Avanthi Degree & P.

G College
Narayanaguda –Hyderabad

B.Sc. (Data Science) I Year II Semester

Problem Solving and Python Programming

( Paper – II )

Name :

Roll No :

Group :

The expert in anything was once a beginner

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 Paper – II : Problem Solving and Python Programming
Unit-I
Introduction to Computing and Problem Solving:
Fundamentals of Computing – Computing Devices – Identification of Computational Problems –
Pseudo Code and Flowcharts – Instructions – Algorithms – Building Blocks of Algorithms.
Introduction to Python Programming:
Python Interpreter and Interactive Mode– Variables and Identifiers – Arithmetic Operators –
Values and Types – Statements, Reading Input, Print Output, Type Conversions, The type()
Function and Is Operator, Dynamic and Strongly Typed Language.
Control Flow Statements:
The if, The if…else,The if…elif…else Decision Control Statements, Nested if Statement, The while
Loop, The for Loop, The continue and break Statements.
Unit-II
Functions:
Built-In Functions, Commonly Used Modules, Function Definition and Calling the Function, The
return Statement and void Function, Scope and Lifetime of Variables, Default Parameters,
Keyword Arguments, *args and **kwargs, Command Line Arguments.
Strings:
Creating and Storing Strings, Basic String Operations, Accessing Characters in String by Index
Number, String Slicing and Joining, String Methods, Formatting Strings.
Unit-III
Lists:
list operations, list slices, list methods, list loop, mutability, aliasing, cloning lists, list parameters;
Tuples: tuple assignment, tuple as return value;
Dictionaries: operations and methods; advanced list processing - list comprehension;
Illustrative programs: selection sort, insertion sort, merge sort, histogram.
Files and exception:
Text files, reading and writing files, format operator; command line arguments, errors and
exceptions, handling exceptions, modules, packages; Illustrative programs: word count, copy file.
Unit-IV
Object-Oriented Programming:
Classes and Objects, Creating Classes in Python, Creating Objects in Python, The Constructor
Method, Classes with Multiple Objects, Class Attributes versus Data Attributes, Encapsulation,
Inheritance The Polymorphism.
Functional Programming: Lambda. Iterators, Generators, List Comprehensions.

References :
1. Introduction to Python Programming. Gowrishankar S., Veena A. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis
Group, 2019
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2. Allen B. Downey, ``Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist’’, 2nd edition,
Updated for Python 3, Shroff/O’Reilly Publishers, 2016
(http://greenteapress.com/wp/think- python/)

Suggested Reading :
1. Learning To Program With Python. Richard L. Halterman. Copyright © 2011
2. Python for Everybody, Exploring Data Using Python 3. Dr. Charles R. Severance. 2016

Practical - 2 : Problem Solving and Python Programming (Lab)

Installing Python and Setting up the Environment

Python interpreter can be downloaded for Windows/Linux platform using the link below:
https://www.python.org/downloads/

Exercises
I. Programs to demonstrate the usage of operators and conditional statements
1. Write a program that takes two integers as command line arguments and prints the
sum of two integers.
2. Program to display the information: Your name, Full Address, Mobile Number, College
Name, Course Subjects
3. Program to find the largest number among ‘n’ given numbers.
4. Program that reads the URL of a website as input and displays contents of a webpage.
II. Programs to demonstrate usage of control structures
5. Program to find the sum of all prime numbers between 1 and 1000.
6. Program that reads set of integers and displays first and second largest numbers.
7. Program to print the sum of first ‘n’ natural numbers.
8. Program to find the product of two matrices.
9. Program to find the roots of a quadratic equation

III. Programs to demonstrate the usage of Functions and Recursion

10. Write both recursive and non-recursive functions for the following:
a. To find GCD of two integers
b. To find the factorial of positive integer
c. To print Fibonacci Sequence up to given number ‘n’
d. To convert decimal number to Binary equivalent
11. Program with a function that accepts two arguments: a list and a number ‘n’. It
should display all the numbers in the list that are greater than the given number
‘n’.
12. Program with a function to find how many numbers are divisible by 2, 3,4,5,6 and
7 between 1 to 1000

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IV. Programs to demonstrate the usage of String functions
13. Program that accept a string as an argument and return the number of vowels
and consonants the string contains.
14. Program that accepts two strings S1, S2, and finds whether they are equal are not.
15. Program to count the number of occurrences of characters in a given string.
16. Program to find whether a given string is palindrome or not

V. Programs to demonstrate the usage of lists, sets, dictionaries, tuples and files..
17. Program with a function that takes two lists L1 and L2 containing integer numbers
as parameters. The return value is a single list containing the pair wise sums of the
numbers in L1 and L2.
18. Program to read the lists of numbers as L1, print the lists in reverse order
without using reverse function.
19. Program to find mean, median, mode for the given set of numbers in a list.
20. Program to find all duplicates in the list.
21. Program to o find all the unique elements of a list.
22. Write a program that combine lists L1 and L2 into a dictionary.
23. Program to find max and min of a given tuple of integers.
24. Program to find union, intersection, difference, symmetric difference of given two sets.
25. Program to display a list of all unique words in a text file
26. Program to read the content of a text file and display it on the screen line wise with
a line number followed by a colon
27. Program to analyse the two text files using set operations
28. Write a program to print each line of a file in reverse order.

