VERBS
VERBS
VERBS
(1) Retain the consonant and U/TSU/RU→TTA (1) Take the present negative, and
Dictionary form change the vowel U to A+NAI MU/BU/NU→NDA replace NAI with NAKATTA
I. U-VERBS (U) (2) Verbs ending in U; KU→ITA (2) Verbs ending in U;
Change U to WA+NAI GU→IDA Change U to WA+NAKATTA
(3) *ARU = NAI *IRU = INAI SU→SHITA (3) *ARU = NAKATTA *IRU = INAKATTA
ARU/IRU
II. RU-VERBS (ERU/IRU) Dictionary form Remove RU+NAI Remove RU+TA Remove RU+NAKATTA
SHITA/KITA SHINAKATTA/KONAKATTA
III. IRREGULAR VERBS SURU/KURU SHINAI/KONAI
*IKU = ITTA *IKU = IKANAKATTA
~STEM FORM に ~TE FORM + IMASU (IRU-Casual) (~ING)
(V1TE, V2TE, V3MASU) ~TE ITE (When verb is within the
~TE FORM (~TE KUDASAI) ~NAI DE KUDASAI
+IKIMASU/KIMASU/
(LINKING 2/MORE VERBS IN 1 KAERIMASU sentence)
(~TE WA IKEMASEN/KA) (Opposite of TE KUDASAI)
SENTENCE) (~TE MO II DESU/KA) (~ING), (State that happened in the past),
(Verb1 に Directional V) (One’s job)
U/TSU/RU→TTE (1) Retain the consonant and Polite present + form then TORU (TOTTE IMASU)-TOTTE IRU
MU/BU/NU→NDE change the vowel U to A+NAI DE remove MASU YOMU (YONDE IMASU)-YONDE IRU
I. U-VERBS (U) KU→ITE (2) Verbs ending in U; KAU-KAIMASU→KAI HAKU (HAITE IMASU)-HAITE IRU
GU→IDE Change U to WA+NAI DE AU-AIMASU→AI ISOGU (ISOIDE IMASU)-ISOIDE IRU
SU→SHITE (3) *ARU = NAI *IRU = INAI DE TORU-TORIMASU→TORI HANASU (HANASHITE IMASU)-ISOIDE IRU
II. RU-VERBS (ERU/IRU) RU→TE Remove RU+NAI DE TABEMASU→TABE (TABETE IMASU)-TABETE IRU
SURU→SHITE BENKYOUSHITE(SURU) IMASU-IRU
III. IRREGULAR (SURU/KURU) SHINAI DE/KONAI DE SU→SHI, KU→KI
MOTTEKITE(KURU) IMASU-IRU
KURU→KITE
PRESENT + PRESENT ― PAST + PAST ―
(is/are) (is/are not) (was/were) (was not/were not)
ADJECTIVES
~DESU ~KUNAI/JANAI DESU ~KATTA DESU/~DESHITA ~KUNAKATTA/JANAKATTA DESU
POLITE; LONG FORM
(Plain form) (Remove I) (Remove I) (Remove I)
I-ADJECTIVES
+ DESU + KUNAI DESU + KATTA DESU + KUNA KATTA DESU
II (Remove ii) + YO (Remove ii) + YO (Remove ii) +
II-ADJECTIVES
DESU KUNAI DESU KATTA DESU YOKUNAKATTA DESU
(Remove NA) (Remove NA) (Remove NA) (Remove NA)
NA-ADJECTIVES
+ DESU + JANAI DESU + DESHITA + JANAKATTA DESU
ADJECTIVES ~KUNAKATTA/~YOKUNAKATTA/
~PLAIN/~PLAIN/~DA ~KUNAI/~YOKUNAI/~JANAI ~KATTA/~YOKATTA/~DATTA
CASUAL; SHORT FORM ~JANAKATTA
(is) (is not) (was)
(Without DESU) (was not)
~TE MO II DESU/KA?
Giving and asking
SURU → SHITE permission…
III. IRREGULAR
KURU → KITE
+ MADA ~TE IMASEN…
Not yet done the verb…
Q: A to B to DOCHIRA/DOCCHI NOHOUGA
(Adjective) DESUKA?
When asking questions…
A: … TO OMOIMASU.
LESSON 10
Q: [Class of items / A to B to C] NONAKADE (Dare
/ Doko / Dore / Nani) ga ICHIBAN (Adjective)
Comparison between three items… DESUKA?
Person に と
Person に Place に を・で・に Person を
Person を TO
AU RYUUGAKU SURU HANASU SHOUKAI SURU MATSU WAKAKERU
KIKU (To ask) KEKKON SURU
VERBS TO REMEMBER…
U KAERU To return; to go back KAERANAI
U IRU To need IRANAI
U HAIRU To enter HAIRANAI
U-VERBS
U SHIRU To get to know SHIRANAI
U KIRU To cut KIRANAI
U ARU There is… NAI NAKATTA
IRREGULAR I KURU To come KONAI
RU KIRU To put on clothes above your waist KINAI
RU-VERBS
RU IRU A person stays in… INAI INAKATTA
KIKU To ask
U
KIKU To listen
U KIRU To cut
RU KIRU To put on clothes above your waist
Same spelling
U IRU To need
RU IRU A person is in… ITE
KAU To buy
U
KAU To own a pet
TE FORM TA FORM
U IU To say ITTE 言って ITTA
U IKU To go ITTE 行って ITTA
U IRU To need ITTE 要って ITTA
Same TE & TA
KAU To buy KATTE 買って KATTA
form U
KAU To own a pet KATTE 飼って KATTA
U AU To meet; to see a person ATTE 会って ATTA
U ARU There is… ATTE ATTA
I KURU To come KITE 来て KITA
Different RU KIRU To put on clothes above your waist KITE 着て KITA
intonations U KIRU To cut KITTE 切って KITTA
U KIKU To listen/To ask KIITE 聞いて KIITA