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Unit 1

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I.

Fill in the blanks with suitable tense forms:


1. He ------- tea every morning. (Drank, will drank, drinks)
2. I ------- shot up everyday at 50' clock (Got, will get, get)
3. The sun ------ in the east. (Rose, rises, will rise)
4. We -------- to Bombay next week. (are going, will go, go)
5. When ------- the college reopen? (did, do, does, will)
6. The boys -------- hockey now. (play, will play, are playing)
7. I ------- to cinema tonight. (go, went, am going, will go)
8. He ------ just -------- out (had gone, will go, has gone)
9. I ------- my finger and it bleeds now (cut, have cut)
10. I -------- him for a long time. (had known, have known)
11. He ------- sleeping for 5 hours (still sleeping). (had been, will, has been)
12. They ------ the bridge for several months. (built, are building, have been building).
13. The steamer ---------- yesterday. (sails, will sail, sailed)
14. I ---------- Hindi is Nagpur. (learn, will learn, learnt)
15. We --------- to the radio all evening. (listen, are listening, have been listening)
16. The light went out while I ---------- (read, will read, was reading)
17. When I saw him, he ------- chess. (play, was playing, will play)
II. Fill in the blanks with suitable tense forms:
1. The West -------- (envy) the spiritual roots of the East and the East -------- (desire) the
materialism of the West. We always ---------- (want) to trade places. "If only I ------- (have)
experience",-------- (utter) the youth. "If only I --------- (have) your age", -------- (retort) the
one with experience. In every person's career, there ------ (be) times when earning --------
(take) precedence over learning, ads and times when learning --------- (take) priority over
earning.
2. A conservancy worker at Puzhal --------- (sort) through garbage for a couple of hours to
retrieve an eight sovereign gold chain a woman --------- (put) in the waste bin by mistake.
Sanjeev kumar -------- (earn) plaudits from the residents of Kanchi Nagar in
Vinayagapuram for taking the trouble to search for the chain and return it to RR. She
------------- (clean) the house ahead of Pongal and -------------- (leave) a lot of garbage. Her
aged mother ----------- (put) the box in which the chain was kept with the waste, thinking it
was empty.
3. A king had many elephants. But one elephant ---------- (be) very skilful and obedient. In
many wars, he was sent to battlefield and he --------- (will) return victorious. He was the
most loved elephant by the king. Time went by and the elephant --------- (become) old. The
kind did not send him to the battlefield anymore. Once the elephant went to the lake for a
drink, his feet got stuck in the mud there. He started to sink into it. He tried a lot but he
couldn't come out. There was panic. The king and many people reached there. Many -------
(try) various efforts to get him out. But there was no way out. In the meantime, an old
retired minister suggested to play the battle drums around the lake. As soon as the drums of
war started ---------- (ring), there was a change in the behaviour of the troubled elephant
and he pulled himself out of the mud on his own. Just the need to --------- (infuse)
enthusiasm within it was required for the elephant. There ------ (be) a need for all human
beings to self-motivate when there is no enthusiasm or encouragement from outside. Do
not let despair dominate
4. A new tree species --------- (name) after Leonardo Di Caprio as a tribute to the star's anti
logging campaigning, London's Royal Botanic Gardens, -------- (announce) on 6.6.2022.
The evergreen with large yellowish_green flowers, which ----- (find) in Cameroon's Ebo
forest, -------- (be) the first new species to be officially named in 2022 by botanists.
5. Arthritis may not have a permanent cure, but new and advanced treatment methods
-------------- (help) to ensure long term pain relief. For patients suffering from severe pain
caused by arthritis, robot_assisted knee replacement can offer pain relief with shorter
recovery times and long lasting results. The success rate in conventional knee replacement
surgery ---------- (be) about 90_95% but with robotic assisted surgeries, the accuracy (be)
said to be 100%. The best remedy is not to strain your knees by excessive --------- (stand)
or ------------- (walk).
6. The earth ---------- (lose) its forests. Trees ------------ (cover) about 30% of the earth's
but they --------- (destroy) at an alarming rate especially in the tropics. Timber harvesting
------- (be) a major reason for the destruction of the forests. Trees -------- (use) for building
houses, making furniture and providing pulp for paper products, such as newspapers and
magazines. At least 40 hectares of rain forests ------ (fell) every minute, mostly in order to
extract the valuable timber.
7. Varanasi, the pre-eminent historic centre in India, --------- (be) a cumulative city. Over
many centuries it --------- (accrue) by design, reconfigured by rulers, lost parts to
devastating demolitions, been replenished by meaningful additions, and disfigured by
insensitive constructions. As Diana Eck perceptively --------- (say) in her hugely popular
book on Varanasi, there ------------ (be) "hardly a stone left upon stone".
8. Some insects --------- (be) harmful to human beings. The poison of the black widow
spider --------- (cause) unbearable pain. It ------- (stiffen) the muscles of the abdomen and
--------- (cause) death to some of the victims. Some kinds of mosquitoes -------- (carry)
germs that cause diseases such as malaria, yellow fever and sleeping sickness. The
mosquitoes ---------- (pick up) germs and pass them on to the people they bite. Flies --------
(play) a part in spreading such diseases as cholera, dysentery and typhoid fever. All insects
which carry germs and spread diseases ------------ (live and breed) only in dirty places. So
we can prevent such diseases if we keep our houses free of dirt.
9. Alfred Tennyson --------- (be) born on 6.8.1809 in England. He -------(be) one of the well
loved Victorian poets even now. He ------- (show) early talent for writing. At 12, he
---------- (write) a 6,000 lined epic poem. His father ------- (tutor) him in the classical and
modern languages. He ------------- (select) Poet Laureate in succession to William
Wordsworth.
10. Don't have fears about life. Don't feel in tough times that life is long. Life …….. (be)
lived every twenty four hours. ------- (make) a checklist and include academic, family and
social works to be done every day. -------- (execute) them. Be kind and compassionate.
Don't do anything for social prestige. It ------ (be) contagious. Reduce your wants so that
you gain time.---------- (try) to see smile on the face of the people around you irrespective
of others' attitudes.