VI. Programs to demonstrate the usage of Object Oriented Programming

29. Program to implement the inheritance
30. Program to implement the polymorphism

VII. Programs to search and sort the numbers

31. Programs to implement Linear search and Binary search
32. Programs to implement Selection sort, Insertion sort

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 Chapter 1:
Introduction to Computing and Problem Solving:

1.1 Fundamentals of Computing – Computing Devices

Computing devices are the electronic devices which take inputs, process the inputs and then
calculate results from the inputs. One of the most common computing device is computer which
we all know about it.
This is the vast field and it covers huge amount of devices today which we are using in one or
another form and these devices ranging from the simple Calculator, Printers, Digital Cameras,
Mobile phones, Smart phones , PC Desktops, Laptops and many more. These all do the math
calculations on the streams of binary digits (bits i.e. 0 and 1 ) and produce the results in different
forms that we need.
1.1.1 Processors
Every computing device will have the electronic calculator i.e. processor. This executes
calculations from the instructions given to them in the form of programming code.
1.1.2 Programming
Programming is the basic for executing computations. There can be two kinds of programming for
computers and that are Operating systems and Applications.
An Operating system (OS) helps the people to interact with the computing machine
Applications also known as apps, are examples of specialized programs that enable the
computer to carry out specific tasks.
1.1.3 Data Storage
Data storage is basically storing the programs as well as data on different memory devices used
in the computing devices today and these programs and data which are stored can be used later
for our needs. There are different storage devices using today.
1.1.4 Types of General-purpose Computers
There are basically two kinds of General-purpose computers and they are
1. Multi-user Computers
2. Dedicated Computers
Multi-user Computers
As the name suggests that this is a kind of computer that can handle multi users at a time.
Mainframes, minicomputers, and supercomputers all fall into this category.
Dedicated Computers
Dedicated computers are the computers which can be used by one user at a time. These
computers have replaced multi-user computers because they are simple and have less cost. PC
(Personal Computer is the most common dedicated computer these days
There are further two kinds of PCs which depends on their sizes and
portability. These PCs are Desktops and Laptops.

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1.1.5 OTHER COMPUTING DEVICES
A personal computer is designed to be a general-purpose device. That is, it can be used to solve
many different types of problems. several types of devices that represent the latest trends in
personal computing.
PORTABLE COMPUTERS, SMARTPHONES, TABLET COMPUTERS.
Computing technology is being integrated into many everyday products. From automobiles to
refrigerators to airplanes, etc.
Here are two of the latest ways that computing technologies are being integrated into everyday
products:
The Smart House
The Self-Driving Car
1.2 Identification of Computational Problems

It is any type of calculation that includes both arithmetical and non-arithmetical steps and
follows a well-defined model

1.2.1 ALGORITHMS :
An algorithm is method of representing step by step procedure for solving a problem.
 An algorithm is a part of the plan for the computer program. In fact, an algorithm is
‘an effective procedure for solving a problem in a finite number of steps’.
 An algorithm is very useful for finding the right answer to a problem or breaking the difficult
problem into simple cases.
Problem

Algorithm

Input Computer Output

Steps for Algorithm Development:-

1. Initially understand the problem
2. Then, identify the expected output for the problem
3. Identify the necessary input for the problem.
4. Develop the logic that produces the expected output from the selected input.
5. Finally, test the algorithm with various set of inputs.

Characteristics of Algorithm:-
An Algorithm must process the following characteristics
1. Finiteness
2. Definiteness
3. Effectiveness
4. Input
5. Output
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 1. Finiteness
An Algorithm should terminate in a finite number of steps
2. Definiteness
Each step of algorithm must be clear and unambiguous.
3. Effectiveness
Each step must be effective, in the sense that, it should be easily convertible into
program
statement and can be performed exactly in a finite amount of time.
4. Input
Each algorithm must take Zero, one or more quantities as input data
5. Output
Each algorithm must produce at least one output.

Different ways of stating Algorithms

An algorithm can be written in following two ways:
1. Pseudo code
2. Flow chart
1.2.1.1 Pseudo Code :-

 The word pseudo means imitation and code means instructions written some programming
language.
 Pseudo code describes the structure of program in simple English language.
 Pseudo code describes the complete logic of some program so that implementation become
easy. It does not use any syntax or symbols.

Example: Adding two numbers

Step1: Start
Step2: Read input variable ‘A’.
Step3: Read input variable ‘B’.
Step4: compute the sum of
A,B
Step5: Store the sum value in
‘C’. Step6: Print value ‘C’
Step7: End

1.2.1.2 FLOWCHARTS:-

 A Flowchart is a type of diagram (graphical or symbolic) that represents an

algorithm or process.
 Each step in the process is represented by a different symbol and contains a short
description of the process step.
 The flow chart symbols are linked together with arrows showing the process flow
direction.
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  A flowchart describes what operations (and in what sequence) are required to solve a
given problem
 Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or
program in various fields

Flowchart Symbols

Terminator / Terminal:
An oval flow chart shape indicates the start or end of the process, usually
containing the word “Start” or “End”.

or

Process: A rectangular flow chart shape indicates a normal/generic process flow step.
For example, “Add 1 to X”, “M = M*F” or similar

Decision: A diamond flow chart symbol is used when a decision needs to be made,
commonly a Yes/No question or True/False test.

Connector: A small, labelled, circular flow chart shape used to indicate a jump in the process
flow. Connectors are generally used in complex or multi-sheet diagrams

Data: A parallelogram that indicates data input or output (I/O) for a process.
Examples: Get X from the user, Display X.

Arrow: used to show the flow of control in a process.

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1.3 BUILDING BLOCKS OF ALGORITHMS (statements, state, control flow, functions)
Algorithms can be constructed from basic building blocks namely, sequence, selection and
iteration.
1.3.1 Statements:
Statement is a single action in a computer. In a computer statements might include
some of the following actions
 input data-information given to the program
 process data-perform operation on a given input
 output data-processed result
1.3.2 State:
Transition from one process to another process under specified condition with in a time
is called state.
1.3.3. Control flow:
The process of executing the individual statements in a given order is called control flow.
The control can be executed in three ways
1. sequence
2. selection
3. iteration
1.3.3.1 Sequence:
All the instructions are executed one after another is called sequence execution.
1.3.3.1 Selection:
 A selection statement causes the program control to be transferred to a
specific part of the program based upon the condition.
 If the conditional test is true, one part of the program will be executed,
otherwise it will execute the other part of the program.
1.3.3.2 Iteration:
In some programs, certain set of statements are executed again and again based
upon conditional test. i.e. executed more than one time.
This type of execution is called looping or iteration.
1.3.4 Functions:

 Function is a sub program which consists of block of code(set of instructions) that

performs a particular task.
 For complex problems, the problem is been divided into smaller and simpler tasks
during algorithm design.

