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CH-1 Introduction DSP

The document provides an overview of a course on digital signal processing (DSP). The course covers topics like discrete-time signals and systems, z-transforms, discrete Fourier transforms, filter design, and digital filter implementation over 8 chapters in 46 hours. It lists reference materials and concepts of DSP including analog to digital conversion, signal processing applications, and advantages of digital over analog signal processing.

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Amrit Sapkota
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
38 views

CH-1 Introduction DSP

The document provides an overview of a course on digital signal processing (DSP). The course covers topics like discrete-time signals and systems, z-transforms, discrete Fourier transforms, filter design, and digital filter implementation over 8 chapters in 46 hours. It lists reference materials and concepts of DSP including analog to digital conversion, signal processing applications, and advantages of digital over analog signal processing.

Uploaded by

Amrit Sapkota
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

EX 753

BEX IV/II , HCOE


Narayan Adhikari Chhetri (NAC)
Course Overview
Chapter 1 : Introduction to DSP (4 hours )
Chapter 2 : Discrete-time signals & system (6 hours)
Chapter 3 : z-transform & inverse z-transform (6 hours )
Chapter 4 : Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) (7 hours )
Chapter 5 : Implementation of Discrete-time (8 hours )
System
Chapter 6 : IIR Filter System (5 hours )
Chapter 7 : FIR Filter System (5 hours )
Chapter 8 : Digital Filter Implementation (4 hours )
Reference

(1) A.V. Oppenheim ,“ Discrete-time Signal & Processing”


(2) J.G. Proakis & D.G. Manolakis,“ Digital Signal
Processing”
(3) Dr. Sanjay Sharma , “ Digital Signal Processing”
(4) S.K. Mitra , “ Digital Signal Processing a Computer
Based Approach”
Basic Concepts
• Analog signals are continuous, with infinite values
in a given range.
• Digital signals have discrete values such as on/off
or 0/1.
• Limitations of analog signals
– Analog signals pick up noise as they are being
amplified.
– Analog signals are difficult to store.
– Analog systems are more expensive in relation to
digital systems.
Basic Concepts
• Advantages of digital systems (signals)
– Noise can be reduced by converting analog signals in
0s and 1s.
– Binary signals of 0s/1s can be easily stored in memory.
– Technology for fabricating digital systems has become
so advanced that they can be produced at low cost.
• The major limitation of a digital system is how
accurately it represents the analog signals after
conversion.
Block Diagram of DSP
• A typical system that converts signals from analog to digital and back
to analog includes:
– A transducer that converts non-electrical signals into electrical signals
– An A/D converter that converts analog signals into digital signals
– A digital processor that processes digital data (signals)
– A D/A converter that converts digital signals into equivalent analog
signals
– A transducer that converts electrical signals into real life non-electrical
signals (sound, pressure, and video)
Analog to Digital Converter
• Converting Analog into Digital
– Electronically or Computationally
• Converting a continuously changing waveform
(analog) into a series of discrete levels (digital)
Analog to Digital Converter
• The analog waveform is sliced into equal
segments and the waveform amplitude is
measured in the middle of each segment
• The collection of measurements make up
the digital representation of the waveform
-1.5
-0.5

-2
-1
0.5
1.5

0
1
2
1 0
0.22
3 0.44
0.64
5 0.82
0.98
7 1.11
1.2
9 1.24
1.27
11 1.24
1.2
13 1.11
0.98
15 0.82
0.64
17 0.44
0.22
19 0
-0.22
-0.44 21
-0.64
-0.82 23
-0.98
-1.11 25
-1.2
Sampled Signal

-1.26 27
-1.28
-1.26 29
-1.2
-1.11 31
-0.98
-0.82 33
-0.64
-0.44 35
-0.22
37 0
Digital Signal Processing
• Represent signals by a sequence of numbers
– Sampling or analog-to-digital conversions
• Perform processing on these numbers with a digital processor
– Digital signal processing
• Reconstruct analog signal from processed numbers
– Reconstruction or digital-to-analog conversion
digital digital
signal signal
analog analog
signal A/D DSP D/A signal

• Analog input – analog output


– Digital recording of music
• Analog input – digital output
– Touch tone phone dialing
• Digital input – analog output
– Text to speech
• Digital input – digital output
– Compression of a file on computer
Signal Processing
• Humans are the most advanced signal processors
– speech and pattern recognition, speech synthesis,…
• We encounter many types of signals in various applications
– Electrical signals: voltage, current, magnetic and electric fields,…
– Mechanical signals: velocity, force, displacement,…
– Acoustic signals: sound, vibration,…
– Other signals: pressure, temperature,…
• Most real-world signals are analog
– They are continuous in time and amplitude
– Convert to voltage or currents using sensors and transducers
• Analog circuits process these signals using
– Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Amplifiers,…
• Analog signal processing examples
– Audio processing in FM radios
– Video processing in traditional TV sets
Limitations of Analog Signal Processing
• Accuracy limitations due to
– Component tolerances
– Undesired nonlinearities
• Limited repeatability due to
– Tolerances
– Changes in environmental conditions
• Temperature
• Vibration
• Sensitivity to electrical noise
• Limited dynamic range for voltage and currents
• Inflexibility to changes
• Difficulty of implementing certain operations
– Nonlinear operations
– Time-varying operations
• Difficulty of storing information
Merit & Demerit of Digital Signal Processing
• Advantages
– Accuracy can be controlled by choosing word length
– Repeatable
– Sensitivity to electrical noise is minimal
– Dynamic range can be controlled using floating point numbers
– Flexibility can be achieved with software implementations
– Non-linear and time-varying operations are easier to implement
– Digital storage is cheap
– Digital information can be encrypted for security
– Price/performance and reduced time-to-market
• Disadvantages
– Sampling causes loss of information
– A/D and D/A requires mixed-signal hardware
– Limited speed of processors
– Quantization and round-off errors
Application of DSP (DSP is Everywhere)
• Sound applications
– Compression, enhancement, special effects, synthesis, recognition,
echo cancellation,…
– Cell Phones, MP3 Players, Movies, Dictation, Text-to-speech,…
• Communication
– Modulation, coding, detection, equalization, echo cancellation,…
– Cell Phones, dial-up modem, DSL modem, Satellite Receiver,…
• Automotive
– ABS, GPS, Active Noise Cancellation, Cruise Control, Parking,…
• Medical
– Magnetic Resonance, Tomography, Electrocardiogram,…
• Military
– Radar, Sonar, Space photographs, remote sensing,…
• Image and Video Applications
– DVD, JPEG, Movie special effects, video conferencing,…
• Mechanical
– Motor control, process control, oil and mineral prospecting,…

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