CE-412: Introduction to Structural Dynamics

and Earthquake Engineering

MODULE 5

RESPONSE OF LINEAR ELASTIC S.D.O.F SYSTEMS

TO EARTHQUAKE EXCITATIONS

1
“If a civil engineer is to acquire fruitful experience in a brief span of time,
expose him to the concepts of earthquake engineering, no matter if he is
later not to work in earthquake country.”

Nathan M. Newmark and Emilio Rosenblueth

2
 Seismic Response of Linear Elastic SDOF systems
In this lecture, we will study the seismic response of linear SDOF systems subjected
to earthquake excitations.
By definition, all linear systems are elastic systems. They are also referred to as
linearly elastic systems in these lectures to emphasize both properties.
Permanent deformation due to damages
as a result of energy dissipation
Linear elastic system Elastic-perfectly plastic
fs system (Elasto plastic system)
fs

Area enclosed by the curve =

Energy dissipated by system

u u
No energy is dissipated by system and system returns Energy is dissipated by system when system is stressed
to its original position on deloading without permanent beyond elastic range. System returns to its original
deformation position on deloading but with permanent deformation 3
 Strong motion record
Earthquake shaking capable of causing damage to structures is called Strong Ground Motion*

1 2 3 4 5

Typical strong motion record video 1

* There is no specific PGA to designate an earthquake as strong ground motion earthquake. Usually, an
earthquake with PGA≈0.05g is considered strong ground motion 4
 Strong ground motions Accelerograms

g
u

Figure : Earthquake ground acceleration in

epicentral regions (all accelerograms are plotted to
the same scale for time and acceleration). Great
earthquakes extend for much longer periods of time

5 5
 Accelerogram used in lectures

g
Ground acceleration, u

Ground velocity, u g

Ground displacement, u g

N-S component of horizontal ground acceleration recoded at El Centro, California

during the Imperial Valley earthquake of 1940 6
 Equation of motion for SDOF system subjected to EQ excitations

𝑚𝑢ሷ + 𝑐 𝑢ሶ + 𝑘𝑢 = −𝑚𝑢ሷ 𝑔 (𝑡)

𝑐 𝑘
⇒ 𝑢ሷ + 𝑢ሶ + 𝑢 = −𝑢ሷ 𝑔 (𝑡)
𝑚 𝑚

Since 𝑐 = 𝜁𝑐𝑐𝑟 = 𝜁 2𝑚𝜔𝑛 & 𝜔𝑛 = 𝑘/𝑚

2𝜁𝑚𝑢𝜔
ሶ 𝑛
⇒ 𝑢ሷ + + 𝜔𝑛 2 𝑢 = −𝑢ሷ 𝑔 (𝑡)
𝑚
⇒ 𝑢ሷ + 2𝜁𝜔𝑛 𝑢ሶ + 𝜔𝑛 2 𝑢 = −𝑢ሷ 𝑔 (𝑡)
The time variation of ground displacement, from the given time variation of ground acceleration, can be
determined by using any appropriate time stepping numerical method.

Closer the time interval, more accurate will be solution. Typically, the time interval is chosen to be 1/100 to 1/50
of a second, requiring 1500 to 3000 ordinates to describe the round motion of above given El- Centro ,1940, ground
acceleration record having a duration of 30 sec. 7
 Response quantities

Response is the structural system reaction to a demand coming from ground

acceleration record

Thus a response quantity may be structural displacement, velocity, acceleration,

internal shear, bending moment, axial force etc.

8
 Response quantities
One of the important response quantity is total lateral displacement in the mass at the top end
of structural system, 𝑢𝑜 𝑡, required to provide enough separation between adjacent buildings to
prevent their pounding against each other during an earthquake

seismic gap between adjacent buildings

should not be less than 4% (FEMA 273)

𝑡
Sometime, calculating the total acceleration, 𝑢ሷ 𝑜 , in the mass due to base excitations would be
needed if the structure is supporting sensitive equipment. 𝑢ሷ 𝑜 𝑡 can be reduced by using a proper
vibration isolation technique discussed in Module 4 9
 Response History
Response history is a graph between
Acceleration Response history
structural response to ground acceleration
history (Accelerogram) and time
If the response quantity of interest is
Velocity Response history
displacement, u , the Response History is called
Displacement or deformation response history

