HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) EXAMINATION

PUBLIC HEALTH – Dr. TENGWEI TIMON

Specialty: Biomedicals

Section A: MCQ (25mks)

1). World Health Day is celebrated on; A) 1st March B) 7th April C) 6th October D)10th
December

2) Rest, sleep, Physical exercise, and cleanliness a part of A) Social hygiene B)

Personal hygiene C) Hygiene D) None of the above

3) Which vitamin is synthesized by the bacteria in the intestine? a) Vitamin A b)Vitamin E

c)Vitamin k d) Vitamin D

4) Health just refers to the absence of diseases. A) False B) True

5) A balanced diet should normally be able to provide about

a) 2,500 calories per day

b) 4,000 calories per day

c) 3,000 calories per day

d) 3,500 calories per day

6)...........ensures effective community participation. (A) District Chief of Service (B) Local
authorities (C) Dialogue structures (D) Committees

7) Before administering vaccine, the injection site should not be clean with spirit because

A. It may cause harmful reaction

B. It will cause necrosis

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C. It may cause destruction of live organisms present in vaccine

D. There is no particular reason

8) If an infant has not been immunized with BCG at birth or with DPT-I than

A. These can be given any time up to the age of one year

B. These should be given at the age of five years

C. These should be avoided

D. Both of BCG and DPT-I should be given with DPT-II and DPT-III

9) BCG vaccine is given always in upper aspect of left arm. What is the reason behind this?

A. It is more effective in left arm

B). I n right arm, it may cause paralysis

C). To maintain uniformity so that it could be easily identified wheather the baby is immunized
or not

D). It is not essential, it can be given in right side

10) Which of the following determinants of health is a 'downstream' determinant? a) Housing b)

Employment conditions c) Age d) Education

11) An epidemiologist may focus on all of the following, except___________

A) Counting cases

(B) Developing case definition

(C) Identifying risks

(D) Making drug prescription

12) Which of the following aspects is very sensitive during surveillance?

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(A) Timely dissemination of information

(B) Collection of data

(C) Analysis of data

(D) Interpretation of data

13). Public health focuses on all of the following except_____________
(A)Health promotion and protection
(B)Illness and injury prevention
(C) Modification of behaviour
(D)Diagnosis and treatment
14) How is public health different from clinical medicine?

A) Public health is concerned only with community diagnosis.

(B) Public health is concerned with clinical treatment.

(C) Public health is concerned with medical diagnosis.

(D)Public health is concerned with both the community and clinical medicine.
15) What are the factors that must be fulfilled for a disease condition to occur?
(A)There must be a susceptible host and a conducive environment for the agent.

B) There must be an infectious agent and a host.

(C) There must be a favourable environment for the agent to develop

(D)The absence or presence of the agent, a susceptible and a conducive environment for the
agent to thrive

16) The number of new cases of a disease in a given population at a specific point in time is
_____ A) Prevalence B) Incidence C) Cohort of new cases D) None of the above.

17) The following are considered the pillars of primary health care, except one.

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A) Equity B) Community participate C) Decentralized health districts D) Intersectoral
development

18) Which conference emphasized the concepts of community participation, and cost recovery?:
A) Lusaka B)Harare C) Bamako D) Alma-Ata

19) Which of the following was decided at the conference of Lusaka?

A) Co-management and Co-financing

B) Health system divided into Three levels

C) Essential drugs

D) Community mobilization

20) Which conference recommended nations to adopt decentralized health districts? A) Lusaka
B)Harare C) Bamako D) Alma-Ata

21) The following are examples of community sources of financing except one.

A) Out-of-pocket payment

B) Purchase of essential drugs

C) Performance based financing

D) Individual donations

22) ___________ is considered a first referral hospital.