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 Example 1: To find sum of two numbers

Pseudo Code Algorithm:-

Step 1: Start/begin
Step 2: Declare Num1, Num2 and Sum
Step 3: Read Num1 , Num2
Step 4: Sum Num1 + Num2
Step 5: Print or Display Sum
Step 6: Stop/End

Example 2: To find Area of Rectangle

Pseudo Code Algorithm:-

Step 1: Start
Step 2: get l,b values
Step 3: Calculate A=l*b
Step 4: Display A
Step 5: Stop

Example 3: Write an algorithm for Calculating area and circumference of circle

Pseudo Code Algorithm:-

Step 1: Start
Step 2: get r value
Step 3: Calculate A=3.14*r*r
Step 4: Calculate C=2.3.14*r
Step 5: Display A,C
Step 6: Stop

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Example 4: Greatest of two numbers

Pseudo Code Algorithm:-

Step 1: Start
Step 2: get a,b value
Step 3: check if(a>b) print a is greater
Step 4: else b is greater
Step 5: Stop

Example 5: Write an algorithm & Flow chart to find the largest among three different
numbers entered by user.
Step1: Start
Step2: Get A, B, C
Step3: if(A>B) goto Step4 else goto
step5 Step4: If(A>C) print A else print C
Step5: If(B>C) print B else print C
Step6: Stop
.

Example 6: To check positive or negative number

Pseudo Code Algorithm:-

Step 1: Start
Step 2: get num
Step 3: check if(num>0) print a is
positive
Step 4: else num is negative
Step 5: Stop

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 Example 7: Write an algorithm and Draw a flow chart to log in to your Gmail
Account

Pseudo Code Algorithm:-

.
Step 1: Start/begin
Step 2: Go to www.gmail.com.
Step 3: . Enter your email id and
password
Step 4: Click the Sign in button
Step 5: Stop

Assignment:-
1. To check odd or even number
2. Write an algorithm to find sum of a given number
3. Write an algorithm to find factorial of a given number
4. Check given number is prime or not
5. GCD of two numbers

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 Chapter 2:
Introduction to Python Programming:

2.0 Python Introduction

 Python is the world's most popular and fastest-growing computer programming
language. It is a multi-purpose and high-level programming language.
 Python was invented by Guido Van Rossum in the year 1989, but it was introduced into
the market on 20th February 1991.

 The Python programming language has been used by many people like Software
Engineers, Data Analysts, Network Engineers, Mathematicians, Accountants, Scientists,
and many more. Using Python, one can solve complex problems in less time with fewer
lines of code.

Features of Python
The Python is a very popular programming language with the following features.
 Python is easy to learn and easy to understand.
 The Python is an interpreted programming language. It executes the code line by line.
 The Python is a cross-platform programming language. It can be used with any operating
system like Windows, Linux, MAC OS, etc.
 The Python is a free and open-source programming language.
 The Python is an Object-Oriented, Procedural and Functional programming language
 The Python is a multi-purpose programming language
 The Python is a high-level programming language
 Python has a huge Community to get help all over the globe.
 Python has a large Ecosystem of Libraries, Frameworks, and Tools to work with it.

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2.1 Python Interpreter
Python Interpreter is a program that reads and executes Python code. It uses 2 modes of
Execution.
1. Interactive mode
2. Script mode
2.1.1 Python Interactive Mode
 In the interactive mode, We can query some statements, and python will
interpret/execute them and give you the output.
 Interactive mode is useful to test out our code before keeping them to the scripts.
 We can do operations like simple calculations, and printing some variables and etc.
 To bring up the interactive python shell, Search for IDLE in windows.
 For Linux and Mac user, Goto Terminal and bring up the interactive python shell by
running python command.

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We can write our statements into interactive shell, In above case we written
print("Hello Python") statement and pressed enter.
Then python immediately executed our print statement and displayed the output.
This is called interactive mode.
Where we can perform simple operations and get the results.

Disadvantages of interactive mode

 The interactive mode is not suitable for large programs.
 The interactive mode doesn’t save the statements. Once we make a program it is for that
time itself, we cannot use it in the future. In order to use it in the future, we need to
retype all the statements.
 Editing the code written in interactive mode is a tedious task. We need to revisit all our
previous commands and if still, we could not edit we need to type everything again.

2.1.2 Python Script Mode

Script mode in Python is where we first write the Python program inside a script file and execute
it after that.
We can execute the script of code either using the Command prompt or using Python IDE
installed in our system.

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In order to run a code in script mode follow the following steps.
Step 1: Make a file using a text editor. You can use any text editor of your choice
(Here I use notepad).
Step 2: After writing the code save the file using “.py” extension.
Step 3: Now open the command prompt and command directory to the one where your
file is stored.
Step 4: Type python “filename.py” and press enter.
Step 5: You will see the output on your command prompt.
Example:
In order to execute "Hello Python" using script mode we first make a file and save it

Now we use the command prompt to execute this file.

2.2 Variables
 In Python, a variable is a named memory where a programmer can store data and
retrieve for future use using the same name.
 In Python, variables are created without specifying any data type.
 There is no specific keyword used to create a variable. Variables are created directly by
specifying the variable name with a value.
We use the following syntax to create a variable.

Syntax:
variable_name = value
Note :
When a variable is defined, we must create it with a value. If the value is not assigned the
variable gives an error stating that variable is not defined.

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2.3 Identifiers
An identifier is a name given to a variable, function, class or module.
Identifiers may be one or more characters in the following format:
 Identifiers can be a combination of letters in lowercase (a to z) or uppercase (A to Z) or
digits (0 to 9) or an underscore (_).
Examples : myCountry, other_1 and good_morning
 A Python identifier can begin with an alphabet (A – Z and a – z and _ ).
 An identifier cannot start with a digit but is allowed everywhere
else Example : 1num is invalid
num1 is valid
 Keywords cannot be used as identifiers
 One cannot use spaces and special symbols like !, @, #, $, % etc. as identifiers.
 Identifier can be of any length.

2.4 Python IO Operators

In Python, input and output operations (OI Operations) are performed using two built-in
functions. Following are the two built-in functions to perform output operations and input
operations.
print( ) - Used for output operation.
input( ) - Used for input operations.

Output Operations using print() function

The built-in function print( ) is used to output the given data to the standard output device
(Screen).

Displaying a message using print( ) function

In Python, using the print( ) function we can display a text message. The print( ) takes a string as
an argument and displays the same.

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Displaying a variable value using print( ) function
In Python, the built-in function print( ) function is also used to display variables value.
The following example shows that how to display variable value using print( ) function.