Disp. Response history

Ground acceleration history

(a)
(b)
Response histories of building recorded at roof level (Figure a) to ground motion recorded (Figure b) at the
Holiday Inn building’s ground level (during the M6.4 1971 San Fernando EQ) 10
 Displacement Response, u, due to ground acceleration, 𝑢ሷ 𝑔

𝑢, in
𝑢, in
Relative displacement, u, at the
mass level of the SDOF system Relative displacement, u, at mass level

𝑢 = 𝑢𝑡 − 𝑢𝑔
𝑢 = 𝑢𝑡 − 𝑢𝑔 m

k c
𝑢ሷ 𝑔
Base 𝑇𝑛 = 0.5𝑠𝑒𝑐, 𝜁 = 2%

𝑇𝑛 = 0.5𝑠𝑒𝑐, 𝜁 = 2%
𝑢ሷ 𝑔
𝑢ሷ 𝑔 , g
𝑢ሷ 𝑔𝑜 = 0.319𝑔 𝑢ሷ 𝑔 , g
El Centro,1940, ground acceleration applied 𝑢ሷ 𝑔𝑜 = 0.319𝑔
at the base of SDOF system 11
 Dynamic Amplification
Ratio of the Response of the structure in the mass at roof level to the motion of
the ground itself is known as Dynamic Amplification (DA). Note that the definitions of DA and
Transmissibility is same except eqn to determine TR for harmonic base excitation can not be used for EQ
excitations
DA ≈ 350/225=1.56

DA ≈ 65/30=2.17

DA ≈ 25/15=2.17

Holiday Inn ground and building roof motion during the M6.4 1971 San Fernando earthquake: (a) north-south
ground acceleration, velocity, and displacement and (b) north-south roof acceleration, velocity, and displacement. 12
Influence of Tn and ζ on Peak displacement, uo , in a linear elastic
SDOF system
𝑢ሷ + 2𝜁𝜔𝑛 𝑢ሶ + 𝜔𝑛 2 𝑢 = −𝑢ሷ 𝑔 (𝑡)
The above given equation indicates that Structural displacement, u, depends upon Tn and ζ
Thus any two systems having the same values of Tn and ζ will have the same deformation
response u(t) even though one system may be more massive than the other or one may be
stiffer than the other
m1 m2= 8m1 𝑘2 = 3𝐸𝐼/ℎ23 = 3𝐸𝐼/ ℎ1 /2 3

𝐸𝐼
𝑘2 = 24 = 8𝑘1
𝑘1 = 3𝐸𝐼/ℎ13 ℎ1 3

h1 𝑚2 8𝑚1
h2=h1/2 𝑇𝑛2 = 2𝜋 ൗ𝑘 = 2𝜋
𝑚1 2 8𝑘1
𝑇𝑛1 = 2𝜋 ൗ𝑘
1
𝑚1
EI= Constt 𝑇𝑛2 = 2𝜋 ൗ𝑘 = 𝑇𝑛1
1
13
 Effect of Tn on Deformation Response history

𝑢ሷ 𝑔 , 𝑔

𝑢ሷ 𝑔𝑜 = 0.319𝑔

El Centro ground acceleration

In general, peak value of displacement at

mass level of a SDOF increases with the
increase in the time period of the system.

Response of SDOF systems with different

values of Tn to El Centro ground acceleration
14
 Effect of ζ on Deformation Response history

ug , g

go = 0.319g
u

El Centro ground acceleration

In general, peak value of displacement at the mass level in a

SDOF increases with the decrease in the damping ratio of the
system
Response of SDOF systems with different values of ζ
to El Centro ground acceleration

15
 Approximate Fundamental Natural Time Periods (ASCE 7-05)

Where h is the height of building in ft.

Because the empirical period formula is based on measured response of buildings, it should not be
used to estimate the period for other types of structure (bridges, dams, towers).
16
 SDOF or MDOF system ?