A) Central hospital B) General hospital C) Regional hospital D) District hospital

23) All of the following are examples of health information system except
A) Electronic Medical Record
B)Practice Management Software
C) Electronic Health Record
D)Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM)

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E) Primary records

24) Which is the best method of supervision? A) Autocratic B) Democratic C) Anarchic D)

Bureaucratic E) Laisez fire
25)For primary health care to improve health, people must first have:
A)Access to medical services
B)Their basic needs met
C) A health promotion program
D) Electronic medical records
E) Have enough money

SECTION B: SHORT ANWERS (25 MARKS)

1). According to WHO health education is any planned activity or set of activities aimed at
increasing …………..……. and developing ……………………. conducing to health (2mks)

2). March the following with the supervision style (3mks)

Democratic supervision maximum freedom

Bureaucratic supervision consults subordinates in the process of decision making

Anarchic all the subordinates are required to follow these rules and
regulations very strictly

3). Define the following terms (4mks)

Monitoring

Supervision

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4). The main sources of funding for the health sector in Cameroon are: …………..., ……….….
and ………………..…

5. Briefly explain the following

a) Poverty the major cause of ill health? (3mks)

b) vector control important (2mks)

6. List 5 importance of data collection (5mks)

7. What are the three main key considerations the government intend to put in place to fight
against poverty? (3mks)

Section C: Essay ( 50 mks)

1) What is the District health system and are the Characteristics of the District health system?
(7mks)

2) Why is community diagnosis important? (5mks)

3) Importance of health information systems (10mks)

4)Briefly talk on IEC on protective materials that must be used by workers of an industry against
occupational hazards (10 mks)

5)Briefly discuss two (2) basic components you would include in the organization of a school
health program, for the welfare of the children (8mks).

6) Briefly describe five factors that determine whether a water supply can maintain good health
effectively (10mks)

Proposed Answers

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Section A

1) B 2) B 3) C 4) A 5) D 6) D 7) C 8) A 9) C 10) C 11) D 12) A 13) D 14) D 15) A 16) B 17) C

18) C

19) B 20) C 21) C 22) D 23) E 24) B 25) B

Section B

1). …health literacy…life skills….

2). Democratic - consults subordinates in the process of decision making

Bureaucratic - all the subordinates are required to follow these rules and regulations very
strictly

Anarchic - maximum freedom

3). - Monitoring: Collecting and analysing information about a programme, and comparing
actual against planned results in order to judge how well the intervention is being implemented

-Supervision: Cooperative relationship between the leader and one or more person to
accomplish a particular job.

4). The state budget, households and external financing,

5). a. Poverty the major cause of ill health? : It is the major barrier to accessing health care
services and individuals are unable to meet with their needs

b. vector control important (2mks) : Reduce the incidence of infection from diseases

 6. Data analytics
 Collaborative care
 Cost control
 Population health management

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  Organized & Coordinated Treatment Process
7)

 Growth strategy,

 Employment strategy,

 Strategy to improve State governance and strategic management

Section C:

1) It is a self-contained segment of the national health system comprised of a well defined

population living within a clearly delineated administrative and geographical area, whether urban
or rural.

Characteristics:

 A well defined population of 70,000 to 120,000 inhabitants

 It is made up of about 5 to 10 health areas

 A health care structure for referral

 A District health service for management and administration

 A dialogue structure for community participation( DHMC).

2) - To act as a data reference for the district

- To provide an overall picture of the local community and the residents’ concerns
- To suggest priority areas for intervention and the feasible solutions
- To indicate the resource allocation and the direction of work plans
- To create opportunities for intersectoral collaboration and media involvement
- To form basis of setting indicators for HCP evaluation

3)

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Data analytics: The healthcare industry constantly produces data. Health information systems
help gather, compile and analyse health data to help manage population health and reduce
healthcare costs. Then the healthcare data analysis can improve patient care.
Collaborative care: Patients often need treatments from different healthcare providers. Health
information systems such as health information exchanges allow healthcare facilities to access
common health records.
Cost control: Using digital networks to exchange healthcare data creates efficiencies and cost
savings. When regional markets use health information exchanges to share data, healthcare
providers see reduced costs. On a smaller scale, hospitals aim for the same efficiencies with
electronic health records.
Population health management: Health information systems can aggregate patient data,
analyse it and identify trends in populations. The technology also works in reverse. Clinical
decision support systems can use big data to help diagnose individual patients and treat them.
Organized & Coordinated Treatment Process: Health Information System is a technology-
driven system that makes the process of sharing protected health information (PHI) between
organizations and providers really possible. Also, patients are able to get continuous and
coordinated treatment from healthcare providers. And above all, it improves the delivery of the
care and outcomes of the patients.
Improved Patient Safety: getting access to patients’ data with the help of Health Information
Systems, helps save all the information and share across multiple databases to improve the safety
of the patients. Notification could be gotten whenever there are any issues related to patients’
health there by avoiding any serious mistake that happens.
Betterment in Patient Care: By collecting and saving patients’ information, including
diagnosis reports, medical history, allergy reactions, vaccinations, treatment information plans,
test results, etc., Health Information Systems provide the healthcare providers a complete and
orderly framework that helps them interact with their patients in a better way and eventually
deliver care to them in a more efficient way.
Minimized Operational Expense: Health Information Systems Enable health organizations to
assign resources in a planned manner and save potentially remarkable amounts of expenses,

