CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A pesticide is defined as any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying,
repelling, or mitigating any pest according to federal and state law.

To open the mind of readers and learners this study desing and its purpose is to give more awareness
and to have a backgrounds knowledge to upgrade ideas and understanding in handling pesticides in a
agricultural leaning process. This study were design to guide our farmers specially who undergo spaying
pesticides in their farm in reasons to prevents their plants from weeds and any destruction against to
the plant. When we say pesticides covered a wide range of compound but this study focus of what
people used and applying to their farms. The study it is a way to help and guide our farmers from
expousing pesticide. And be half of lack of understanding this is an opportunity to have more
understanding and awareness in imfroper used of pesticides through this conducted study. Pesticides
are used to kill the pests and insects which attack on crops and harm them. Different kinds of pesticides
have been used for crop protection for centuries. Pesticides benefit the crops; however, they also
impose a serious negative impact on the environment. Excessive use of pesticides may lead to the
destruction of biodiversity. Many birds, aquatic organisms and animals are under the threat of harmful
pesticides for their survival. Pesticides are a concern for sustainability of environment and global
stability.

ABSTRACT

A pesticide is defined as ''any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying,
repelling, or mitigating any insects, rodents, nematodes, fungi, or weeds, or any other forms of life
declared to be pests, and any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator,
defoliant, or desiccant." A pesticide is defined as a chemical agent used to destroy or control pests. The
root word is the Latin word “cida” which means to kill. The generic term “pesticides” can apply to a wide
spectrum of chemicals, including insecticides, rodenticides, herbicides, fungicides, biocides, and similar
chemicals.

Pesticides have been extensively investigated since the 1960s, and their chemical properties,
toxicological properties, and fate and transport are well known. The purpose of this chapter is to provide
a brief overview of the types of pesticides, their fate in their environment, analytical considerations and
forensic techniques available to age date and identify the source of the pesticide release into the
environment.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The content of the study and its reaserch purpose is focuses of in agricultural land management. This
study were conducted to know and evaluate how farmers in sition guimbaparang handle pesticides in a
good ways.

pesticide are used widely in agriculture. When effectively applied, pesticides can kill or control pests,
including weeds, insects, fungi, bacteria, and rodents. Chemical pest control has contributed to dramatic
increases in yields for most major fruit and vegetable crops. On the negative side, many pesticides are
harmful to the environment and are known or suspected to be toxic to humans. They can produce a
wide range of adverse effects on human health that include acute neurologic toxicity, chronic
neurodevelopmental impairment, cancer, reproductive dysfunction, and possibly dysfunction of the
immune and endocrine systems.

The industrialization of the agricultural sector has increased the chemical burden on natural ecosystems.
Pesticides are agrochemicals used in agricultural lands, public health programs, and urban green areas in
order to protect plants and humans from various diseases. However, due to their known ability to cause
a large number of negative health and environmental effects, their side effects can be an important
environmental health risk factor. The urgent need for a more sustainable and ecological approach has
produced many innovative ideas, among them agriculture reforms and food production implementing
sustainable practice evolving to food sovereignty. It is more obvious than ever that the society needs the
implementation of a new agricultural concept regarding food production, which is safer for man and the
environment, and to this end, steps such as the declaration of Nyéléni have been taken.

In addition to their agricultural applications, pesticides are also used for many nonagricultural purposes,
e.g., in homes and public buildings to kill termites and other pests; on lawns and ornamental plantings to
kill weeds, insects, and fungi; and on ponds, lakes, and rivers to control insects and weeds. Therefore,
humans are exposed to pesticides from a variety of sources other than the diet, for example, through
the skin or by inhalation. Some of these exposures are especially important when considering total
exposures of infants and children.

Pesticides will continue to be part of human life and the environment in order to increase crop
production. It is imperative for public health authorities to educate the public, farmers, and farm
workers on the use of and risks from pesticides. Improvement of human quality of life by means of more
efficient and environmentally friendly food production will clearly be a challenge for years to come.
Reduction in the annoyance produced by pests is also part of the equation and poses major challenges
to balance the well- being of the ecosystem. Rigorous testing and more stringent rules need to be
adopted to address the harms posed by pesticides. Scientists, legislators, public health officials, and
other stakeholders should familiarize themselvesbwith the different pesticides that are used in their
environment and invest in research and development for safer alternatives.

