FORCES

NEWTON’s 2nd LAW of MOTION

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GRAVITATIONAL FORCE (w / Fg)
Gravitational force (w/Fg) – The force due to gravity,
thus the weight of the object. (Fg = mg)

This force is:

• always present
• always downward w/Fg w/Fg
 NORMAL FORCE (FN /N)
• NORMAL FORCE (FN /N) - the force or the component of a force
which a surface exerts on an object with which it is in contact, and
which is perpendicular to the surface.
This force is:
always present
- except when the object is hanging from a string FN / N
(thus not touching a surface)
90°
 FRICTIONAL FORCE (f / Ff)
Frictional force, f, is the force that opposes the motion of an
object and which acts parallel to the surface.
This force is:
• always in the opposite direction of motion
• always parallel to the surface

Ff / f

Ff / f Motion
 APPLIED FORCE (Fapp)
Applied force (Fapp) is a force that is applied to an object by a person or
another object or motor(engine). If a person is pushing a desk across
the room, then there is an applied force acting upon the object.

FAPP

FAPP
 TENSION (T / FT)
TENTION (T / FT) – The tension force is the force that is transmitted
through a string, rope, cable or wire when it is pulled tight by forces
acting from opposite ends. The tension force is directed along the
length of the wire and pulls equally on the objects on the opposite
ends of the wire.
T of block 1 = T of block 2
This can also be an applied force (Fapp)
– pulling force FT / T
Block M1 Block M2

FT / T FAPP FT / T FT / T FT / T

T of block 1 = T of block 2
Force diagrams
 FREE BODY DIAGRAM
• Draw free-body diagrams. (This is a diagram that shows the relative
magnitudes and directions of forces acting on a body/particle that
has been isolated from its surroundings)
 Force & Free body diagrams
Properties
• arrow heads must point away from
centre
• All forces must be labelled
• Forces must be in proportion
• All forces must start from the same
place (dot)
Draw a force diagram and a free body
diagram
Draw free-body diagrams for each of the following
situations (indicate the direction of motion with an
arrow)
Draw a free-body diagram of
1) the book resting on a table

2) a man pushing a crate across the floor. (no friction)

3) A boy pulling a box across the floor at an angle (there is friction).

Draw free-body diagrams for each of the
following situations
Draw a free-body diagram of
4) a man pushing a measuring meter (with friction)

5) A girl pulling two blocks (with friction).

Draw a free body diagram for each block

6) Two blocks hanging over a frictionless pulley.

Draw a free body diagram for each block
NEWTON’S 2nd LAW
Forces in the direction of motion (acceleration)
Fnet = ma Fy app
Fxapp + f = ma Fx app
Fnet = ma Motion
Motion Motion

Motion

Fnet = ma
Fapp + f = ma Fnet = ma
F2 + F1 + f = ma Fnet = ma
Fg + T = ma
 Fnet
The resultant force ( Fnet) is zero when:
• there is no acceleration (constant velocity)
• The object is standing still

Fnet = ma (a = 0)
= m(0)
=0N
Forces in the direction of motion (acceleration)
if NO ACCELERATION a = 0 Fnet = ma a = 0
Fxapp + f = 0 Fy app
Fxapp = f Fx app
Fnet = ma = 0 Motion
Motion
Motion

