Eng 323 – Campus Journalism

II – Campus Journalism Overview

a. Press, Journalism and Democracy
b. Functions of the School Paper & the School Paper Adviser
* The Schools Press Conference
c. Journalistic Writing compared to other genres
d. Best Practices in Campus Journalism
e. Ethics and Laws of the Press
f. The Journalist’s Creed

• "Press" generally refers to print media (i.e. off the printing press) like newspapers and magazines.
• "Media" is a broader term that includes TV, radio, Internet (the new media? etc.
• When use the word media in relation to journalism we refer to the various channels of communication through which news,
entertainment, infotainment, infomercial or educational messages are spread.
• General public updated
• It includes every broadcasting and narrowcasting medium such as newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, billboards, infographics,
infomercials, and so on.
• A journalist uses one or more of the available mediums for his/her journalistic activities.
• As many people no longer get their news from newspapers, the term "press" will probably migrate to mean all major media
sources – the new media.
• The press is one of the most vital organs of every country which cannot be undermined. It makes available the details of what
is going on in every system and keeps the general public updated.

• Journalism is the activity of observing naturally the current situations to find and prepare news stories, analyzing the ongoing
situations and updating the news accordingly through various available sources namely electronic, print and social media.

The role of Mass Media in the educational arena:

• specifically in the Department of Education (DepED) and the Commission on Higher Education (CHED)

R.A 7079 – CAMPUS JOURNALISM ACT OF 1991

“An act providing for th development and promotion of Campus Journalism and for other purposes.”

✓ To uphold the freedom of the press even at the campus level

✓ To promote the development and growth of campus journalism as a means of strengthening ethical values, encouraging
critical and creative thinking, and developing moral character and personal discipline of the Filipino youth
✓ Terminologies: SECTION 3
a. School
b. Student Publication
c. Student Journalist
d. Editorial Board
e. Editorial Policies
a. School. – An institution for learning in the elementary, secondary or tertiary level comprised of the studentry, administration,
faculty and non-faculty personnel;
b. Student Publication. – The issue of any printed material that is independently published by, and which meets the needs
and interests of, the studentry.
▪ All schools shall establish a student publication.
▪ There shall be three categories: Primary, Secondary & Tertiary
▪ The members of the editorial board of the college student publication shall be responsible for its decision, action,
etc.
▪ Aims of the Student Publication: To train the students in:
1. Application of Communication Arts in Journalism
2. Technical skills in journalism
3. Responsibilities of a journalist
4. Use of student publication in support of the education development
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5. In becoming responsible and intelligent
6. Social awareness/involvement
7. Advance students’ rights & promote their welfare.
c. Student Journalist. – Any bona fide student enrolled for the current semester or term, who was passed or met the
qualification and standards of the editorial board. He must likewise maintain a satisfactory academic standing.
▪ Selection of Staff Members
✓ Shall be through competitive examinations prepared, conducted and supervised by a committee.
✓ Should pass a qualifying examination conducted by a committee.
d. Editorial Board. – In the tertiary level, the editorial board shall be composed of student journalists who have qualified in
placement examinations. In the case of elementary and high school levels, the editorial board shall be composed of a duly
appointed faculty adviser, the editor who qualified and a representative of the Parents-Teachers' Association, who will
determine the editorial policies to be implemented by the editor and staff members of the student publication concerned.
At the tertiary level, the editorial board may include a publication adviser at the option of its members.
e. Editorial Policies. – A set of guidelines by which a student publication is operated and managed, taking into account
pertinent laws as well as the school administration's policies. Said guidelines shall determine the frequency of the
publication, the manner of selecting articles and features and other similar matters.

✓ Press Conferences and Training

▪ The Department of Education shall sponsor periodic competitions, press conferences and training seminars in which
student writers shall participate.
▪ Such competitions, conferences and seminars shall be held at the institutional, divisional, and regional levels.
▪ Expenses from the trainings shall be subsidized from the publication funds.
✓ SEC. 8. Press Conferences and Training Seminar
▪ The Department of Education, Culture and Sports shall sponsor periodic competitions, press conferences and
training seminars in which student-editors/writers and teacher-adviser of student publications in the elementary,
secondary and tertiary levels shall participate.
▪ Such competitions, conferences and seminars shall be held at the institutional, divisional, and regional levels,
culminating with the holding of the annual national elementary, secondary or tertiary School Press Conferences in
places of historical and/or cultural interest in the country.
✓ Effectivity
▪ This act has been approved July 5, 1991.

REPUBLIC ACT No. 7079

“AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROMOTION OF CAMPUS JOURNALISM AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES”

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled:

Section 1. Title. – This Act shall be known and referred to as the "Campus Journalism Act of 1991."

Section 2. Declaration of Policy. – It is the declared policy of the State to uphold and protect the freedom of the press even at the
campus level and to promote the development and growth of campus journalism as a means of strengthening ethical values,
encouraging critical and creative thinking, and developing moral character and personal discipline of the Filipino youth. In furtherance
of this policy, the State shall undertake various programs and projects aimed at improving the journalistic skills of students concerned
and promoting responsible and free journalism.