Pesticides are substances that are used to protect humans against the insect vectors of disease-causing
pathogens, to protect crop plants from competition from abundant but unwanted plants (i.e., “weeds”),
and to protect crop plants and livestock from diseases and depredations by fungi, insects, mites, and
rodents.

Pesticides are chemical agents used since the beginning of human history to eradicate or to control
undesired organisms (“pests”) in agriculture, animal breeding and public health. Although the efficacy of
the older methods and products may sometimes be questioned, the principles of seed treatment,
fumigation, tree banding, and the use of preparations to control pests appears to have been widely used
(Smith and Secoy, 1975).

Pesticides have now become an integral part of our modern life and are used to protect agricultural
land, stored grain, flower gardens as well as to eradicate the pests transmitting dangerous infectious
diseases.

Pesticides are classified based on their action to accomplish the effects that are desired. Classification
based on how pesticide acts is as follows: systemic and nonsystems. Nonsystemic pesticides will show
the desired effect when they come into contact with the target (pests); these are also known as contact
pesticides. Examples of contact pesticides are diquat bromide and paraquat. Systemic pesticides get
absorbed by the plants and are circulated through their tissues. Systemic pesticides act when the targets
feed on them. Examples of systemic pesticides are glyphosate and 2,4-D

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A problems stated is the description of an issue currently existing. Which needs to be address and
provide the context for the research study and generate the question. Which this matter are theost
essential part and guide for the researcher to address the gap of the importance of the study to prove
the finding as well.

1. Defined and describe the environment towards chemical substances regularly used for
agriculture.

2. Obsrve the agricultural land managent in sitio guimba parang.

3. Evaluate and identify the environment of sitio guimba parang due to respond this chemical
substances for agriculture.

4. Is there a significant compliment effects of this chemical substances for agriculture to the
environment and health risk assessment of farmers in sitio guimba parang?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Environmental and Chemical Substances for Agriculture in sitio Guimbaparang is the most crucial link to
be effective that should be priorities the safety preventions for better understandings of farmers the
proper used of this chemical. The study is deemed beneficial to the following.

*Barangay administrators. This study will help the barangay administration to conduct training program
seminars to the farmers for more having background of knowledge and prevention of sitio
guimbaparang environment.

*Farmers. The study will help farmers to served as a guid on how to handle proper and applying
pesticide for agricultural land management.

*Readers. The study will help the readers to have more understanding about the using of chemical
substances for agriculture regularly.

* Future Researchers. This study may serve as a basic for future reaseacher that they will conducted.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study was confined only at determining the levels of the farmers understanding on how to used and
aplying proper of pesticides in agricultural land management. The responpondent of the study is only
the farmers who used and applying pesticides in their farm in sitio guimbaparang under barangay
malayal. The study were conducted on June 3, 2022.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The effect of pesticides on non-target organisms has been a source of worldwide attention and concern
for decades. Adverse effects of applied pesticides on non-target arthropods have been widely reporte.

There have been some rare but spectacular incidents of pesticide-related toxicity to humans. The most
widely known case occurred in 1984 at Bhopal, India, where more than 2.8 thousand people were killed
and more than 20 thousand seriously injured by a large emission (about 40 tonnes) of poisonous methyl
isocyanate vapor, a chemical intermediate in the production of an agricultural insecticide (Rozencranz,
1988).

Unfortunately, the considerable benefits of the use of pesticides are partly offset by some important
human-health and environmental damages. For example, each year, there is an estimated global total of
1 million pesticide poisonings, resulting in 20 thousand fatalities (Pimentel et al., 1992).

Pesticides are chemical agents used since the beginning of human history to eradicate or to control
undesired organisms (“pests”) in agriculture, animal breeding and public health. Although the efficacy of
the older methods and products may sometimes be questioned, the principles of seed treatment,
fumigation, tree banding, and the use of preparations to control pests appears to have been widely used
(Smith and Secoy, 1975).

The risk of effects to human and animal health and the environment led many countries to restrict its
use to public health purposes in the frame of the anti-malaria activities, such as indoor residual
application or bed net treatment in tropical countries (WHO, 2003).

