Prefixes

Prefixes are located at the beginning of a medical term. The prefix alters the meaning of the medical term. It is important
to spell and pronounce prefixes correctly.

Many prefixes that you find in medical terms are common to English language prefixes. A good technique to help with
memorization is the following:

 Start by reviewing the most common prefixes.

 Consider common English language words that begin with the same prefixes.
 Compare them to the examples of use in medical terms.

Common Prefixes

EXAMPLE OF USE IN MEDICAL

PREFIX MEANING
TERMS

A-, An- Without; Lacking Anemia

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Andr/o- Male Androgen

Anti- Against Anticholinergic drugs

Auto- Self Autocrine

Bio- Life Biology

Chem/o- Chemistry Chemotherapy

Contra- Against Contraception

Cyt/o- Cell Cytokine

Dissection
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Dis- Separation; Taking apart

Dys- Difficult; Abnormal Dyspnea

Eu- Good; Well Eupnea

Fibr/o- Fiber Fibrosis

Gluco-, Glyco- Glucose; Sugar Glycogen

Gyn/o-, Gynec- Female Gynecology

Hydr/o- Water Hydrocephalus

Idio- Self; One’s own Idiopathic

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 Break down; Destruction;
Lyso-, Lys- Lysosome
Dissolving

Mal- Bad; Abnormal Malignant

Myc/o- Fungus Mycetoma

Necr/o- Death Necrosis

Neo- New Neonate

Oxy- Sharp; Acute; Oxygen Oxytocin

Pan-, Pant/o- All or everywhere Pancytopenia

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Pharmaco- Drug; Medicine Pharmacist

Re- Again; Backward Rejuvenation

Somat/o-, Somatico- Body; Bodily Somatic cell

Body Part Prefixes

EXAMPLE OF USE IN MEDICAL

PREFIX MEANING
TERMS

Acous/o- Hearing Acoustic meatus

Aden/o- Gland Adenoid

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Adip/o- Fat Adipocyte

Adren/o- Gland Adrenal cortex

Angi/o- Blood vessel Angioplasty

Arteri/o- Artery Arteriole

Arthr/o- Joint Arthroplasty

Bucc/o- Cheek Buccal cavity

Bronch/i- Bronchus Bronchioles

Burs/o- Bursa Bursa

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Carcin/o- Cancer Basal cell carcinoma

Cardi/o- Heart Cardiology

Cephal/o- Head Cephalic flexure

Chol- Bile Cholesterol

Chondri- Cartilage Chondrosarcoma

Coron- Heart Coronary arteries

Cost- Rib Costal cartilage

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Crani/o- Brain Cranium

Cutane- Skin Cutaneous

Cyst/o-, Cysti- Bladder or sac Cystoscopy

Derm-, Dermat/o- Skin Dermatologist

Duoden/o- Duodenum Duodenitis

Gastr- Stomach Gastrectomy

Gloss- Tongue Glossectomy

Hem-, Hema-, Hemat-, Hemo-, Blood Hematopoiesis

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Hemat/o-

Hepat/o-, Hepatico- Liver Hepatic portal system

Hist/o-, Histio- Tissue Histology

Hyster/o- Uterus Hysterectomy

Ileo- Ileum Ileostomy

Ischi/o- Ischium Ischial tuberosity

Kerat/o- Cornea (eye or skin) Keratin

Lacrim/o- Tear (from your eyes) Lacrimal fluid

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Lact/o-, Lacti- Milk Lactose

Laryng/o- Larynx Laryngitis

Lingu/o- Tongue Lingual tonsil

Lip/o- Fat Lipolysis

Lymph/o- Lymph Lymphocyte

Mamm-, Mast/o- Breast Mammary glands

Mening/o- Meninges Meningitis

Muscul/o- Muscle Musculoskeletal

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My/o- Muscle Myocardium

Myel/o- Spinal cord or bone marrow Myelin

Nephr/o- Kidney Nephron

Neur/i-, Neur/o- Nerve Neuron

Oculo- Eye Oculomotor nerve

Onco- Tumor; Bulk; Volume Oncogene

Onych/o- Fingernail; Toenail Onychodystrophy

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Oo- Egg; Ovary Oocyte

Oophor/o- Ovary Oophorectomy

Op-, Opt- Vision Optic nerve

Ophthalm/o- Eye Ophthalmic artery

Orchid/o-, Orchio- Testis Orchidectomy

Orth/o- Straight; Normal; Correct Orthostatic

Osseo- Bony Osseous tissue

Ossi- Bone Ossicles

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Ost-, Oste/o- Bone Osteoporosis