Section 3. Definition of Terms.

a. School. – An institution for learning in the elementary, secondary or tertiary level comprised of the studentry, administration,
faculty and non-faculty personnel;
b. Student Publication. – The issue of any printed material that is independently published by, and which meets the needs
and interests of, the studentry;
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c. Student Journalist. – Any bona fide student enrolled for the current semester or term, who was passed or met the
qualification and standards of the editorial board. He must likewise maintain a satisfactory academic standing.
d. Editorial Board. – In the tertiary level, the editorial board shall be composed of student journalists who have qualified in
placement examinations. In the case of elementary and high school levels, the editorial board shall be composed of a duly
appointed faculty adviser, the editor who qualified and a representative of the Parents-Teachers' Association, who will
determine the editorial policies to be implemented by the editor and staff members of the student publication concerned.
At the tertiary level, the editorial board may include a publication adviser at the option of its members.
a. Editorial Policies. – A set of guidelines by which a student publication is operated and managed, taking into account
pertinent laws as well as the school administration's policies.Said guidelines shall determine the frequency of the publication,
the manner of selecting articles and features and other similar matters.

Section 4. Student Publication. – A student publication is published by the student body through an editorial board and publication
staff composed of students selected but fair and competitive examinations.
Once the publication is established, its editorial board shall freely determine its editorial policies and manage the publication's funds.

Section 5. Funding of Student Publication. – Funding for the student publication may include the savings of the respective school's
appropriations, student subscriptions, donations, and other sources of funds.
In no instance shall the Department of Education, Culture and Sports or the school administration concerned withhold he release of
funds sourced from the savings of the appropriations of the respective schools and other sources intended for the student publication.
Subscription fees collected by the school administration shall be released automatically to the student publication concerned.

Section 6. Publication Adviser. – The publication adviser shall be selected by the school administration from a list of recommendees
submitted by the publication staff. The function of the adviser shall be limited to one of technical guidance.

Section 7. Security of Tenure. – A member of the publication staff must maintain his or her status as student in order to retain
membership in the publication staff. A student shall not be expelled or suspended solely on the basis of articles he or she has written,
or on the basis of the performance of his or her duties in the student publication.

Section 8. Press Conferences and Training Seminar. – The Department of Education, Culture and Sports shall sponsor periodic
competitions, press conferences and training seminars in which student-editors/writers and teacher-adviser of student publications
in the elementary, secondary and tertiary levels shall participate. Such competitions, conferences and seminars shall be held at the
institutional, divisional, and regional levels, culminating with the holding of the annual national elementary, secondary or tertiary
School Press Conferences in places of historical and/or cultural interest in the country.

Section 9. Rules and Regulations. – The Department of Education, Culture and Sports, in coordination with the officers of the national
elementary, secondary or tertiary organizations or official advisers of student publications, together with student journalists at the
tertiary level and existing organizations of student journalists, shall promulgate the rules and regulations necessary for the effective
implementation of this Act.

Section 10. Tax Exemption. – Pursuant to paragraph 4, Section 4, Article XIV of the Constitution, all grants, endowments, donations,
or contributions used actually, directly and exclusively for the promotion of campus journalism as provided for in this Act shall be
exempt from donor's or gift tax.

Section 11. Appropriations. – For the initial year of implementation, the sum of Five million pesos (P5,000,000.00) is hereby
authorized to be charged against the savings from the current appropriations of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports.
Thereafter, such amount as may be necessary shall be included in the General Appropriations Act.

Section 12. Effectivity. – This Act shall take effect after fifteen (15) days following the completion of its publication in the Official
Gazette or in at least two (2) newspapers of general circulation.

Approved: July 5, 1991.

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II. A. What is News? What is Lead?

News
NEWS is information that has a meaning for a set of readers. It is based on facts, interests &
readers.
• Recent information
• Current events
• Interesting
• Previously unknown
SCHOOL NEWS
Classroom Story Awards
Enrolment story Election
Meeting story School Organization/ Club Story
Program Out-of-School Activities
Honors Roll
Developments

ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF NEWS

• Accuracy
• Brevity(briefness)
• Clarity
• Objectivity

Other sources:
• Consider the Elements of News Stories
• Local News
• World news

THE STRAIGHT LEAD: 5 W’s and 1 H

FORMULA
• WHO
• WHAT
• WHEN
• WHERE
• WHY
• HOW
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III –ELEMENTS OF NEWS

The News Elements Proximity –

Events that happen NEARBY, in a LOCAL area are of more interest to those who live in that area –Events in or near our town
Journalists in schools must ask this question often.
–Does this event have anything to do with our school or community?