The ban to DDT led to the development and use of the organo-phosphorus ester compounds (OP),
characterized by an excellent insecticidal activity and lack of biological and environmental accumulation.
However, the high acute toxicity of these compounds caused a rapid growth of cases of acute poisoning
and fatalities. To overcome this problem, an alternative class of acetyl-cholinesterase inhibitors with
lower toxic potential for humans and non-target species, the carbamate insecticides, was developed and
second-generation OP compounds, more easily degradable by biological enzymes such as by mammalian
carboxylesterases, were developed. This improvement led to a reduction of human fatalities and of loss
of cattle; however the toxicity toward non- target non-mammalian species, such as bees and other
pollinating insects, remained unchanged and still represents an issue. (1960s – early 1970s)

The use of pesticides in agriculture is world-wide the most common way of controlling pests. It is
difficult to completely imagine the levels and security of today's yields without the use of synthetic
pesticides. However, the irrational use of these products has led to serious problems and in some crops,
like paddy rice in Asia, the costs of pesticide use are already higher than the benefits (Rola & Pingali,
1993). In crops like cotton, tomatoes or melons, difficulties in pest control using synthetic pesticides
have forced farmers in some countries to abandon these crops completely. There is a growing concern
about the known and unknown consequences of pesticides on environment and human health, and in
some countries there is already a strong public pressure to reduce their use. Problems with the use of
pesticides are usually worse in developing countries where many products of the WHO category I are
still used. Those products being highly or even extremely toxic (WHO, 1992) lead to a considerable
amount of poisoning. Some sources have reported up to 25,000,000 cases per year (Knirsch, 1994). For
these reasons, alternative approaches to pest control are used more and more and the concept of
integrated pest management where synthetic pesticides are only applied as a last resort is now
considered common practice in professional agriculture. The nonchemical alternatives include cultural
practices, choice of resistant varieties, creation of an environment favourable for natural enemies of
pests, and use of biological products and agents, including beneficial insects. Under these conditions
synthetic pesticides have undergone a development process to match with today's requirements. They
have become less toxic for humans, though not necessarily for the environment, they have become
more specific to act as a useful contribution within an IPM concept and they have become more
powerful. While 40 years ago pesticides were applied in kilograms or litres of active ingredient per
hectare, modern pesticides only require grams or millilitres to achieve the same or better result. On the
other hand, the new pesticides require a more sophisticated technology for an even and efficient
application. Looking at biological agents for pest control their use can be increased by providing
appropriate technology that allows for mechanized application on a large scale (Giles et al., 1995).
Spray nozzles are one of the most important parts of a sprayer ensuring an environmentally safe and
efficient application. Design features of hydraulic nozzles, still the most commonly used atomizers on
pesticide application equipment, highly influence the output characteristics, spray pattern and droplet
size distribution and thus the creation of the appropriate type of spray with a minimum of drift or off-
target contamination. Among the latest developments are spray nozzles with variable orifice allowing a
fairly constant droplet spectrum and spray angle over a range of pressure and flow rate (DLG, 1995).

Double flow nozzles improve the penetration of the spray into the crop and allow the adjustment of the
droplet size without changing the flow rate (Thornhill & Matthews, 1995). Other nozzles draw the air
into the nozzle body where it is mixed with the spray, creating air-bubbles inside the droplets (Göbel,
1995).

Insecticides and fungicides acting by direct contact have to be applied with the best possible coverage.
This is achieved with small droplets allowing at the same time cost savings by reducing the application
volume (Pompe et al., 1992).

However, under field conditions, the application of small droplets is prone to increase drift. Air support
systems, now available with boom sprayers, can reduce drift problems with small droplets increasing at
the same time target coverage and penetration if set correctly (Jeffrey, 1994). Electrostatic charging of
sprays to achieve the same effect is obviously also becoming popular again (McGill, 1995). Combining
the air support systems with electrostatic charge of droplets could contribute to improving operator
safety and reducing environmental pollution and application cost (Cooper, 1993).