Ot/o- Ear Otolaryngologist

Ovar/i-, Ovario-, Ovi-, Ovo- Ovary Ovarian follicle

Phalang- Phalanx Phalanges

Pharyng/o- Pharynx; Throat Pharyngeal tonsil

Phleb/o- Vein Phlebotomist

Phren/i-, Phreno-, Phrenico- Diaphragm Phrenic nerve

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Pleur-, Pleur/a-, Pleur/o- Rib, pleura Pleural cavity

Pneum/a- Pneumat/o- Air; Lung Pneumonia

Proct/o- Anus; Rectum Proctoscopy

Prostat- Prostate Prostatectomy

Pseudo- False Pseudostratified

Psych/o-, Psyche- Mind Psychiatrist

Radio- Radiation; Radius Radioisotopes

Ren/o- Kidney Renal cortex

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Retin- Retina (of the eye) Retinitis pigmentosa

Rhin/o- Nose Rhinoscope

Salping/o- Tube Salpingo-oophorectomy

Sarco- Muscular; Flesh-like Sarcomere

Schiz/o- Split; Cleft Schizophrenia

Sclera-, Sclero- Hardness Sclerosis

Sigmoid/o- Sigmoid colon Sigmoidoscopy

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Sperma-, Spermo-, Spermato- Sperm Spermatocyte

Splen/o- Spleen Splenomegaly

Sten/o- Narrowed; Blocked Stenosis

Stern- Sternum Sternoclavicular joint

Stom/a-, Stomat/o- Mouth Stomatitis

Thorac/o-, Thoracico- Chest Thoracic cavity

Thromb/o- Blood clot Thrombolytic

Thyr/o- Thyroid gland Thyroiditis

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Trache/o- Trachea Trachealis

Tympan/o- Eardrum Tympanic membrane

Ur/o- Urine Urologist

Vagin- Vagina Vaginal

Varic/o- Duct; Blood vessel Varicose veins

Vasculo- Blood vessel Vasculitis

Ven/o- Vein Venae cavae

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Vertbr- Vertebra; Spine Vertebral column

Color Prefixes

EXAMPLE OF USE IN MEDICAL

PREFIX MEANING
TERMS

Chlor/o- Green Chlorophyll

Chrom-, Chromato- Color Chromosome

Cyano- Blue Cyanosis

Erythr/o- Red Erythrocyte

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Leuk/o- White Leukocyte

Melan/o- Black Melanin

Physical Property and Shape Prefixes

EXAMPLE OF USE IN MEDICAL

PREFIX MEANING
TERMS

Cry/o- Cold Cryotherapy

Elect- Electrical activity Electrocardiogram

Kin/o-, Kine-, Kinesi/o- Movement Kinetic energy

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Kyphy/o- Humped Kyphosis

Rhabd/o- Rod-shaped; Striated Rhabdomyosarcoma

Phot/o- Light Photoreceptor

Reticul/o- Net Reticulocytes

Scoli/o- Twisted Scoliosis

Therm/o- Heat Thermotherapy

Direction and Position Prefixes

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 EXAMPLE OF USE IN MEDICAL
PREFIX MEANING
TERMS

Ab-, Abs- Away from Abductor

Ad- Towards Adductor

Ante- Before; Forward Antenatal

Circum- Around Circumcision

Cycl- Circle; Cycle Cyclic neutropenia

De- Away from; Ending Dehydration

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Dia- Across; Through Diagnosis

Ect/o-, Exo- Outer; Outside Exocrine gland

End/o-, Ent-, Enter/o- Within; Inner Endocrine gland

Epi- Upon; Outside of Epidermis

Ex-, Extra- Beyond Expiration

Infra- Beneath; Below Infratemporal fossa

Inter- Between Interstitial fluid

Intra- Within Intracellular fluid

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Meso- Middle Mesoderm

Meta- Beyond; Change Metabolism

Para- Alongside; Abnormal Parathyroid glands

Path/o- Disease Pathologist

Peri- Around Pericardium

Post- Behind; After Postpartum

Pre- Before; In front Precancerous

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Retro- Backward; Behind Retroperitoneum