3 story shear frame, SDOF system, Tn= 0.3 s

How to treat a 3 story MDOF
(MDOF system) , Tn= 0.3 s
frame as a SDOF system ??
Response or Design spectra (to be discussed in coming slides) deal only with SDOF systems. How
to deal with above mentioned (seemingly) contradictory statement ?
To keep the discussion simple at this stage, it is reasonable to state that a 3-story shear building
have 3 natural time periods but we consider only fundamental natural time period (Tn=0.3 sec) to
determine the response quantities.
Later (in Module 8) we will discuss how all 3 Natural time periods and associated vibration
modes are considered to find the total response of a 3 story building 17
 Response Spectrum Concept

The concept of response spectrum was introduced by M.A. Biot in his Doctoral thesis in
1932 to characterize the effects of earthquakes on structures.
G.W. Housner popularized its use in earthquake engineering.
The importance of the concept is the fact that, for design purposes, we are only interested
in the maximum values of a structure’s response to an earthquake.
A plot of the peak values of a Response quantity as a function of the natural vibration
period Tn of the system, or a related parameter such as circular frequency ωn or cyclic
frequency fn , is called the Response Spectrum for that quantity.

18
 Deformation Response Spectrum
The deformation response spectrum is a plot of uo against Tn for fixed ζ.

A similar plot for 𝑢ሶ 𝑜 is the relative velocity response spectrum and for 𝑢ሷ 𝑜 𝑡 is the total
acceleration response spectrum.

Figure on next slide summarizes the procedure to develop the deformation response
spectrum. The spectrum is developed for 2% damped SDOF systems when subjected to El
Centro ground motions as shown in part (a) of the figure.

19
Deformation Response spectrum

(a) El-centro ground acceleration; (b) Deformation response of three SDOF systems
with ζ=2% and Tn=0.5,1, and 2 sec; (c) Deformation response spectrum for ζ=2%

20
 Deformation Response Spectrum
Note that the displacement is nearly zero when
Tn is near zero. This is expected because the
relative displacement, u=ut-ug, of a very stiff
structure (with Tn near zero) should be very small
(as u ∝ 1/k)

𝑢𝑜𝑡 = 𝑢𝑔𝑜 + 𝑢𝑜

𝑢𝑜 = 0
Deformation Response spectra (ζ = 0.02) for
⇒𝑢𝑜𝑡 = 𝑢𝑔𝑜 El Centro ground

The displacement then generally increases with Tn, although this trend is not consistent.
21
 Pseudo-Velocity Response Spectrum
Consider a quantity V for an SDOF system with natural circular frequency ωn related to
its peak deformation D ≡ uo due to earthquake ground motion: 𝜔 𝐷 = 𝑉 = 2𝜋 𝐷
𝑛
𝑇𝑛
The quantity V has the unit of velocity and is called relative pseudo- velocity or simply
pseudo-velocity. The prefix pseudo is used because V is not equal to the peak velocity, 𝑢ሶ 𝑜
, although it has the correct units.
2𝜋
𝑉=𝐷
𝑇𝑛
𝐷 ≡ 𝑢𝑜 𝑉 = 2𝜋ൗ𝑇 𝐷
𝑛
Tn D-in. V=D*2π/Tn

0.5 2.67 33.6

1.0 5.97 37.5

2.0 7.47 23.5 22

 Pseudo-Velocity Response Spectrum

If desired, an elastic (relative) velocity, 𝑢ሶ 𝑜 , response spectrum could be obtained in the same
way as the displacement spectrum. The only difference in the procedure would be that the peak
velocity computed at each period would be recorded and plotted and thus require more
computational effort.

23
 Pseudo-Acceleration Response Spectrum
The pseudo acceleration spectrum is obtained from the displacement spectrum by multiplying by
2
the circular frequencies squared. 2𝜋
𝜔𝑛 2 𝐷 = 𝐴 = 𝐷
𝑇𝑛
𝐷 ≡ 𝑢𝑜 2
Tn D-in. A=D*(2π/Tn)2 𝐴 = 2𝜋ൗ𝑇 𝐷
𝑛

0.5 2.67 1.09g

1.0 5.97 0.61g

2.0 7.47 0.191g

Note that the acceleration at a near zero period is not near zero (as was the case for velocity and
displacement). In fact, the pseudo acceleration represents the total acceleration in the system while
the pseudo velocity and the displacement are relative quantities.
24
 Pseudo-Acceleration Response Spectrum
The pseudo acceleration response spectrum represents the total acceleration of the
system, not the relative acceleration (?).
For very rigid systems (with near zero periods of vibration), the relative acceleration
will be nearly zero (slide 21)and, hence, the pseudo acceleration, which is the total
acceleration, will be equal to the peak ground acceleration.