Motion

Fnet = ma a = 0 Fnet = ma a = 0
Fapp + f = 0 F2 + F 1 + f = 0 Fnet = ma a = 0
Fapp = f F2 = F1 + f Fg + T = 0
Fg = T
 Example 1
• Two boys pull a 20 kg crate with a force of 400 N and 200 N
respectively on a frictionless surface. Calculate the
acceleration of the the crate. 1) Draw a free body diagram
2) Find the forces in the direction
of motion.
3) Write down the formula for
NEWTON’s 2nd Law
20 kg
4) Write down an expression
in terms of Fnet
5) Substitute
6) Calculate
Example 2
• A man pushes a 10 kg block with a force of 5 N. The block
experience a frictional force of 3 N. Calculate the
acceleration of the block. 1) Draw a free body diagram
2) Find the forces in the direction
10 kg
of motion.
3) Write down the formula for
NEWTON’s 2nd Law
4) Write down an expression
in terms of Fnet
5) Substitute
6) Calculate
Example 3 (at an angle)
A box with a mass of 15 kg is pulled with a 400 N force across a room
at an angle of 14°. The frictional force experience by the crate is 85 N.
1) Calculate the acceleration of the crate.
1) Draw a free body diagram
2) Find the forces in the direction
of motion.
3) Write down the formula for
NEWTON’s 2nd Law
4) Write down an expression
in terms of Fnet
5) Substitute
6) Calculate
 Example 4 (at an angle)
Ryan pushes a roller with a mass of 200 kg across a rough horizontal
road with a force of 480 N. The force makes an angle of 37° with the
horizontal. What is the magnitude of the frictional force between the
roller and the road if Ryan pushes the roller with:
1) A constant velocity?
2) A constant acceleration of 0,9 m.s-2?
Example 5 (Two-block system)
Two blocks with masses 3 kg and 7 kg respectively are attached by a light-
weight rope. They are at rest on a long horizontal frictionless surface. The
blocks are accelerating by a constant force of 15 N exerted on the 3 kg block.
1) Calculate the acceleration of the two blocks.
2) Calculate the tension, T, in the rope between the two blocks.
Example 6 (Two-block system)
Two masses are connected with a cable or rope (with negligible mass)
over a frictionless pulley. Two blocks, one with a mass of 2 kg and the
other with a mass of 4 kg hang on a thin, light-weight rope.
1) Calculate the acceleration of each block.
2) Calculate the tension in the rope.
Example 7
A block with mass 5 kg pulls a trolley, with mass 3 kg over a frictionless
surface.
Calculate the acceleration of the trolley.
FRICTIONAL FORCE
• Define static frictional force, fs, as the force that opposes the
tendency of motion of a stationary object relative to a surface.
fs = 𝜇s FN
FRICTIONAL FORCE
Define kinetic frictional force, fk, as the force that opposes the
motion of a moving object relative to a surface.
fk = 𝜇k FN
Calculate friction
What determines 𝜇s and 𝜇k?
FRICTIONAL FORCE
STATIC FRICTION
KINETIC FRICTION
 CALCULATING NORMAL FORCE (N)

FN = Fg
Fg = mg
= (2) (9,8)
= 19,6 N

FN = Fg = 19,6 N
Calculate the normal force (N)
Calculating frictional force
A boy pulls a 60 kg box at an 28° angle with 300 N.
Calculate the frictional force experienced if the
coefficient of friction is 0,14.
 Calculating frictional force
A man pushes a 5 kg measuring meter with a force of 480 N at an angle
of 37°. Calculate the frictional force is the coefficient of friction is 0,19.
Newton’s 2nd Law – Example 1
A man pushes a 23 kg crate across the floor (to the right) with 430 N. The
crate experience a frictional force.
1) Calculate the force due to friction if the coefficient of friction is 0,12.
2 ) Calculate the acceleration of the crate.
 Newton’s 2nd Law – Example 2
A delivery company delivered a 50 kg crate full of exercising equipment
in your drive way. You find that the force that is necessary to pull the
crate in the direction of you garage (just before it starts moving) is
230N. A force of 200 N is needed for the crate to ‘break loose’ and start
moving and to continue at a constant velocity.
1) Calculate the coefficient of static friction
2) Calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction
Newton’s 2nd Law – Example 3
A block M with a mass of 9 kg is pulled across the floor with a force F of
120 N at a constant velocity. The block is pulled at an angle of 20°.
1) Calculate the horizontal and vertical components of force F. 120 N
2) Calculate the friction coefficient for the floor and the block.
 Newton’s 2nd Law – Example 4
A 15 kg cement block is pulled across the floor with a force of 100 N
that makes an angle of 14° with the horizontal. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between the block and the floor is 0,4.

1) Calculate the acceleration of the block.

Newton’s 2nd Law – Example 5
Jackson pushes a crate with a mass of 50 kg across the floor with the
help of a rod that is attached to the crate and which makes an angle of
40° with the horizontal. He exerts a force of 300 N on the rod. The
coefficient of friction between the floor and the crate is 0,2.

1) Calculate the acceleration of the crate.