RELATED READING

Have you recently thought about safely applying pesticides in your citrus operation? Have you wondered
if there was a better way to do the job? Being aware of all the different types of application methods
may help you to rethink how you are doing things and allow you to increase efficiency while reducing
costs. The choice of method depends on many things: target pest type and life stage, site characteristics,
type of application equipment, pesticide properties and label requirements, and cost and effi-ciency of
alternative methods. As the citrus industry strategizes on how best to live with HLB, perhaps it should
consider different approaches to pesticide application. Reviewing the different types of application
methods may provide insight on how to use them differently in the grove. But as a cautionary
statement, as new and alternative pest control methods and techniques are tried, it is important to be
sure that the label allows their use and that all label directions are followed.

BAND

Applying pesticide in parallel strips rather than uniformly over the entire field is called a band
application. Band applications are used to apply pesticides, including but not limited to herbicides, in the
rows or aisles. Potential herbicide drift, overspray. Pesticide application methods By Juanita Popenoe
and vaporization should be taken into consideration when using this technique, and the application
should be done with guards or shields to minimize contact of the herbicide to the crop plant. The growth
of some citrus trees has been set back by drift from herbicides applied beneath the tree, especially with
stressed trees. Special care should be taken when using herbicides around young trees to avoid contact
with the tree trunk, as injury could occur.

BASALA

basal application is a lowpressure spray directed to the lower portions of the tree trunk (from the
ground up to 20 inches). This type of application is used in forestry operations with herbicides to kill
undesirable trees with thin bark, and with insecticides to control borers in some fruit trees. It can be a
time-consuming application because each plant is treated separately and completely around the trunk,
but it is very selective with nothing applied where it is not needed.

BROADCAST

When a pesticide is applied uniformly to an entire area or field, it is termed a broadcast application. An
application of ant bait to an entirefield would be considered broadcast because it is applied to the whole
area. Broadcast applications require more pesticide than other types of applications because the entire
area is covered, rather than targeted plants or areas.

CRACK AND CREVICE

Crack and crevice application is used in pest control in buildings. In this technique, small amounts of
pesticide are placed directly into cracks and crevices of buildings, cabinets and areas where some pests
commonly hide. Although not likely to be used in citrus groves, this method may be commonly used in
your home, barn, packing shed or other structure. The importance of having a clean, pest-free packing
environment is critical to produce safety, and this technique should not be overlooked for these
applications.

DIRECTED SPRAY

To minimize pesticide contact with non-target plants and animals, a directed-spray application may be
used. This is a type of spot treatment with pesticides applied directly to the pests, like a wasp nest on a
building. In the future, new artificial intelligence robotic scouts may be used to identify pests and be
equipped to apply a directed-spray at the pests when found.

FOLIAR

Foliar applications are by far the most common type of application method used in a grove. This
technique directs the pesticide to the foliage of the tree and is very susceptible to drift. Foliar
applications should not be used under windy conditions, although a breeze of three miles per hour can
help the spray become more dispersed in the tree canopy. Drift should be minimized by not spraying
into the wind, using low spray pressure and choosing nozzle tips with a larger orifice. Adjuvants may also
help to reduce drift.
ROPE WICK OR WIPER

A very targeted, low-volume application is the rope-wick or wiper treatment. In this application method,
the pesticide is released onto a wick that is wiped onto the target plant. Typically it is used with
herbicides to target tall weed plants emerging above the crop canopy or to selectively apply to weeds in
a mixed plant community. However, this method could also be used to apply small amounts of insect
pheromones or other pesticides throughout an orchard. Drift is completely eliminated, but care should
be taken with excessive herbicide dripping from the wick that may come into contact with non-target
plants.9

SOIL

Applications of pesticides directly on or in the soil are soil applications. There are several types of soil
applications. Pesticides applied with this technique may be soil-active herbicides, systemic insecticides
taken up by the roots, or pesticides targeting soil organisms. Care should be taken in this type of
application to minimize leaching or runoff where excessive irrigation or rainfall could move the pesticide
off target. Relatively few pesticides are truly systemic, and it is tempting to use these exclusively
because they are so easy to apply without attention to coverage. Because of this scarcity and the few
modes of action represented, care should be taken not to overuse these chemistries and cause pest
resistance to develop. Systemic soil-applied pesticides to control Asian citrus psyllid on young
nonbearing citrus trees include only two modes of action — three neonicotinoids (all group 4A mode of
action) and one group 28 insecticide. Research has indicated that repeated application of the same
mode of action can lead to pesticide-resistant pest populations.