At Tn=0, PGA, 𝑢ሷ 𝑔𝑜 = A

25
 A caution about Pseudo responses

Please note the following comments regarding pseudo commodities:

1. uo is same as D by definition.

2. Whereas 𝑢ሶ 𝑜 is not taken as V, which by definition = ωnD

𝑡
3. Similarly, 𝑢ሷ 𝑜 is not taken as A which by definition= ωn2D

26
 Difference Between Pseudo-Acceleration , A, and
Total Acceleration, 𝑢ሷ 𝑡 𝑜

ζ=0.05
The difference in the two quantities is
only apparent at low periods.
The difference can be much greater
when the damping is set to 10%, 20%,
or 30% of critical

Total acceleration and pseudo acceleration for a 5%

damped system subject to the El Centro ground motion.
27
 Difference Between Pseudo-Velocity , V, and
Relative Velocity, 𝑢ሶ 𝑡 𝑜

The differences are much more apparent ζ=0.05

than for pseudo acceleration, and the larger
differences occur at the higher periods.
The differences will be greater for systems
with larger amounts of damping

Relative velocity and pseudo velocity for a 5% damped

system subject to the El Centro ground motion. 28
Displacement Response Spectra for Different Damping values

Higher the damping, the lower the

relative displacement.
At a period of 2 sec, for example, going
from zero to 5% damping reduces the
displacement amplitude by a factor of two.
The % reduction in displacement by
going from 5 to 10% damping is much less
that that for 0 to 5% damping.
Deformation response spectra for 1940 El-
centro earthquake for different values of ζ

29
Pseudo Acceleration Response Spectra for Different Damping Values
Damping has a similar effect on pseudo acceleration. Note, however, that the pseudo
acceleration at a (near) zero period is the same for all damping values. This value is always
equal to the peak ground acceleration, for the ground motion in question.

Pseudo Acceleration response spectra for 1940 El-centro earthquake for different values of ζ 30
Four-Way Log Plot of Response Spectrum (Combined D-V-A spectrum)

The deformation, pseudo-velocity and pseduo-

acceleration spectra are plotted for a wide and
practical range of Tn and for a particular value of ζ .
The results over a wide range of Tn are
combined in a single diagram, called combined
D-V-A diagram.

Combined D-V-A response spectrum for El Centro

ground motion; ζ = 2%. Note the values of D,V and
A determined for a SDOF system with Tn=2 sec
31
 Combined D-V-A spectrum No significant changes (for any given damping
value) in the 1.5 sec period range.

≈ 1.5 sec
Combined D-V-A response spectrum for N-S component of El Centro ground motion; ζ = 0,5,10 and 20%
32
 Relation between Base shear and Pseudo acceleration
𝑓𝑠𝑜 = 𝑘. 𝑢𝑜
since 𝑘 = 𝜔𝑛 2 . 𝑚 ⇒ 𝑓𝑠𝑜 = 𝑘. 𝑢𝑜 = (𝜔𝑛 2 . 𝑚). 𝑢𝑜

⇒ 𝑓𝑠𝑜 = 𝑚. (𝜔𝑛 2 . 𝑢𝑜 ) = 𝑚. (𝜔𝑛 2 . 𝐷)

⇒ 𝑓𝑠𝑜 = 𝑚. 𝐴
Base shear, Vb , is an estimate of the
෍ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑉𝑏𝑜 −𝑓𝑠𝑜 = 0 maximum expected lateral force on the
base of the structure due to seismic activity
𝑉𝑏𝑜 = 𝑚. 𝐴
𝑊 𝐴
𝑉𝑏𝑜 = .𝐴 = .𝑊
𝑔 𝑔