Newton’s 2nd Law – Example 6
Two blocks M and m is attached to each other by a thin rope.
The mass of block M is 8 kg and the mass of block m is 6 kg.
The coefficient of friction between block M and the surface is 0,13.
1) Find the frictional force as experience by block M.
2) Calculate the acceleration of the two blocks.
3) Find the tension in the rope.
Newton’s 2nd Law – Example 7
Two wooden blocks A , 3 kg and B, 7 kg are pulled to the right by a
force of 15 N. The coefficient of friction between the blocks and the
floor is 0,02.
1) Find the frictional force experience by each block.
2) Find the acceleration of the two blocks
3) Find the tension in the rope.
 FORCES ON INCLINED PLANE
Draw a force diagram for a stationary object on a inclined plane.
Calculating N Object tend to
Fg// = mgsin𝜃 f move downward

Fg = mgcos𝜃 Fg//

Fg
Fg
Fnet= ma
Fg // + f = ma
mgsinθ − usFN = ma
 FORCES ON INCLINED PLANE
CALCULATING FRICTION.
Calculating N
Fg = mgcos𝜃

N = mgcos𝜽
fs = 𝜇s FN Fg
= 𝜇 s (mgcos𝜃)
 FORCES ON INCLINED PLANE
During their winter holiday three boys sled down a
slope. The slope makes an angle of 20° with the
horisontal. If the mass of the boys and the sled is
200 kg. Ignore friction. Calculate:
1) The magnitude of the net force experience by the
boys.
2) The acceleration of the boys.
 FORCES ON INCLINED PLANE
A person is skiing down a snow covered slope
That makes an angle of 25° with the horisontal.
The total mass of the skier and the ski’s is 50 kg.
Ignore friction.
1) Draw a free-body diagram that indicates all the forces exerted on
the skier.
2) Calculate the magnitude of the net force that is experienced by the
skier
3) Calculate the acceleration of the skier.
 FORCES ON INCLINED PLANE
A person is skiing down a snow covered slope
that makes an angle of 25° with the horisontal.
The total mass of the skier and the ski’s is 50 kg.
Ignore friction.
1) Draw a free-body diagram that indicates all the forces exerted on
the skier.
2) Calculate the magnitude of the net force that is experienced by the
skier
3) Calculate the acceleration of the skier.
 FORCES ON INCLINED PLANE
A wooden block with a mass of 800 g is placed on a
wooden plank. The plank is raised slowly until it makes
a slope of 25° with the horisontal. If the coefficient of
static friction for wood on wood is 0,5, determine
Whether the block will remain at rest or slide down.
 FORCES ON INCLINED PLANE
A wooden block with a mass of 1,2 kg is placed on a wooden plank. The plank
is raised slowly until it makes an angle of 32o with the horizontal as shown in
the sketch. The block does not move.
7.1 Draw a labelled force-diagram to indicate all the forces acting on the
block.
7.2 Calculate the magnitude of the friction force on the block.
7.3 Calculate the magnitude of the static friction coefficient of the block.
 FORCES ON INCLINED PLANE
A force of 1400 N is applied to a crate of mass 130 kg. The crate moves
up an incline that makes an angle of 27o with the horizontal as shown
in the diagram below. The crate is moving at constant velocity. Friction
cannot be ignored.
1) Give the resultant force acting on the crate as it moves up the
incline.
2) Calculate the components of the gravitational force that is
perpendicular and parallel to the slope.
3) Calculate the kinetic frictional coefficient for the crate.
 FORCES ON INCLINED PLANE
The pulley shown below is weightless and frictionless.
The block of mass m1 is on the plane, inclined at an angle of 300 with
the horizontal.
The block of mass m2 is connected to m1 by a string.
a) Assuming there is no friction, show a formula for the acceleration of
the system in terms of m1, m2, and g.
b) Assume that the coefficient of kinetic friction between m1 and the
plane is 0.2, m1 = 2 kg, m2 = 2.5 kg
Calculate the acceleration of m1 and m2.
 FORCES ON INCLINED PLANE
A block of 5 kg is pulled by a force 10 N making an angle 30° with the
incline of angle 45°. The coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.53.
1) Determine the force of friction experience by the block
2) Determine the acceleration of the block
 FORCES ON INCLINED PLANE
Two crates, 30 kg and 50 kg respectively, are connected with a thick
rope according to the diagram. The coefficient of kinetic friction for
both blocks is 0,2. The block makes an angle of 20° with the horisontal.
Calculate:
1) The magnitude of the frictional force experience by each
block
2) The acceleration of the blocks
3) The tension in the rope

20°
 NEWTON’S FIRST LAW
Newton’s first Law-
A body will remain in its state of rest or motion at constant velocity
unless a non-zero resultant/net force acts on it. (Gr.12 guideline)

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 NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
Newton’s third law -
When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body
exerts a force of equal magnitude in the opposite direction on the first
body. (Gr.12 Guidelines)
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