Formatted print( ) function to display a combination of message and value

The built-in function print( ) is also used to display the combination of message and variable
value. Let's look at the following example.

In Python, we can use the formatted string that is prefixed with character " f ".
In the formatted string, the variable values are included using curly braces ({ }).

The format strings will contain the curly braces { } and the format() method will use those curly
braces { } as placeholders to replace with the content of the parameters.

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Input Operations using input() function
The Python provides a built-in function input( ) to perform input operations. The input( )
function can be used either with some message or without a message.

When input( ) function is used without a message, it simply prompts for the input value. When
the user enters the input value it reads the entered value as a string and assigns it to the left-
hand-side variable.
Example :
num=input()
print(“The number we have entered is “, num)

Here, the major problem is that the user does not have any information regarding what is the
next step the user has to do? To solve this problem, we use the input( ) function with a message
which tells the user that what the user has to do?
When input( ) function is used with a message, it prompts with a given message for the input
value. When the user enters the input value it reads the entered value as a string and assigns it
to the left-hand-side variable.

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 Example :
num=input(‘Enter any Number : ‘)
print(“The number we have entered is “, num)

Always the input( ) function reads input value as string value only.
To read the value of any other data type, there is no input function in
Python. Explicitly we need to convert to the required data type using type
casing.

Declaring multiple variables in a single statement :

In Python, it is possible to define more than one variable using a single statement. When
multiple variables are created using a single statement, the variables and their corresponding
value must be separated with a comma symbol. Let's look at the following code which creates
two variables with two different values.
Example :

name,rollno= ('Santhosh',1)
print("Student name is ",name," and " , "Roll number is ",rollno )

2.5 Keywords
 Keywords are the reserved words in the Python programming language. All keywords are
designated with a special meaning to each.
 The meaning of all keywords is fixed and it cannot be modified or removed. All the
keywords need to be used as they have defined (Lower case or Upper case).
 In Python 3.10’s , there are 35 keywords .

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Following is the Python code used to display all the keywords in Python 3.10.

import keyword
print(keyword.kwlist)

Sample program to display all the keywords in Python using PyCharm IDE

Points to be Remembered
 All the keywords must be used as they have defined.
 Keywords should not be used as identifiers like variable names, functions name,
class name, etc.
 The meaning of each keyword is fixed, we cannot modify or remove it.
2.6 Python Data Types
Data types specify the type of data like numbers and characters to be stored and
Manipulated within a program. Basic data types of Python are
• Numbers
• Boolean
• Strings
• None
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 2.6.1 Numbers /Numeric
The Python programming language provides four numeric / Numbers data types. They are as
follows.
 int - All the numbers without fraction part (Example : 10). For int, there is no upper limit.
 float - All the numbers with a fraction part (Example : 10.5). It’s accurate up to 15 decimal
places
 complex – Complex numbers are written in the form 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑗 , where x is the real part
and y is the imaginary part. (Example : 5 + 10𝑗 ).
 bool - boolean values True and False.

Example - Python code to illustrate 'Numeric / Numbers' data type

a = 10
print('The value ',a , "is type of ", type(a))
a = 10.5
print('The value ',a , "is type of ", type(a))
a = 100 + 5j
print('The value ',a , "is type of ", type(a))
a = False
print('The value ',a , "is type of ", type(a))

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows.

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2.6.2 Boolean
The python data type bool is used to store two values i.e True and False.
Bool is used to test whether the result of an expression is true or false. The Boolean values, True
and False are treated as reserved words.

Syntax

To check the boolean value of an expression or a variable, pass it as a parameter to the bool
function:
print(bool(expression))
or
print(expression)

2.6.3 Strings
A string consists of a sequence of one or more characters, which can include letters, numbers,
and other types of characters.
A string can also contain spaces. You can use single quotes or double quotes to represent strings
and it is also called a string literal.
Multiline strings can be denoted using triple quotes, ‘ ‘ ‘ or “ “ “.
The string data type in Python is called as 'str '.

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Tips!
 When a string contains a single quotation as a character in it, then enclose it with double
quotes.
(Example - "It's cool")
 When a string contains double quotation as a character in it, then enclose it with single
quotes.
(Example - 'Today is so "hot" outside')
 When a string contains both double quotation and a single quotation as characters in it,
then enclose it with triple quotes.
(Example - '''It's so "hot" outside''')

print("It's So Cool")
print('Today is so "Hot" outside')
print('''It's so "Hot" outside''')

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows.

2.6.4 None
None is another special data type in Python. None is frequently used to represent the absence
of a value . In Python, 'None' is the object which represents nothing. When we want a value
to hold nothing, we do assign it with value 'None'.

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2.7 Indentation
 Indentation in Python is used to create a group of statements. Many popular languages
such as C, C++ and Java uses braces ({ }) to define a block of code and is for readability,
Python use indentation.
 The leading whitespaces (space and tabs) at the start of a line is used to determine the
indentation level of the line. You have to increase the indent level to group the
statements for that code block.
 Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code.

2.8 Statements and Expressions

A statement is an instruction that the Python interpreter can execute. Python program consists
of a sequence of statements
For example, z = 1 is an assignment statement.
Expression is an arrangement of values and operators which are evaluated to make a new value.
Expressions are statements as well.
For example,
>>> 8 + 2
10

2.9 Comments
 Comments are an important part of any program. A comment is a text that describes
what the program or a particular part of the program is trying to do and is ignored by the
Python interpreter.
 Comments are used to help you and other programmers understand, maintain,
and debug the program.
 Python uses two types of comments:
single-line comment
multiline comments
2.9.1 Single Line Comment
In Python, use the hash (#) symbol to start writing a comment. Hash (#) symbol makes all
text following it on the same line into a comment.
For example,
#This is single line Python comment

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 2.9.2 Multi Line Comment
If the comment extends multiple lines, then one way of commenting those lines is to use
hash (#) symbol at the beginning of each line.
For example,
# This is
# multiline comments
# in Python
Another way of doing this is to use triple quotes, either ''' or """. These triple quotes
are generally used for multiline strings.
However, they can be used as a multiline comment as well.
For example,
'''This is
multiline comment
in Python using triple quotes'''

2.10 Python Typecasting / Type Conversions

 In all programming languages, frequently, we need to convert the values from one data
type to another data type.
 The process of converting a value from one data type to another data type is
called Typecasting or simply Casting.
 In Python, the typecasting is performed using built-in functions. As all the data types in
Python are organized using classes, the type casting is performed using constructor
functions.