SOIL INCORPORATION

Soil incorporation is a slightly different type of soil application because tillage, rainfall or irrigation is
used to move the pesticide into the soil. The properties of the pesticide will determine which of these
soil application methods is required and how much water needs to be applied to activate the pesticide
but not leach it from the field or too deeply into the soil pro-file. Tillage down rows of established trees
causes unacceptable levels of root damage and should be avoided with HLB-stressed trees.

SOIL INJECTION

Soil injection is the application of a pesticide under pressure beneath the soil surface. It may be done
with or without a plastic covering, depending on the pesticide properties. This technique is a way to get
pesticides directly to the root zone with less chance of off-target movement, but can be more time
consuming than other soil applications and expensive because of specialized equipment. This technique
may be used to treat soil befor planting row crops. Injection is the term often used for the method of
applying a pesticide injected into the irrigation system, but application through the irrigation system is
technically soil incorporation, not soil injection.

SPACE TREATMENT
Space treatment is the application of a pesticide in an enclosed area. This type of application is used on
bins of fruit to control pests that might move with the fruit. California recently successfully tested a
control for HLB movement between orchards in which harvested fruit on the truck is fogged with a
carrier and a pesticide that destroys the disease-bearing insects before the truck leaves the orchard. The
truck is driven into a specially built tarp chamber where the fogging space treatment is applied. A space
treatment might also be used on containerized trees in a citrus under protective screen system that
requires individual treatment because the whole tree can be treated in an enclosed space.
Thermotherapy has been effective with containerized trees because the whole tree, including the root
system, can be treated.

SPOT TREATMENT

Spot treatment is another name for the application of a pesticide to a small, distinct area. If scouting is
done frequently enough, many pests can be controlled with a spot treatment that limits the amount of
pesticide required. However, the success of spot treatments will depend on the nature of the pest to be
controlled. Some pests will require a preventive spray, rather than a limited spot treatment, to the
whole field to keep them from affecting the rest of the crop.

TREE INJECTION

Getting the pesticide under the bark of trees and into the vascular system of the plant is termed tree
injection. This can be accomplished in several ways, depending on whether you are using a herbicide or
another pesticide. “Hack and squirt” and “frill and girdle” are the same technique in which downward
angled cuts through the bark and into the cambium are then filled with herbicide that is gradually taken
into the tree’s vascular system. “Cut stump,” in which herbicide is applied directly to a freshly cut
stump’s cambium layer, is also considered a tree injection.In the quest for a cure for HLB, a form of tree
injection is proposed to apply modified citrus tristeza virus that will produce an antibiotic protein to kill
HLB in the plant, or as a way to apply antibiotics more effectively. In this type of “injection,” the
pesticide is pressurized and applied to the trunk either through a gun-type applicator or through an
infusion into a hole drilled in the trunk.There are many types of pesticide application methods, although
few are usually used. Consider all the alternative methods, including cost and efficiency. Also, take into
consideration how best to achieve the desired results with your site conditions, your application
equipment, and the pesticide properties and label requirements.10

RELATED LITERATURE

On the other hand equipment dealers and sales outlets are an important issue. In many countries, the
salesperson is the only contact the farmer has for technical advice. Therefore, dealers selling pesticide
application equipment should in the same way as pesticide dealers receive special training and probably
require a license to sell those products. Situations should be eliminated where spraying equipment is
sold in general country stores without any technical advice, spare part supply or repair service.
Application equipment should be sold through specially qualified sales outlets. These can be either
pesticide dealers or agricultural equipment dealers (Dandy, 1994).

Already in 1985, a FAO Panel of Experts Working Group on Pesticide Application Standards highlighted
the importance of equipment standards and appropriate training programmes (FAO, 1986).

The issue was taken up again by with the introduction of a Programme for Safe and Efficient Application
of Agro-chemicals and Bio-products. The objective of the programme is to create awareness and
establish the basic structures in FAO member countries for the introduction of sustainable long-term
improvements in pesticide application practice at the field level.