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES: A prepositional phrase is a group of words consisting


of a preposition, its object, and any words that modify the object.

Eg. Mother is going out with a cute baby.

['with a cute baby' becomes a prepositional phrase and it has a complement 'baby' and a
word (adjective) 'cute' which modifies the noun or complement, 'baby']

Most of the time, a prepositional phrase modifies a verb or a noun.

There are three kinds of prepositional phrases:

Adverbial prepositional phrases

Adjectival prepositional phrases

I. Prepositional phrases behaving like nouns.

Prepositional Phrases As Adverbs


Here are some more prepositional phrases functioning as adverbs:

Example

Lee raised his small mackerel (marine fish) with utmost pride. (adverb of manner)

Before the war, Chris played football for Barnstoneworth United. (adverb of time)

Manjunadhan is tired from the hike. (adverb of reason)

Madhumathi lives in that village. (adverb of place)

I live near the stadium. (adverb of place)

She speaks with notable enthusiasm. (adverb of manner)

II. Prepositional Phrases as Adjectives

Here are some more prepositional phrases functioning as adjectives:

Example

Please buy the scarf with dots. (dotted scarf)

The man on the radio has a boring voice. (describes the man)

Give me one of the brown ones. (may be a brown cake) (describes the pronoun, 'one')

Do you mean that boy in the corner? (corner boy)

I know the policeman with the radio. (describes the policeman)

III. Prepositional Phrases with nouns:

Eg:

They first met at a wedding. (preposition + noun phrase)

She was taken ill during the trip. (preposition + noun phrase)

Would you like to come with me please? (preposition + pronoun)

IV. Prepositions and their complements:

Prepositional phrases consist of a preposition and the words which follow it. (a
complement).