Where W is the weight of the structure and g is the gravitational acceleration. When written in this form,
A/g may be interpreted as the Base shear coefficient or lateral force coefficient . It is used in building
codes to represent the coefficient by which the structural weight is multiplied to obtain the base shear
33
 Problem 5.1
Consider two water tanks , each supported on R.C cantilever hollow circular towers. Height of one
tower is 60 ft and weight of supported water tank= 10 k. Height of second tower is 30 ft with weight
of water tank is 80 k.
If E and I for both towers = 3000 ksi and I= 5*105 in4, Calculate:
The peak value of displacement response , base shear and bending moment for both systems using
EL-centro 1940 response spectra for ζ=0.05 and comment on the results.
Ignore self weight of tower and P-Δ effect

𝑊1 10 k s2 𝑊2 80 k s2
𝑚1 = = = 0.026 k. 𝑚2 = = 2
= 0.208 k.
𝑔 32.2 ∗ 12 in/s 2 in. 𝑔 32.2 ∗ 12 in/s in.

k k
3 3000 5 ∗ 105 in4 3 3000 2 5 ∗ 105 in4
3𝐸𝐼 in2 in
𝑘1 = 3 = = 12.1 k/in 𝑘2 = = 48.4 k/in
ℎ1 (60 ∗ 12 in)3 (30 ∗ 12 in)3
34
 𝑚1 0.026
𝑇𝑛1 =2𝜋 = 2𝜋 = 0.29 s
𝑘1 12.1

𝑚2 0.208
𝑇𝑛2 =2𝜋 = 2𝜋 = 0.29 s
𝑘2 48.4
𝑢𝑜 = 𝐷 = 0.67″
2𝜋 2 2𝜋 2 0.67
𝐴= 𝐷 = ft = 314.8 in/s2 0.67″
𝑇𝑛 0.29 12
0.29 s
𝑉𝑏𝑜 = 𝑘𝑢𝑜 = 𝑚𝐴
k
𝑉𝑏𝑜 for tank no. 1 = 12.1 ∗ 0.67 in = 8.1 k 𝑀𝑏𝑜 for tank no. 1 = 8.1 ∗ 60 = 486 ft. k
in
k 𝑀𝑏𝑜 for tank no. 1 = 32.2 ∗ 30 = 966 ft. k
𝑉𝑏𝑜 for tank no. 2 = 48.4 ∗ 0.67 in = 32.4 k
in

Conclusion: Since both water tank have same Tn ,therefore, they respond by same amount(i.e.,
same uo and A) when subjected to same EQ. However, tank having higher stiffness and mass
experience higher value of base shear 35
 Spectral regions in Response Spectrum

𝐴
≈ const. for 𝑇𝑛 < 𝑇𝑐
𝑢ሷ 𝑔𝑜

Therefore, region from Tn = 0 to Tc is

defined Acceleration sensitive region.
𝑉
𝑢ሶ 𝑔𝑜
Same logic apply in defining velocity sensitive
𝑉
and ≈ const displacement sensitive
𝑢ሶ 𝑔𝑜
𝐷
regions ≈ const
𝑢𝑔𝑜

36
 Design Spectrum
Response spectrum cannot be used for the design of new structures, or the seismic safety
evaluation of existing structures due to the following reasons:
Response spectrum for a ground motion recorded during the past is inappropriate for
future design or evaluation.
The response spectrum is not smooth and jagged, specially for lightly damped structures
and, therefore, for a given earthquake, small variations in structural frequency (period) can
produce significantly different results. .
The response spectrum for different ground motions recorded in the past at the same site
are not only jagged but the peaks and valley are not necessarily at the same periods. This
can be seen from the graph given on next slide where the response spectra for ground
motions recorded at the same site during past three earthquakes are plotted
37
 1956: 4.8

1940: 3.0

1968: 1.75

Tn = 0.4 sec

Figure: Response spectra for the N-S component of ground motions recorded at the imperial valley Irrigation
38ζ = 2%.
district substation, El Centro, California, during earthquakes of May 18,1940;Feb 9,1956;and April 8,1968;
 Design Spectrum

Due to the inappropriateness of response spectrum as stated on previous slide, the

majority of earthquake design spectra are obtained by averaging a set of response spectra
for ground motion recorded at the site the past earthquakes.