The programme is oriented toward experiences of countries advanced in pesticide application

technology. These experiences show that, in general, apart from awareness and knowledge, legal
pressure is required to introduce good practice. The relation between awareness and pressure,
however, depends on the current condition of each country and therefore has to be decided
individually. The programme consists of a series of alternatives which can be selected and adapted
according to the need of a specific country. (FAO in 1994)

Unfortunately in many countries the pesticide application practised on field level is far from reflecting
the actual state of the art. While modern pesticides have reached the most remote parts of the world,
the technology used for their application often reflects technical standards of 40 years ago, resulting in a
waste of pesticides and unnecessary environmental contamination. Cases have been reported where by
only changing the nozzles of lever operated knapsack sprayers, 70% of pesticides could be saved
compared to the farmer's previous practice (Stallen & Lumkes, 1990). The Agricultural Engineering
Branch of FAO has carried out studies in Central and Eastern Europe (Lavers, 1994) as well as in South
America (Wiles, 1994) which showed various levels of deficiencies in the field of pesticide application
technology.

Farmers' and application equipment operators' knowledge of the action principles of pesticides and the
correct method of application is usually deficient or non existing. In many cases they do not receive any
training on this issue (Heong et al., 1992). Already at University level the topic is often neglected.
Therefore, extension services normally do not have technicians with a specialized knowledge of
application technology. In many countries the only specialists offering practical advice to farmers on
application technology, handling and calibration of their equipment are representatives of pesticide
companies. However, they normally don't have a natural interest in showing the farmer how to save
major quantities of the product.

There are several consequences of this lack of knowledge. Starting with the selection of equipment, a
farmer without technical criteria will usually choose the cheapest equipment, possibly the most durable.
Aspects of operator safety, comfort or efficiency

are of lesser importance, especially if the equipment is not operated by the farmer himself but by hired
farm labour. Another common problem is the use of excessive spray volumes and pressures. Application
volumes of 6,000 l/ha in flowers and 10,000 l/ha in orchards have been reported (Wiles, 1994) causing
run off of product and thus contaminating soil and probably groundwater resources.

Usually the major part of the spraying equipment in use is in extremely poor condition, due to lack of
maintenance. A report from the Philippines shows that a high percentage of farmers never change
sealing washers in their equipment (Withaker, 1993).

The lack of knowledge on all levels has been identified as the main reason for deficiencies in pesticide
application practice. As a long term strategy this has to be addressed, beginning at the university level.
The subject of pesticide application technology should be mandatory for agricultural engineers as well as
for plant protection specialists. On the other hand, practical training of farmers and equipment
operators has to be introduced. The use of government extension services for this purpose has usually
not proved to be efficient and sustainable. A better approach would be the creation of small groups of
trainers dedicated specifically to this subject who are paid for their courses. Ideally these trainers should
have a practical background, having operated spraying equipment themselves. They should be trained
and kept up to date with refresher courses by master trainers. The established training capacity should
cover the expected long-term needs. Training could begin strategically with contractors, offering service
to other farmers and then be extended to private farmers and operators. The cost of the training could
be paid by trainees, agro-chemical companies (preferable indirectly through taxes), by equipment
manufacturers and, of course, by the government as a representative of the public interest in a safe
environment. The introduction of a mandatory license for pesticide equipment operators can help to
increase farmers' interest in this training. Although it is always better to count on the awareness and
voluntary participation, examples from Europe have shown that at a certain stage it is necessary to
introduce legal pressure in order to assure interest in the training (Devereux-Cooke, 1995).

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The context presentation, the framework of the study is illustrated of the research paradigm figure. The
study were conducted in that matters and reasons where found that farmers who handle pesticide in
applying for agricultural farming style are not wearing PPE or personal protective equipments and mask.
And most of them in unintentionally can experienced of spraying against the flow of the air and the
possible result they can in hailed the some misappropriate pesticides spreads. On that kind of
perception in handling pesticides can result not good beneficial and safety of physical health of farmers.
This attitudes and style of farmers were not able gives them a good effect of thier health.