The following are the constructor functions used to perform typecasting.

S.No. Function Description

1 int( ) It is used to convert an integer literal, float literal, and string literal
(String must represent a whole number) to an integer value.

2 float( ) It is used to convert an integer literal, float literal, and string literal
(String must represent a whole number) to a float value.

3 str( ) It is used to convert a value of any data type integer literals and float
literals to a string value.

26
Example - int( ) Typecasting

a = int(10)
print(f"The value of a is {a} and data type of a is {type(a)}")
a = int(60.99)
print('The value of a is ',a,'and data type of a is', type(a))
a = int("150")
print("The value of {0} is and data type of {1}".format(a,type(a)))

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows

Example - float( ) Typecasting

a = float(10)
print(f"The value of a is {a} and data type of a is {type(a)}")
a = float(60.99)
print('The value of a is ',a,'and data type of a is', type(a))
a = float("150")
print("The value of {0} is and data type of {1}".format(a,type(a)))

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows

27
Example - str( ) Typecasting
a = str(10)
print(f"The value of a is {a} and data type of a is {type(a)}")
a = str(60.99)
print('The value of a is ',a,'and data type of a is', type(a))
a = str("150")
print("The value of {0} is and data type of {1}".format(a,type(a)))

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows.

Points to be Remembered
 In Python, when an integer value is cast to float value, then it is appended with the
fractional part containing zeros (0).
 In Python, when a float value s cast to an integer it rounding down to the previous
whole number.

2.11 Operators
In Python, an operator is a symbol used to perform arithmetical and logical operations. In other
words, an operator can be defined as a symbol used to manipulate the value of an operand.
Here, an operand is a value or variable on which the operator performs its task. For example, '+'
is a symbol used to perform mathematical addition operation.

Consider the expression a = 10 + 30 .

Here, variable 'a', values '10' and '30' are known as Operands
and the symbols '=' and '+' are known as Operators.

28
Types of Operators in Python
In Python, there is a rich set of operators, and they are classified as follows.

 Arithmetic Operators ( +, -, *, /, %, **, // )

 Assignment Operators ( =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, **=, //= )
 Comparison Operators ( <, <=, >, >=, ==, != )
 Logical Operators ( and, or, not )
 Identity Operators ( is, is not )
 Membership Operators ( in, not in )
 Bitwise Operators ( &, |, ^, ~, <<, >> )

2.11.1 Arithmetic Operators in Python

In Python, the arithmetic operators are the operators used to perform a basic arithmetic
operation between two variables or two values.
Arithmetic operators are used to execute arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction,
division, multiplication etc.

The following table presents the list of arithmetic operations in Python along with their
description.

To understand the example let's consider two variables a with value 10 and b with value 3.

Operator
Operator Description Example
Name
Addition Adds two operands, producing their
+ a + b = 13
operator sum
Subtraction Subtracts the two operands, producing
- a-b=7
operator their difference.
Multiplication
* Produces the product of the operands a * b = 30
operator
Produces the quotient of its operands
Division a/b=
/ where the left operand is the dividend
operator 3.3333333333333335
and the right operand is the divisor.
Modulus Divides left hand operand by right
% a%b=1
operator hand operand and returns a remainder
Exponent Performs exponential (power)
** a ** b = 1000
operator calculation on operators.
Floor division Returns the integral part of the
// a // b = 3
operator quotient

29
Example - Arithmetic Operators in Python

a = 10
b = 3
print("Addition of",a,"and",b,"is",a+b)
print("Subtraction of",a,"and",b,"is",a-b)
print("Multiplication of",a,"and",b,"is",a*b)
print("Division of",a,"and",b,"is",a/b)
print("Modulo of",a,"and",b,"is",a%b)
print("Exponent of",a,"and",b,"is",a**b)
print("Floor division of",a,"and",b,"is",a//b)

2.11.2 Assignment Operators in Python

In Python, the assignment operators are the operators used to assign the right-hand side value
to the left-hand side variable. The following table presents the list of assignment operations in
Python along with their description.
To understand the example let's consider two variables a with value 10 and b with value 3.
Operator
Operator Description Example
Name
Assigns right-hand side value to left-hand side
= Assignment a = 10
variable
Addition Adds right operand to the left operand and a += b
+=
Assignment assign the result to left operand (a=a+b)
Subtraction Subtracts right operand from the left operand a -= b
-=
Assignment and assign the result to left operand (a=a-b)
Multiplication Multiplies right operand with the left operand a *= b
*=
Assignment and assign the result to left operand (a=a*b)
Division Divides left operand with the right operand and a /= b
/=
Assignment assign the result to left operand (a=a/b)

30
 Remainder Takes modulus using two operands and assign a %= b
%=
Assignment the result to left operand (a=a%b)
Exponentiation Performs exponential calculation on operators a **= b
**=
Assignment and assigns value to the left operand ( a = a ** b )
Floor Division Performs floor division on operators and assign a //= b
//=
Assignment value to the left operand ( a = a // b )

Example - Assignment Operators in Python

a = 10
b = 3
a+=b
print("a+=b is ",a)
a-=b
print("a-=b is ",a)
a*=b
print("a*=b is ",a)
a/=b
print("a/=b is ",a)
a%=b
print("a%=b is ",a)
a**=b
print("a**=b is ",a)
a//=b
print("a//=b is ",a)

31
2.11. 3 Comparison Operators in Python
 In Python, the comparison operators are used to compare two values. In other words,
comparison operators are used to checking the relationship between two variables or
values.
 The comparison operators are also known as Relational Operators.

The following table presents the list of comparison operations in Python along with their
description.
To understand the example let's consider two variables a with value 10 and b with value 3.
Operator
Operator Description Example
Name

< Less than Returns True if left-hand side value is smaller a < b
than right-hand side value, otherwise returns (False)
False.
<= Less than or Returns True if left-hand side value is smaller than or a <= b
Equal to equal to right-hand side value, otherwise (False)
returns False.