If nothing have been recoded at the site, the design spectrum should be based on
ground motions recorded at other sites under similar conditions such as magnitude of the
earthquake, the distance of the site from causative fault, the fault mechanism, the
geology of the travel path of seismic waves from the source to the site, and the local soil
conditions at the site.

39
 Design Spectrum

For practical applications, design spectra are presented as smooth curves or straight lines.
Smoothing is carried , using statistical analysis, out to eliminate the peaks and valleys in
the response spectra that are not desirable for design. For this purpose statistical analysis of
response spectra is carried out for the ensemble of ground motions.
Each ground motion, for statistical analysis is normalized (scaled up or down) so that all
ground motions have the same peak ground acceleration, say 𝑢ሷ 𝑔𝑜 ;other basis for
normalization can be chosen.

40
 Design Spectrum (Newmark-Hall)
Because real ground motion spectra are difficult to work with in a design office, a variety
of empirical spectra have been generated. One of the earliest of these empirical spectra was
developed by Nathan Newmark.
The Newmark spectrum is based on the following
observations:
1. The pseudo acceleration at very low periods is
exactly equal to the peak ground acceleration.
𝒖ሶ 𝒈𝒐
2. The relative displacement at very long periods is
exactly equal to the peak ground displacement. 𝒖𝒈𝒐
𝒖ሷ 𝒈𝒐
3. At intermediate periods, the displacement,
pseudo velocity, and pseudo acceleration are
equal to the ground values times some empirical
constant. 41
 Amplification factors (Newmark and Hall method)
Newmark developed a series of amplification factors to be used in the development of design
spectra. These are based on the average of dozens of spectra recorded on firm soil sites (rock, soft
rock, and competent sediments) for the western United States recorded ground motions.
Values are shown for the median and median plus one standard deviation.

42
 Construction of Design Spectrum (Newmark-Hall)
Newmark have developed procedures to construct such design spectra from ground motion
parameters. One such procedure is illustrated in given figure.

𝑢ሷ 𝑔𝑜, 𝑢ሶ 𝑔𝑜, 𝑢𝑔𝑜

𝛼𝑣 𝑢ሶ 𝑔𝑜
𝛼𝐴 𝑢ሷ 𝑔𝑜
Velocity 𝑢ሶ 𝑔𝑜
𝛼𝑉 𝑢ሶ 𝑔𝑜

𝛼𝐷 𝑢𝑔𝑜

The recommended period values Ta = 1/33 sec, Tb = 1/8 sec, Te = 10 sec, and Tf = 33 sec. 84.1 percentile
43
amplification factors relations for 𝛼𝐴 , 𝛼𝑉 & 𝛼𝐷 (from previous slide)are used to develop design spectrum
Construction of Design Spectrum for firm soil (Newmark-Hall)

Displacement and Pseudo-acceleration design spectra can be drawn from pseudo-velocity

design spectrum using the relations being already discussed and reproduced here for the
convenience:
𝑉 𝑇𝑛
𝐷= = 𝑉
𝜔𝑛 2𝜋
2𝜋
𝐴 = 𝑉𝜔𝑛 = 𝑉.
𝑇𝑛

The Pseudo-acceleration and displacement design spectra drawn by using above given
equation are drawn in Figures 6.9.5 and 6.9.6 on slides no. 45 and 47,respectively.

44
 Pseudo Acceleration Design Spectrum for firm soil
(Newmark-Hall)
Acceleration sensitive region

Velocity sensitive region

Displacement
sensitive region

2𝜋
𝐴 = 𝑉𝜔𝑛 = 𝑉
𝑇𝑛

45
Pseudo Acceleration Design Spectrum for various values of ζ
(Newmark-Hall)

Linear Scale
Log Scale
Pseudo- acceleration design spectrum (84.1 th percentile) drawn on log scale for ground
motions with u go = 1g , u go = 48 in/sec, and u go = 36 in. ; ζ = 1,2,5,10 and 20 %. 46
Construction of Design Spectrum (firm soil)