From there, it'll take you about half an hour to our house. (preposition + adverb)

Until quite recently, no one knew about his paintings. (preposition + adverb phrase)

She's decided on doing a Spanish language course. (preposition + _ing clause)

It's a machine for making oil. (preposition + _ing clause)

If you can wait until after my meeting with Sanadhanan, we can talk then. (preposition +
prepositional phrase)

We were really surprised at what they spoke. (preposition + wh_clause)

We can put an adverb before a preposition to modify it. This applies mainly to
prepositions of time or place (above, before, far, deep, down, opposite):

They've moved far into the country.


They left the party just before us.

You can't miss it. His office is almost opposite the coffee shop.

V. How do you write a prepositional phrase?

At the minimum, a prepositional phrase will begin with a preposition and end with a
noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause, the "object" of the preposition. The object of the
preposition will often have one or more modifiers to describe it.

Example

The witch sat on her broom.

("On" is a preposition, "broom" is the object of the preposition, and

"her" is the modifier.)

Easy Examples of Prepositional Phrases

A singer with passion

A town near London

Keep in time.

He acts without thinking.

VI. The Function of Prepositional Phrases

Prepositional phrases function as either adjectives modifying nouns or adverbs modifying


verbs.

Subject Verb Agreement while using Prepositional Phrases

Eg:

A box of knives was found at the scene.

A combination of factors was the cause of the crash.

Bernard Shaw hasn't an enemy in the world, and none of his friends like him. (said by
Oscar Wilde)

Most of the cake has been eaten.

Most of the cakes have been eaten.

Some of the worst mistakes of my life have been haircuts. (Singer Jim Morrison)

Democracy is the recurrent suspicion that more than half of the people are right. more than
half the time. (Writer Elwyn Brooks White) ("Half" is plural because "people" is plural.)

Half of the world knows not how the other half lives.

(Poet George Herbert) ("Half" is singular because "world" is singular.)

Ninety percent of the politicians give the other ten percent a bad reputation.

(US politician Henry Kissinger)

("Ninety percent" is plural because "politicians" is plural.)

My guess is that well over eighty percent of the human race goes without having a single
original thought. (Satirist HL Mencken)
("Eighty percent" is singular and "human race" is singular.)

A list of faults has been found out.

Some of the treasure is mine.

Some of the coins are hers.

Placing Prepositional Phrase is important:

 One morning, I met a stranger in my pyjamas. (incorrect)


 One morning, I, in my pyjamas, met a stranger. (correct)
 Joe fed the shark in the cage. (incorrect)
 Joe was in the cage when he fed the shark. (correct)
 Joe fed the shark that was in the cage. (correct)
 We will not sell jam to anyone in glass bottles. (incorrect)
 We will not sell jam in glass bottles to anyone. (correct)

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositional phrases:


1. Ashutosh, …..... will stay with you forever.
2. The gift ...... is from my side.
3. The book.... has been read many times.
4. All the passengers …….. were frightened due to inclement weather.
5. The vehicle ………. is the one which I want to buy.
6. The clues given there will enable you ……….
7. ………. help city residents, 24 hour help line has been set up.
8. Check points have been set up ………….
9. The sponsors funded and fashioned enterprises ……….
10. A little from the government will go a long way ………

I. Fill in the blanks with any one of the following prepositional phrases suitably:
In favour of, by dint of, with an eye to, by virtue of,
in compliance with, in case of, conformably to, agreeably to,
against all odds, in lieu of, in consequence of, for the sake of
1. He emerged victorious ………..
2. .......... the terms of settlement, we have enclosed a cheque.
3. ……… of the power invested in me by the management, I order to appoint him.
4. I don't say anything ……….. of saying. I mean what I say.
5. Mother always speaks …..... her child.
6. …….. hard work, he succeeded in his mission.
7. ……….. emergency, make a call to Shakthi.
8. Whatever he does, he does …….... the main opportunity.
9. Our trading should be ......... law.
10. We speak ………….. the rumour we have heard but we should not spread rumour.
11. ………. of the pandemic, many works have been delayed.
12. The winners took the cash award …….... the prize.

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