> Greater Returns True if left-hand side value is larger a > b

than than right-hand side value, otherwise returns (True)
False.
>= Greater Returns True if left-hand side value is larger than or a >= b
than or equal to right-hand side value, otherwise (True)
Equal to returns False.

== Equal to Returns True if left-hand side value is equal to right- a == b

hand side value, otherwise returns False. (False)

!= Not Equal Returns True if left-hand side value is not equal a != b

to to right-hand side value, otherwise returns (True)
False.

Example - Comparison Operators in Python

a = 10
b = 3
print(f"{a} Less than {b} is {a<b}")
print(f"{a} Less than or Equal to {b} is {a<=b}")
print(f"{a} Greater than {b} is {a>b}")
print(f"{a} Greater than or Equal to {b} is {a>=b}")
print(f"{a} Equal to {b} is {a==b}")
print(f"{a} Not Equal to {b} is {a!=b}")
32
2.11.4 Logical Operators

In Python, the logical operators are used to merge multiple conditions into a single condition. The
following table presents the list of logical operations in Python along with their description.

To understand the example let's consider two variables a with value 10 and b with value 3.
Operator Operator Description Example
Name
and Logical AND Returns True if all the conditions are True, a < b and a > c
or Logical OR Returns False if all the conditions are a < b or a > c
not Logical NOT Returns True if the condition is False, not a > b

Example - Logical Operators in Python

a=10
b=3
c=20
print("10<3 and 10>20 is ", a < b and a > c)
print("10<3 and 10>20 is ", a < b or a > c)
print("not 10>3 is ",not a > b)

33
2.11.5 Identity Operators
In Python, identity operators are used to comparing the memory locations of two objects or
variables.
There are two identity operators in Python. The following table presents the list of identity
operations in Python along with their description.
To understand the example let's consider two variables a with value 10 and b with value 3.
Operator Operator Description Example
Name
is is identical Returns True if the variables on either side of the a is b
operator point to the same object otherwise (False)
returns False.
is not is not Returns False if the variables on either side of the a is not b
identical operator point to the same object otherwise (True)
returns True.
Example - Identity Operators in Python
a=10
b=3
print(f"{a} is {b} : {a is b}")
print(f"{a} is not {b} : {a is not b}")

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows.

2.11.6 Membership Operators

In Python, the membership operators are used to test whether a value is present in a sequence.
Here the sequence may be String, List, or Tuple.
There are two membership operators in Python. The following table presents the list of
membership operations in Python along with their description.

Operator Operator Description Example

Name
in in Returns True if it finds a variable in the specified a in list
sequence, otherwise returns False.
not in not in Returns True if it does not finds a variable in the a not
specified sequence, otherwise returns False. in list

34
Example - Membership Operators in Python
print('s' in 'santhosh')
print('a' not in 'avanthi')
When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows.

2.11.7 Bitwise Operators in Python

In Python, the bitwise operators are used to performs bit by bit operation. There are six bitwise
operators in Python.
The following table presents the list of bitwise operations in Python along with their description.

35
Example - bitwise Operators in Python

a=60
b=13
print(f'Bitwise AND of {a} of {b} is {a & b}')
print(f'Bitwise OR of {a} of {b} is {a | b}')
print(f'Bitwise Exclusive OR of {a} of {b} is {a ^ b}')
print(f'Binary Ones Complement of {a} is {~a}')
print(f'Binary Left Shift of {a}<<2 is {a<<2}')
print(f'Binary Right Shift of {a}>>2 is {a>>2}')

36
2.12 Precedence and Associativity
 Operator precedence determines the way in which operators are parsed with respect
to each other.
 Operators with higher precedence become the operands of operators with lower
precedence. Associativity determines the way in which operators of the same precedence
are parsed. Almost all the operators have left-to-right associativity.
 Operator precedence is listed in TABLE 2.9 starting with the highest precedence to lowest
precedence

37
2.13 Dynamic and Strongly Typed Language
 Python is a dynamic language as the type of the variable is determined during run-time
by the interpreter.
 Python is also a strongly typed language as the interpreter keeps track of all the variables
types. In a strongly typed language, you are simply not allowed to do anything that’s
incompatible with the type of data you are working with.

For Example.

In Python, Traceback is printed when an error occurs. The last line tells us the kind of
error that occurred which in our case is the unsupported operand type(s).

38
 Chapter-3
Control Flow Statements
In Python, the default execution flow of a program is a sequential order. But the sequential
order of execution flow may not be suitable for all situations.
Sometimes, we may want to jump from line to another line, we may want to skip a part of the
program, or sometimes we may want to execute a part of the program again and again.
To solve this problem, Python provides control statements.

In Python, the control statements are the statements which will tell us that in which order the
instructions are getting executed.
The control statements are used to control the order of execution according to our requirements.
Python provides several control statements, and they are classified as follows.

Sequential Control Flow Statements:

This refers to the line by line execution, in which the statements are executed
sequentially, in the same order in which they appear in the program.
Decision Control Flow Statements / Selection Control Statements
 In Python, the selection statements are also known as decision making statements
or branching statements.
 The selection statements are used to select a part of the program to be executed based
on a condition.
 Python provides the following selection statements.
if statement
if…else statement
if…elif…else statement
nested if statement
Loop Control Flow Statements:
 The iterative statements are also known as looping statements or repetitive statements.
 The iterative statements are used to execute a part of the program repeatedly as long
as the given condition is True.
 Using iterative statements reduces the size of the code, reduces the code complexity,
makes it more efficient, and increases the execution speed.
 Python provides the following iterative statements.

while statement
for statement

39
3.1.1 if Decision Control Flow statement
If the Boolean expression (Condition) evaluates to True then statements in the if block will
be executed; otherwise the result is False then none of the statements are executed.
The syntax for if statement is,
The execution flow of if
statement is as follows.

Syntax
if condition:
Statement_1
Statement_2
Statement_3
...

 The if decision control flow statement starts with if keyword and ends with a colon.
 The expression in an if statement should be a Boolean expression.
 In Python, the if block statements are determined through indentation.

40
 Example 1: Program Reads a Number and Prints a Message If It Is Positive

num=int(input("Enter a number"))
if num>=0:
print("Entered number is positive number")

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows.