47 47
Combined Design Spectrum for various values of ζ

Pseudo- velocity design spectrum for ground motions with

𝑢ሷ 𝑔𝑜 = 1𝑔, 𝑢ሶ 𝑔𝑜 = 48 in/sec, and 𝑢𝑔𝑜 = 36 in. ; ζ = 1,2,5,10 and 20 %. 48
 Envelope Design spectrum
For some sites a design spectrum is the envelope of two different elastic design spectra as
shown below

Nearby fault producing

moderate EQ

Site

Far away fault

producing large EQ

49
 Problem 5.2

(a) A full water tank is supported on an 80-ft-high cantilever tower. It is idealized as an SDF system
with weight w = 100 kips, lateral stiffness k = 4 kips/in., and damping ratio ζ = 5%. The tower
supporting the tank is to be designed for ground motion characterized by the design spectrum of Fig.
6.9.5 scaled to 0.5g peak ground acceleration. Determine the design values of lateral deformation
and base shear.
(b) The deformation computed for the system in part (a) seemed excessive to the structural designer,
who decided to stiffen the tower by increasing its size. Determine the design values of deformation
and base shear for the modified system if its lateral stiffness is 8 kips/in.; assume that the damping
ratio is still 5%. Comment on how stiffening the system has affected the design requirements. What
is the disadvantage of stiffening the system?

50
 Solution: Problem 5.2 (a)
w = 100 kips, k = 4 kips/in., ζ = 5%.
⇒ 𝑇𝑛 = 2𝜋 𝑚ൗ𝑘 = 2𝜋 𝑊ൗ𝑔𝑘

(100 k)
= 2𝜋 ൘ in = 1.6 s
32.2 ∗ 12 2 ∗ 4 k/in
s
From Design spectra A=(1.8/Tn)g for PGA= 1g
or A=(1.8/Tn)*(0.5g) for PGA=0.5 g
1.6s

A=(1.8/1.6)*(0.5*386.4 in/s2) = 217.4 in/s2

2𝜋 2 𝑇𝑛 2
𝐴= 𝐷⇒ D = 𝑢𝑜 = 𝐴
𝑇𝑛 2𝜋
1.6 2 in
⇒ 𝑢𝑜 = 2𝜋 217.4
s2
= 14.1 in.
k
⇒ 𝑉𝑏𝑜 = 𝑘𝑢𝑜 = 4 in ∗ 14.1 in. = 56.4 𝑘 51
 Solution: Problem 5.2 (b)
w = 100 kips, k = 8 kips/in., ζ = 5%.

(100 k)
⇒ 𝑇𝑛 = 2𝜋 ൘ in = 1.13 s
32.2 ∗ 12 2 ∗ 8 k/in
s

A=(1.8/1.13)*(0.5*386.4 in/s2) = 307.8 in/s2

2𝜋 2 𝑇𝑛 2
𝐴= 𝐷⇒ D = 𝑢𝑜 = 𝐴
𝑇𝑛 2𝜋
1.13 2 in 1.13s
⇒ 𝑢𝑜 = 2𝜋 307.8 2
s
= 9.94 in.

k
⇒ 𝑉𝑏𝑜 = 𝑘𝑢𝑜 = 8
in
∗ 9.94 in. = 79.5 k

Conclusion: Increasing k though reduces displacement. However, Base shear also increase if the
resulting Tn is either in velocity or Displacement sensitive regions (spectral regions which cover
majority of structures).
52
 Design Spectra (Building code of Pakistan 2007)

T= natural time period, Ca and Cv= seismic zoning coefficients that depends on soil
type and Zoning factor, Z 53
 Seismic Zone factor (Building code of Pakistan 2007)
Building code of Pakistan has divided the country in four different seismic zones (1, 2A, 2B, 3, and 4).
The peak ground accelerations in “g” units are given in Table for different seismic zones.