But in behalf of for the harvesting product of thier plants yet it is good and and most specially it privents
their plants from weeds and any animal distraction due to the used of this pesticides for agriculture. The
result of this study is one who is the best example and guides to maintain and prevent the health of
farmers in this erea.
It is therefore clear that the unavoidable use of pesticides can entail some risk to human health and to
the environment, and that such threats needs to be evaluated, in order to decide on the “acceptability”
of their use, based on risk-benefit analyses.

Agriculture
Environmental and
In sitio Guimba paramg
Chemical Substances

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
HYPOTHESIS

Understanding of farmers level of knowledge and practice regarding the safe used of pesticide is vital for
providing sound educational and policy strategies that aims to at limiting the health and environmental
hazard caused by pesticides. The majority of farmers in this study were well aware of the harmful effects
of this pesticides with regarded to the environment and human health, but contrary to expectations this
did not significantly change their practices and perceptions towards safety precaution and used of
pesticides.

Espousing in handling pesgiscide for agriculture it result best harvest of crops but the problems of this is
if misappropriate of following labels and not using protective mask and others.

To understand the behavior of so many diverse compounds, it is necessary to develop an overarching

framework of understanding based on the physicochemical properties and degradative behavior of each
compound. The behavior of new pesticides can then be assessed by comparison or benchmarking with
current compounds of similar properties. Important aspects of pesticide behavior in soil to be
considered are persistence, sorption, movement with its potential for contamination of water, uptake
by plants, and possible impacts on soil biota and microbial processes

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF KEY VARIABLE AND OTHER TERMS

Sensus- It refers to a process of collecting data from selecting the whole population.

Farmers- refers to a person who work in the farm responsible in producing crops grains and the likes.

Follow pesticides label- it can help prevents farmers from the toxicity and harm of the chemical
substances or perticides.

Fertilizer- a substances or chemical used to maintain and producing fertility of soil.

Pesticides- chemicals used to killed pest weeds to prevents crops against plants destruction.

Personal protective equipment- material used to protect from the exposure of pesticides.
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY

This chapter deal with the research methodology of the study which include the research method and
sampling technique. The instruments used is questionnaire procedures for data collection technique and
statistical treatment.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The researcher used descriptive research design to seek and described the current status of an identified
variable. This research project are design to provide systematic information about a phenomenon. The
researchers does usually begins with hypothesis but likely to developed one afte collecting data.

The analisys and synthesis of the date provide the test of hypothesis. Systematic collection of
information requires careful selection of the units studied and careful measurement of correlation
research attempts to determine the extents of a relationship between two or more variable using
statistical data. In this type of design relationship between and among a number of facts are sought and
interpreted.

The researcher also used systematic and stratified sampling techniques to conduct the study. In this
process can easily to the researcher to interpreted and explained the data gathered comes from the
research instruments.

The study aims to determined the level of positive and negative outcomes of the study base on its focus.

RESEARCH LOCALE

The study was focus the Environmental and chemical substances for agriculture in sitio Guimba parang.
The the possible outcome is one the best things to evaluated and interprets the result for more
consultation and measuring problems were basically reflected on the study focused. Pesticides
application frequently range depend the crops limitation and conditions of growing stability. The study
focude specifically on the understanding of farmers konwledge and practices with respect to the
pesticides safety. Understand farmers knowledge and practices with respect to the pesticide and safety
practices is vital not only for identifying exposure situation and knowledge gaps but also to provide
valuable information that can contribute to the educational and policy recomendations aims at
preventing or reducing the health and environmental hazards associated with pesticides.

Sitio Guimba parang is under Barangay Malayal. The location of this erea is found at 8 kilometers from
seashore brgy. Malayal to sitio guimba parang. In this area is a residence of subanon people and most
life standard and status are farming, planting different crops.

Malayal is one of the Barangay under Municipality of Sibuco Zamboanga del Norte. Sibuco is under the
province of Zamboanga del Norte. Zamboanga del Norte is the Island of Mindanao and with Region lX.
There are 5,090 numbers of population who lives in barangay Malayal base on last December 2017
census.

The programs or activities implemented of the barangay peace and order, curfew hours 10pm to 5 am,
Tree planting activities, River protection, Garbage management, and Bantay Dagat.

