.sum(10,20))
print ("average:",mymodule.average(10,20))
print ("power:",mymodule.power(10, 2))
It will produce the following output −
sum:30
average:15.0
power:100
The from ... import Statement
The import statement will load all the resources of the module in the current namespace. It is
possible to import specific objects from a module by using this syntax. For example −
Out of three functions in mymodule, only two are imported in following executable script
example.py
from mymodule import sum, average

print ("sum:",sum(10,20))
print ("average:",average(10,20))
It will produce the following output −
sum: 30
average: 15.0
Note that function need not be called by prefixing name of its module to it.
The from...import * Statement
It is also possible to import all the names from a module into the current namespace by using the
following import statement −
from modname import *
This provides an easy way to import all the items from a module into the current namespace;
however, this statement should be used sparingly.

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Python - Modules

The name of the Python file becomes the module name.

The module contains — 1) definitions and implementation of classes 2) variables and 3)

 Reusability : Working with modules makes the code reusable.

This module provides a unified interface to a number of operating system functions.

User Defined Modules

You can now import mymodule in the current Python terminal.

Run this script from command terminal

C:\Users\user\examples> python example.py

The import Statement

Let us save the following code having three functions as mymodule.py.

It will produce the following output −

from mymodule import sum, average

It will produce the following output −

The from...import * Statement

from modname import *

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