The above values of PGA are for site

constructed on bed rock (Soil type SA)

54
Soil profile types (Building code of Pakistan 2007)

55
Seismic coefficients (Building code of Pakistan 2007)

56
Design Response Spectra (Building code of Pakistan 2007)

57
Base shear determination by Equivalent lateral force method
(Building code of Pakistan 2007)
The total design base shear in a given direction shall be
determined from the following formula:

The total design base shear need not exceed the following:

The total design base shear shall not be less than the following:

In addition, for Seismic Zone 4, the total base shear shall also
not be less than the following:

Where V is Base shear, T= Fundamental natural time period, of structure

I= occupancy factor R= response modification factor (a measure of
58
ductility of structure) and W= Total weight of structure
 Problem 5.3
Revise problem 5.2 if k is increased from 4 k/in to 10 k/in. The tank is required to be
constructed in Peshawar on soil type SD. Consider elastic design

Solution
According to Building code of Pakistan (BCP-07), Peshawar is located in zone 2B

59
 Determining PGA

0.24 g

0.16 g

By approximate linear interpolation, PGA in Peshawar (on rock) , Ca g=0.22 g 60

 Calculation of Seismic coefficients, Ca and Cv

𝐶𝑎 = 0.28 for 0.16𝑔; 𝐶𝑎 = 0.36 for 0.24𝑔 By linear interpolation, Ca= 0.34 for 0.22g

𝐶𝑣 = 0.4 for 0.16𝑔; 𝐶𝑣 = 0.54 for 0.24𝑔 By linear interpolation, Cv= 0.505 for 0.22g 61
 Calculation of Base Shear: Part a

Ca= 0.34 and Cv= 0.505 𝐶𝑣

2.5𝐶𝑎 = 0.85 𝑇𝑠 = = 0.59sec
2.5𝐶𝑎
𝑇𝑜 = 0.2𝑇𝑠 = 0.12 sec

𝑚 100
𝑇𝑛 = 2𝜋 = 2𝜋 = 1.6 s
𝑘 386.4 ∗ 4 𝐶𝑣 /𝑇𝑛 = 0.505/𝑇𝑛

𝐶𝑎 = 0.34
𝑇𝑛 = 1.6 s > 0.59 s

0.505 𝑇𝑛 = 1.6 s
⇒ 𝐴 = 𝐶𝑣 /𝑇𝑛 𝑔 = ∗ 386.4 = 122 in/s 2 𝑇𝑜 = 0.12 s 𝑇𝑠 = 0.59 s
1.6
2𝜋 2 𝑇𝑛 2
𝐴= 𝐷⇒ D = 𝑢𝑜 = 𝐴
𝑇𝑛 2𝜋
1.6 2 in
⇒ 𝑢𝑜 = 2𝜋 122
s2
= 7.91 in.
k
⇒ 𝑉𝑏𝑜 = 𝑘𝑢𝑜 = 4
in
∗ 7.91 in. = 31.6 𝑘 62
Calculation of Base Shear: Part b

𝑚 100
𝑇𝑛 = 2𝜋 = 2𝜋 = 1.01 𝑠
𝑘 386.4 ∗ 10 𝐶𝑣
2.5𝐶𝑎 = 0.85 𝑇𝑠 = = 0.59sec
2.5𝐶𝑎
𝑇𝑛 = 1.01 s > 0.59 s
𝑇𝑜 = 0.2𝑇𝑠 = 0.12 sec

𝐶𝑣 0.505
⇒𝐴= 𝑔= ∗ 386.4 = 193.2 in/s 2
𝑇𝑛 1.01 𝐶𝑣 /𝑇𝑛 = 0.505/𝑇𝑛

𝐶𝑎 = 0.34
2𝜋 2 𝑇𝑛 2
𝐴= 𝐷 ⇒ D = 𝑢𝑜 = 𝐴
𝑇𝑛 2𝜋
1.01 2 in
⇒ 𝑢𝑜 = 2𝜋 193.2 2 = 5 in.
s 𝑇𝑜 = 0.12 s 𝑇𝑠 = 0.59 s 𝑇𝑛 = 1.01 s

k
⇒ 𝑉𝑏𝑜 = 𝑘𝑢𝑜 = 10
in
∗ 5 in. = 50 k

Conclusion: Increasing k though reduces displacement. However, Base shear also increase if the
resulting Tn is either in velocity or Displacement sensitive regions (spectral regions which cover
majority of structures). 63
 Problems for practice

Solve following exercise problems (Chopra’s book, above

editions)
1. Problem 6.10
2. Problem 6.15
Further problem for practice:
6.12 to 6.14, 6.16 and 6.17

64