Barangay Malayal Celebration annually kologian. Events included ballgames, Tawag ng tanghalan
competition, Malayal Got talent, Miss gay, Miss Malayalam, hihop dance competition and zumba dance
competition.

RESPONDENT OF THE STUDY

The main subject of the study is the environmental and chemical substances for agriculture in sitio
guimba parang. The main targets respondents of the study are specifically the farmers who applying
pesticides for agricultural land managements in this erea exclusive only. And for more detailed is under
the leadership of the baragay leaders for consulting and more evaluation that possible has a significance
conyrbution in producing the study.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

The proper collection of the data needed that significantly beneficial contribution to the study which is
the questionnaires was used as a main instrument for collecting data. The questionnaire was prepared
by the researcher after dropting all the necessary information about the target of the study for best and
more result due to have a basic bases for collecting data that should to follow the content of the study
and base questionnaires validity and reliability instruments.

The quality and strategy of the questionnaires are totally has s different types of question that base on
their understanding and perception while handling pesticides and it answerable according or base on
their experienced. The instruments are used questionnaires, interview, observation, and survey
approach.
SAMPLING PROCEDURE

The questionnaires, interview, observation, and survey approach were used to administered to the
target respondents of the study. The researchers explain to the respondents the purpose and the
importance of the test and also made the instruction very clear to the respondents. The test took by the
respondents and the questionnaires where the respondents are decidide on who they answer for the
choices given suited to their base experience. The result of that's gathered data were tallied using
frequency and percentage and were interprets according by the level. The researcher who draw the
frame and the population as the parameter where the study to be conducted. To evaluate the sample
size must be guided on how big the sample can used.

VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE RESEACH INSTRUMENTS

The study aims of exploring how object can influence the level of construct validity of a picture
vocabulary test were discussed and a review conducted of the literature on the barious factors that play
a role as to how the validity level can be influenced.

Validity and reliability are the two most important and fundental features in the evaluation of any
measurements instruments or tool for good researcher. The purpose of this research is to discuss the
validity and reliability of measurement instruments that are used in the research. Validity concern what
an instruments measured and how well it does so. Reliability concern the faith that one can have in the
data obtain from the used of an instruments that is the degree to which any measuring tool controls for
random error. An attempt has been taken here to review the reliability and validity and threat to them
in some details.

Questionnaire is one of the most widely used tools to collect data in conducting research. The main
objectives of questionnaires in research is to obtains relevancy information in most reliable and valid
manner. Thus the occuracy and consistency of survey and questionnaire forms a significant aspect of
research methodology which is known as validity and reliabity.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES

The profer steps of conducting this study as researchers are task to make a requirements as very part of
the coriculum of k2-12 standard education. As part of the study researcher were ask a permission to the
concern and task to be involved of the study for to be as part of participants of conducting and the study
and be success. Upon approval of the peision the researcher are initially administered and prepare the
instruments.
The respondents has a freedom to provide a response they are comfortable with. To ensure the data
collected is reach in the content required the interviewer should ensure that there are follow up
questions for ereas where the respondents may provide ambiguous information. The respondents
provides the answers the interview can record them by writing. The data collected is later sorted and
written in the paper. The respondents should provide the answers requires as you keep a clear record
that you can used later to wrote the paper needed. Direct obseenation as a part of the data gathering
procedure for quantitative research applies the sensory organs such as the eyes to see is going on ears
to hear the things going on questions answer writing is to know or to identify and measured their ideas
or knowledge. The method helps the researcher to avoid bias in what people say do and so on.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

These statistical treatment are easily to identify using inferential statistics for comparing summary and
conclusion inferential statistics. Unlike descriptive statistics is to attempt to apply the conclusions that
have been obtain from one experimental study to more general population.

Descriptive statistics is to describes the relationship between variables in a sample or population,

inferential statistics used a random sample of data taken from a population to describe and make
inferences about the whole population. It is valuable when it is not possible to examined each members
of the entire population. Descriptive and inferential statistics are illustrated according to the treatment
of the data style.

Possible concept happen the study percentage as base for interpreting data for more option and easy to
interpret the data gathered and collect base questionnaire interview and observation. That way
researcher found and make simple for planning and developing result of the study.