The News Elements Prominence –

How well known are the people involved in a story or event? A person who has just become incredibly rich has newly acquired
prominence
–Presidents, Governors, Senators, Principals, Mayors

The News Elements Timeliness

–Events that are happening at this time are news worthy
–Things that happen NOW are more interesting
7 The News Elements Timeliness –This is a constant problem for school publications –School editors must ask themselves, will this
still be news by the time our paper comes out?

The News Elements Consequence

–This element is all about NUMBERS –How many people will CARE? –How many people are affected by the event?
–This is a crucial news element that can help school journalists make good decisions about what to include in a newspaper or
broadcast

The News Elements Human Interest

–Situations of conflict and drama provoke strong emotions
–Situations that provoke strong feelings have human interest
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–Stories that touch our emotions –Stories about pets and our relationship with them provoke strong feelings in readers
–From the highest joy to the depths of grief, human interest stories touch the reality of life

IV. Headline Writing and Newscasting

The Headline
• Special title of a news story
• Show window of the news
• Functions:
o Give the gist of the news
o Present the news for rapid survey reading

Qualities of a Headline Writer

• Possess a keen sense of news values
• Able to pick out significant views
• Expert with words
• Accurate in Grammar
• Clever in expression

Rules in Headline Writing

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26. Use of capital and small letters in headlining

Some Kinds of Headline C. Crossline – single line that occupies

A. Flush-left the full width of the column/s occuied
by the article

B. Streamer/Banner/Flag

D. Flushline – 2 or more equal lines reaching both left & right column rules

E. Hanging Indention
Has at least three lines, second and third line indented

F. Pyramid or Inverted Pyramid

Consists of two or three lines
Each line shorter than the previous one & centered
Usually used in single-column news story
Example - Try
SEABED QUARRYING FORCES
FISHERS TO VENTURE
FARTHER FROM SHORE

Kinds of Editorial Writing Editorial of Argumentation/Persuasion

Some types commonly use:

• Editorial that Explain
• Editorial that Evaluate
• Editorial that Persuade
TYPES OF EDITORIAL
1. Editorial of Information – it seeks to give information on facts of news stories or add other facts with minimum
explanation. It may define terms, identify persons or factors or provide a background.

2. Editorial of Interpretation – It explains the significance or meaning of a news event, current idea, condition, or
situation, theory, or hypothesis. The writer doesn’t argue nor criticize, but merely present both sides of an issue and
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leaves the judgment to the reader. It merely interprets, say for example, the content of a new memorandum issued by
the principal.

3. Editorial of Criticism – It points out the good or the bad features of a problem or situation mentioned in the news.
Its purpose is to influence the reader. It suggests a solution at the end.

4. Editorial of Commendation, Appreciation, or Tribute – It praises, commends, or pays tribute to a person or

organization that has performed some worthwhile projects or deeds, or accomplishments.

5. Editorial of Argumentation – This is oftentimes called editorial of persuasion. The editor argues in order to convince
or persuade the reader to accept his stand on the issue.

6. Editorial of entertainment – It evokes a smile, a chuckle, laughter, while suggesting truth. Its main aim is to
entertain. It is usually short.

7. Mood editorial – It presents a philosophy rather than an argument or an explanation. Oftentimes, the subject matter
is nature or emotion.

8. Special occasion – it explains the significance of a special day or occasion.

Editorials are written according to a well-establish formula

• Introduction
• Explanation of Issue
• Opinions from opposing viewpoint

Have the structure based on Toulmin’s Pattern of Argumentation

Editorial Writing
Why use Toulmin’s Model in analyzing editorials?

What is Toulmin Model?

• Developed by Stephen Toulmin, a British Philosopher of the 20th century

• His strong points:
• What is involved in establishing conclusions through the production of arguments?
• What strong evidence can be presented to have strong argument?

The ART of ARGUMENTATION applying Toulmin’s Model of Argumentation

Developed by philosopher Stephen E. Toulmin

6 components of arguments
Claim
o The assertion that authors would like to prove to their audience.
o The point being made.
o The main argument.
o The conclusion that the evidence supports
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Grounds
o The evidence that supports the claim
o This is crucial to the argument
o The reasoning lines that provides the basis of the claim.

Warrant
o The implicit or explicit knowledge that connects the grounds to the claim.
o The ‘common knowledge’ that serves as link to the evidence and claim.
o It’s the connection between the bridge and claim
o (For me, I count this as closely related to the backing which is the next component.)

Qualifier
o The level at which the claim is being asserted.
o Indicates the limits of the claim, the warrant, and the backing.
o Often found in the specific confidence of the language that the claim uses
o Probably, cannot, will, mostly, some, presumably, many, always, sometimes
o These help your audience understand that you know there are instances where your claim may not be correct.

Rebuttal
o Addresses the limits of the claim.
o Considers any counter arguments against the claim.
o This is another point as an acknowledgement of another valid view of the situation.

Backing
o Additional evidence that backs up the warrant as in most cases, warrant is implied
o This gives specific example
o The more data to support the chain of your reasoning, the stronger is your claim.