Sub- Under Subcutaneous layer

Super- Above Superior

Supra- Above; Upon Supraglottis

Sy-, Syl-, Sym-, Syn-, Sys- Together Syndrome

Trans- Across; Through Transdermal

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 EXAMPLE OF USE IN MEDICAL
PREFIX MEANING
TERMS

Bi- Two Biceps

Brady- Slow Bradycardia

Diplo- Double Diploid

Hemi- Half Hemihypertrophy

Hetero- Other; Different Heterogeneous

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Homo- Same Homozygous genotype

Hyper- Above; Beyond; Excessive Hypertension

Hypo- Under; Deficient Hypotension

Iso- Equal; Like Isointense

Macro- Large; Long; Big Macrophage

Mic-, Micro- Small Microglia

Mon-, Mono- One Monocyte

Olig/o- Few; Little Oliguria

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Poly- Many; Excessive Polyuria

Quadri- Four Quadriceps

Semi- Half Semilunar valves

Tachy- Fast Tachycardia

Tetra- Four Tetralogy of Fallot

Tri- Three Triceps

Uni- One Unicellular

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 Suffixes
Suffixes are word parts that are located at the end of words. Suffixes can alter the meaning of medical terms. It is important to spell
and pronounce suffixes correctly.

Suffixes in medical terms are common to English language suffixes. Suffixes are not always explicitly stated in the definition of a
word. It is common that suffixes will not be explicitly stated when defining a medical term in the workplace. However, when
transcribing or reading medical reports the suffix is always clearly written. In order to properly spell and pronounce medical terms, it
is helpful to learn the suffixes.

Common Suffixes

EXAMPLE OF USE IN MEDICAL

SUFFIX MEANING
TERMS

-ac Pertaining to Cardiac

-blast, -blasto, -blastic Bud; Germ Myeloblast

-cyte, -cytic Cell Thrombocyte

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-dynia Pain; Swelling Thoracodynia

-eal, -ial Pertaining to Esophageal

-ectasis Expansion; Dilation Atelectasis

-emia Blood condition Anemia

-ia Condition Hemophilia

-iasis Condition; Formation of Psoriasis

-ism Condition Hypothyroidism

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-ites, -itis Inflammation Arthritis

-ity Pertaining to Immunity

-ium Structure or tissue Epithelium

-lysis, -lytic Break down; Destruction; Dissolving Osteolytic

-malacia Softening Osteomalacia

-megaly Enlargement Acromegaly

-oid Resembling Arachnoid trabeculae

-oma Tumor Angiosarcoma

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-osis Condition; Usually abnormal Endometriosis

-ous Pertaining to Aqueous

-pathy Disease Lymphadenopathy

-penia Deficiency; Lack of Thrombocytopenia

-phagia, -phagy Eating; Swallowing Dysphagia

-phasia Speech Aphasia

-plasia, -plastic Growth Hyperplasia

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-plegia Paralysis Hemiplegia

-pnea Breathing Sleep apnea

-poiesis Production Hemopoiesis

-ptosis Falling; Drooping Apoptosis

-rrhage, -rrhagic Bleeding Hemorrhage

-rrhea Flow or discharge Diarrhea

-sclerosis Hardening Arteriosclerosis

-sis Condition Agranulocytosis

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-stasis Level; Unchanging Homeostasis

-trophy Growth Hypertrophy

-uria In the urine Anuria

Procedure Suffixes

EXAMPLE OF USE IN MEDICAL

SUFFIX MEANING
TERMS

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-centesis Surgical puncture to remove fluid Thoracentesis

-desis Surgical binding Pleurodesis

-ectomy Cut out; Removal Mastectomy

-gram Record; Picture Electrocardiogram

Instrument used to create a record or

-graph Electrocardiograph
picture

-graphy To record or take a picture Echocardiography

-meter Device used for measuring Sphygmomanometer

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-opsy Visual examination Biopsy

-ostomy Opening Colostomy

-otomy Incision Laparotomy

-pexy Surgical fixation Oophoropexy

-plasty Surgical reconstruction Vertebroplasty

-scope For examining Endoscope

-scopy Examine Endoscopy

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