Example 2: Program to Check Whether a Number is Divisible by 5

num=int(input('Enter any number: '))

if(num%5==0):
print('This statement belongs to if statement')
print(f'Given number {num} is divisible by 5')
print('Out of if statement')

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows

41
In the above execution, the number 12 is not divisible by 5. So, the condition becomes False and
the condition is evaluated to False. Then the if statement ignores the execution of its block of
statements.

3.1.2 if..else Decision Control Flow statement

 In Python, we use the if-else statement to test a condition and pick the execution of a
block of statements out of two blocks based on that condition result.
 The if-else statement checks the given condition then decides which block of statements
to be executed based on the condition result.
 If the condition is True, then the true block of statements is executed and if it is False,
then the false block of statements is executed.
 The execution flow of if-else statement is as follows.

42
 Syntax

if condition:
Statement_1
Statement_2
Statement_3
...
else:
Statement_4
Statement_5
...
Example 1: Program to Find If a Given Number Is Odd or Even

num=int(input('Enter any number : '))

if num%2==0:
print(f'The number {num} is a Even number')
else:
print(f'The number {num} is a Odd number')

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows.

Example 2: Program to Find the Greater of Two Numbers

num1=int(input("Enter the first number"))
num2=int(input("Enter the second number"))
if num1>num2:
print(f"{num1} is greater than {num2}")
else:
print(f"{num2} is greater than {num1}")

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows.

43
Example 3: Program Reads a Number and Checks if the number is positive or negative

num=int(input("Enter a number"))
if num>=0:
print(f"{num} is Positive Number")
else:
print(f"{num} is Negative Number")

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows.

Example 4: Program Reads a Person age and check whether the person is eligible to
vote or not
age=int(input("Enter age of person"))
if age>=18:
print("Person is Eligible for Voting")
else:
print("Person is not Eligible for Voting")

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows

3.1.3 The if…elif…else Decision Control Statement

In Python, When we want to test multiple conditions we use elif statement. The keyword
‘elif’ is short for ‘else if’.

The if…elif…else is also called as multi-way decision control statement. When you need to choose
from several possible alternatives, then an elif statement is used along with an if statement.
The else statement must always come last, and will again act as the default action.

44
 if condition_1:
Statement_
1
Statement_
2
Statement_
3
...
elif condition_2:
Statement_
4
Statement_
5
Statement_
6

Example 1: Program to find the largest number among the three input numbers

a = int(input('Enter first number : '))

b = int(input('Enter second number : '))
c = int(input('Enter third number : '))
if a > b and a > c:
largest = a
if b > a and b > c:
largest = b
if c > a and c > b:
largest = c

print(largest, "is the largest of three numbers.")

45
Example 2: Program to Check whether the entered year is leap year or not.

year = int(input("Enter Year: "))

# Leap Year Check
if year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0:
print(year, "is a Leap Year")
elif year % 100 == 0:
print(year, "is not a Leap Year")
elif year % 400 ==0:
print(year, "is a Leap Year")
else:
print(year, "is not a Leap Year")

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows

46
Example 3: Program to Print the Grade Letter and Grade Point based on Student
Marks percentage and Read marks by the user.

marks = int(input("Enter Range of % of marks 0-100: "))

if marks >=85 and marks <=100:

print("Grade Letter : O and Grade Point : 10")
elif marks >=70 and marks <85:
print("Grade Letter : A and Grade Point : 9")
elif marks >=60 and marks <70:
print("Grade Letter : B and Grade Point : 8")
elif marks >=55 and marks <60:
print("Grade Letter : C and Grade Point : 7")
elif marks >=50 and marks <55:
print("Grade Letter : D and Grade Point : 6")
elif marks >=40 and marks <50:
print("Grade Letter : E and Grade Point : 5")
elif marks<40:
print("Grade Letter : F and Grade Point : 0")
else:
print("Enter Valid percentage of Marks")

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows

47
3.1.4 Nested if Statement
In some situations, you have to place an if statement inside another statement. An if statement
that contains another if statement either in its if block or else block is called a Nested if statement.

If the Boolean_Expression_1 is evaluated to True, then the control shifts to Boolean_Expression_2

and if the expression is evaluated to True, then statement_1 is executed,
If the Boolean_Expression_2 is evaluated to False then the statement_2 is executed.
If the Boolean_Expression_1 is evaluated to False, then statement_3 is executed.

if condition_1:
if
condition_
2:
Statement_
1
Statement_
2
Statement_
3
...
else:
Statement_
4
Statement_

48
Example 1: Program to Check sign of a user entered number

val = int(input('Enter a number: '))

if val>=0:
if val == 0:
print('Number is Zero')
else:
print('Number is positive')
else:
print('Number is negative')

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows

Example 2: Program to Check whether the entered year is leap year or not using
Nested if

year = int(input('Enter a year'))

if year % 4 == 0:
if year % 100 == 0:
if year % 400 == 0:
print(f'{year} is a Leap Year')
else:
print(f'{year} is not a Leap Year')
else:
print(f'{year} is a Leap Year')
else:
print(f'{year} is not a Leap Year')

49
All years which are perfectly divisible by 4 are leap years except for century years (years
ending with 00) which is a leap year only it is perfectly divisible by 400.
For example, years like 2012, 2004, 1968 are leap years but 1971, 2006 are not leap years.
Similarly, 1200, 1600, 2000, 2400 are leap years but 1700, 1800, 1900 are not.

3. 2 Loop Control Flow Statements:

In Python, the iterative statements are also known as looping statements or repetitive
statements. The iterative statements are used to execute a part of the program repeatedly as
long as a given condition is True.
Python provides the following iterative statements.
while statement
for statement

3.2.1 while loop

 In Python, the while statement is used to execute a set of statements repeatedly.

 In Python, the while statement is also known as entry control loop statement because in
the case of the while statement, first, the given condition is verified then the execution of
statements is determined based on the condition result.