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energy, and supplies. In a nutshell, healthcare service can be made better for the patients while
saving lots of money.
Saving of Time: Other than saving money, Health Information Systems help in saving time as
well. By making all the patients’ information computerized and personal activities automated,
HIS saves a significant amount of time in making patient care coordinated and hospital
management unbroken.
Improved Patient Satisfaction: By adding value to the clinical process Health Information
Systems don’t only make the daily job of healthcare providers and administration easy but also
improves the satisfaction level of the patients. The patients can rely on your service, and when
you become a reliable name in your sector, you get more patients and get a great return on
investment.
4)
Helmets : Protect the heads of those working n iron fields
Protective glasses: Protect the eyes from damage during things like welding
Boots: Protects the feet and legs from harmful chemicals
Gloves: Protects the hands from harmful chemicals

5)
 Health education: This involves caring out educative programs on health issues. The
main purpose being to give students the knowledge but also the skills to develop and
adapt a healthy behavior. Health education could include educating the children on –

 their body
 Smoking
 Passive smoking
 Dental Hygiene
 Menstrual period
 Prevention of accidents
 Personal Hygiene

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  Nutrition and Healthy diet
 HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis B
 Prevention of Drug abuse
 Sex education
 Promotion of mental health
 Adolescence etc.
 Healthy and safe school environment (Healthful School Environment):
The School Environment here includes the physical environment (involving proper
building design, lighting, ventilation, safety, cleanliness, freedom from environmental
hazards that foster infection and handicaps, safe transportation policies, and having
emergency plans in place), the policy and administrative environment (consisting of
policies to promote health and reduce stress, and regulations ensuring an environment
free from tobacco, drugs, weapons, and violence), the psychosocial environment
(including a supportive and nurturing atmosphere, a cooperative academic setting, respect
for individual differences, and involvement of families), and health promotion for staff
(in order that staff members can become positive role models and increase their
commitment to student health).
Programs here could involve caring for the school environment, for example, -

 Put rubbish in bins.

 look after school property.
 Respect native flora and fauna.
 Save water and turn off the taps.
 Don't waste.
 Respect school equipment and return it where you found it.
How can we keep our school environment clean, especially at the level of the classroom, for
example, -

 Pick up any trash that is on the floor.

 Help to wipe the blackboard after school.
 Arrange the tables and chairs neatly and tidily.
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  Make sure there are no books left on classroom tables.
 Be careful not to write on table and the chairs.
 Flush after using the toilet.
6)
I. The quality of the water relates to pathogens and chemical constituents in water that can
give rise to both diarrhoeal and non-diarrhoeal disease.
II. The quantity of water available and used. This is largely determined by (a) the distance of
carry involved, wealth of the user.
III. Access to water may be primarily a matter of physical distance or climb, but it may have
socioeconomic and/or cultural dimensions if certain social groups are denied access to
particular water sources through cost or culture.
IV. The reliability of both unimproved and improved water supplies. Many cities, for
example, supply piped water for only a few hours per day, or for a few days in every
week and many unimproved rural water supplies dry up regularly.
V. The cost of water to the user. This is represented by the cash tariff that is paid to a utility
or provider or, in the case of unimproved water supplies, by the time and health penalty
paid by the user.
vi. The ease of management for the end user. In urban utility-managed supplies the user merely
pays a tariff; in rural settings in developing countries, users are expected to play a major part in
operation, maintenance, and management

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