50
 Syntax
while condition:
Statement_1
Statement_2
Statement_3
...

Example 1: Write Python Program to Display First 10 Numbers Using while Loop
Starting from 0

i=0
while i<10:
print("i=",i)
i=i+1

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows

51
Example 2 : Program to Repeatedly Check for the Largest Number Until the User
Enters “done”

largest_number = int(input("Enter the largest number initially"))

check_number = input("Enter a number to check whether it is
largest or not")
while check_number != "done":
if largest_number > int(check_number):
print(f"Largest Number is {largest_number}")
else:
largest_number = int(check_number)
print(f"Largest Number is {largest_number}")
check_number = input("Enter a number to check whether it is
largest or not")

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows

Example 3 : Write Python Program to Find the Sum of Digits in a Number using while

number = int(input('Enter a number : '))

result = 0
remainder = 0
while number != 0:
remainder = number % 10
result = result + remainder
number = int(number / 10)
print(f"The sum of all digits is {result}")

52
 When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows

Example 4 : Program to Find the GCD of Two Positive Numbers

m = int(input("Enter first positive number"))

n = int(input("Enter second positive number"))
if m == 0 and n == 0:
print("Invalid Input")
if m == 0:
print(f"GCD is {n}")
if n == 0:
print(f"GCD is {m}")
while m != n:
if m > n:
m = m-n
if n > m:
n = n-m
print(f"GCD of two numbers is {m}")

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows

53
Example 5 : Write a Program to Find the Average of n Natural Numbers Where n Is the
Input from the User

number = int(input("Enter a number up to which you want to

find the average"))
i = 0
sum = 0
count = 0
while i < number:
i = i + 1
sum = sum + i
count = count + 1
average = sum/count
print(f"The average of {number} natural numbers is
{average}")

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows

Example 6: Write a Program to Display the Fibonacci Sequences up to nth Term Where
n is Provided by the User
nterms = int(input('How many terms?'))
current = 0
previous = 1
count = 0
next_term = 0
if nterms <= 0:
print('Please enter a positive number')
elif nterms == 1:
print('Fibonacci sequence',current)
else:
print("Fibonacci sequence")
54
 while count < nterms:
print(next_term)
current = next_term
next_term = previous + current
previous = current
count += 1

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows

while statement with 'else' clause in Python

In Python, the else clause can be used with a while statement. The else block is gets executed
whenever the condition of the while statement is evaluated to false. But, if the while loop is
terminated with break statement then else doesn't execute.

i=5
while i<10:
print("i=",i)
i=i+1
else:
print("Out of while loop")

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows

55
3.2.2 for loop

In Python, the for statement is used to iterate through a sequence like a list, a tuple, a set, a
dictionary, or a string.
The for statement is used to repeat the execution of a set of statements for every element of a
sequence.
The general syntax of for statement in Python is as follows.

Syntax
for <variable> in
<sequence>:
Statement_1
Statement_2
Statement_3
...

The range() function generates a sequence of numbers which can be iterated through using for
loop.
The syntax for range() function is,
range([start ,] stop [, step])
Both start and step arguments are optional and the range argument value should
always be an integer.
start → value indicates the beginning of the sequence. If the start argument is not
specified, then the sequence of numbers start from zero by default.
stop → Generates numbers up to this value but not including the number
itself. step → indicates the difference between every two consecutive numbers
in the sequence. The step value can be both negative and positive but not zero.
56
 print("stop argument value specified in range()")
for i in range(10):
print("i=",i)

print("start and stop argument value specified in range()")

for i in range(7,10):
print("i=",i)

print("start, stop & Step argument value specified in

range()")
for i in range(5,10,2):
print("i=",i)

Example 2: Program to Iterate through Each Character in the String Using for Loop

for ch in "Python":
print(f"Character {ch} in the string 'Python'")

57
When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows

Example 3: Write a Program to Find the Sum of All Odd and Even Numbers up to a
Number Specified by the User

number = int(input("Enter a number"))

even = 0
odd = 0
for i in range(number):
if i % 2 == 0:
even = even + i
else:
odd = odd + i
print(f"Sum of Even numbers are {even} ")
print(f"Sum of Odd numbers are {odd} ")

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows

58
Example 4: Write a Program to Find the Factorial of a Number

number = int(input('Enter a number :'))

factorial = 1
if number < 0:
print("Factorial doesn't exist for negative numbers")
elif number == 0:
print('The factorial of 0 is 1')
else:
for i in range(1, number + 1):
factorial = factorial * i
print(f"The factorial of number {number} is {factorial}")

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows

3.3 The continue and break Statements

In Python, there are control statements that do not need any condition to control the program
execution flow. These control statements are called as unconditional control statements.

Python programming language provides the following unconditional control statements...

break
continue

3.3.1 break statement :

break statement is also used to terminate looping statements like while and for.
When the break statement is encountered inside the looping statement, the execution control
moves out of the looping statements.

Syntax : break;
(or)
break
59
Example 1: Program on break using for loop

for i in range(10):
if (i == 5):
break
print("i= ",i)

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows

Example 2: Program on break using for loop

for i in range(4):
for j in range(4):
if j==2:
break
print("The number is ",i,j)

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows

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3.3.2 continue statement
The continue statement is used to move the program execution control to the beginning of the
looping statement.
When the continue statement is encountered in a looping statement, the execution control
skips the rest of the statements in the looping block and directly jumps to the beginning of the
loop. The continue statement can be used with looping statements like while, do-while and for.

Example 1: Program on continue using for loop

for i in range(10):
if (i == 5):
continue
print("i= ",i)

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows

Example 2: Program on continue using for loop

for i in range(4):
for j in range(4):
if j==2:
continue
print("The number is ",i,j)

When we run the above code, it produces the output as follows

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 Unit-I Questions
1. What is Computing Device? What are features of computing device?
2. Explain in details about Identification of Computational Problems
(Algorithm, Pseudo code and Flowchart)
3. Define a Variable and identifier . How to assign values to Variables.
4. Explain different Operators n Python with examples
5. Explain precedence and associativity of operators with examples
6. Explain Type conversion in Python with examples.
7. Write a short note on data type in Python
8. Briefly explain the Conditional / Decision Making statements available in
python
9. Briefly explain the Looping / Iterator statements available in python
10. What is the purpose of using break and continue?
11. Explain the use of range( ) function with an example.
12. Write a short note on Dynamic and Strongly Typed Language

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