INTRODUCTION

Emergingtrends are the state-of-the-art technologies, which gain

popularity and set a new trend among users. Let we discuss some
emerging trends that willmake a huge impact (in the future) on
digital economy and
interaction in digital societies.

1. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE(A):
Artificial Intelligence endeavours to simulate the natural intelligence
of human beings into machines, thus making them behave
intelligently. An intelligent machine is supposed to imitate some of
the cognitive functions of humans like learning, decision making
and problem solving. The intelligent digital personal assistants like
Siri,Google Now, Cortana, Alexa are allpowered by Al.

2. MACHINE LEARNING :
Machine Learning is asubsystem of Artificial Intelligence, wherein
computers have the ability to learn from data. It comprises
algorithms that use data to learn on their own and make predictions.
These algorithms are called models. These models are first trained
and tested using a training data and testing data, respectively and
after that they are used to make predictions about new and unknown
data.

3. NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING(NLP):

NLP deals with the interaction between human and computers using
human spoken languages, such as Hindi, English,etc. An NLP
system can perform text-to-speech and speech-to-text conversion.
Machine translation is a rapidly emerging field where machines are
able to translate texts from one language to another. Another
emerging application area is automated customer service where a
computer software can interact with customers to serve their
queries.
4. IMMERSIVE EXPERIENCES:
Immersive experiences allow us to visualise, feel and react by
stimulating our senses. It enhances our interaction and involvement,
making them more realistic and engaging. Immersive experiences
have been used in the field of training, such as driving simulators,
flight simulator and so on. Immersive experience can be achieved
using virtual reality and augmented reality.

5. VIRTUAL REALITY:
Virtual Reality (VR) is a three-dimensional, computer-generated
situation that simulates the realworld. The user can interact with
and explore that environment by getting immersed in it while
interacting with the objects. At present, it is achieved with the help
of VR Headsets. Its applications in gaming, military training,
medical procedures, entertainment, social science and psychology,
engineering and other areas where simulation is needed for a better
understanding and learning.

6. AUGMENTED REALITY:

The superimposition of computer generated perceptual information

over the existing physical surroundings is
called as Augmented Reality (AR). It adds components of the digital
world to the physical world, along with
the sensory requirements, thereby making the environment
interactive and digitally manipulable.

NOTE: Unlike Virtual Reality, the Augmented Reality does not create
something new, it just alters or augments the perception of the
underlying physical world through additional information.
7. ROBOTICS:

Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of technology requiring

applications of mechanical engineering, electronics, and computer
science, among others. Robotics is primarily concerned with the
design, fabrication, operation, and application of robots.

8. ROBOT:

A robot isbasically amachine capable of carrying out one or more

tasks automatically with accuracy and precision. It can follow the
instructions given through computer programs. Sensors are one of
the prime components of a robot. Robot can be of many types, such
as wheeled robots, legged robots, manipulators and
humanoids(Robots that resemble humans). Robots are being used in
industries, medical science, bionics, scientific research, military,
etc. Some examples are:

1.NASA's Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission is a robotic

space mission to study about the planet Mars.
2. Sophia isa humanoid that uses Al, visual data processing,
facial recognition and also imitates human gestures and
facial expressions.
3. A drone is an unmanned aircraft which can be remotely
controlled. They are being used in many fields, such as
journalisnm, filming and aerial photography, shipping or
delivery at short distances, disaster management, search and
rescue operations, healthcare etc.
9. BIG DATA:

With technology making an inroad into almost every sphere of our

lives. This results in the generation of data sets of enormous volume
and complexity called Big Data. Big Data not only represents
voluminous data, it also
involves various challenges like integration, storage, analysis,
searching, processing and visualisation of such data.

Characteristics of BigData: Big data exhibits following

five characteristics, that distinguish it from traditional
data.

a. Volume : The most prominent characteristic of big data is its

enormous size.

b. Velocity :Big data has an exponentially higher rate of generation

than traditional data sets.
c. Variety : Big Data has variety of data, such as structured, semi
structured and unstructured data. Some examples are text, images,
videos, web-pages etc.

d. Veracity :Veracity refers to the trustworthiness of the data

because processing incorrect data cangive wrongresults or
mislead the interpretations.

e. Value: Sometimes Big Data have hidden patterns and useful

knowledge which can be of high business value. Before making
investment in processing big data, we should make a preliminary
enquiry to see the potential
of the bigdata in terms of value discovery.

10. DATA ANALYTICS:

Data analytics is the process of examining data sets in order to draw
conclusions about the information they contain, with the aid of
specialised systems and software.

11. INTERNET OF THINGS (loT):

The lnternet of Things' is a network of devices that have an
embedded hardware and software to communicate with other
devices on the same network. For example, if a microwave oven, an
air conditioner, door lock, CCTV camera or other such devices are
enabled to connect to the Internet, we can access and remotely
control them using our smartphone.

12. WEB OF THINGS (WoT):

Web of Things (WoT) allows use of web services to connect
anything in the physical world, besides human identities on web. It
willpave way for creating smart homes, smart offices, smart cities
and so on.
13. SENSORS:

Asmart sensor isadevice that takes input from the physical

environment and uses built-in computing resources to perform
predefined functions upon detection of specific input and then
process data before passing it on. for example

The accelerometer sensor in the mobile phones detects the

orientation of the phone. The Gyroscope sensors, tracks rotation or
twist of your hand and add to the information supplied by the
accelerometer.

14. SMART CITIES:

The smart city makes use of computer and communication
technology along with loT to manage and distribute resources
efficiently. The buildings of Smart City uses sensors to detect
earthquake tremors and then warn nearby buildings so that they can
prepare themselves accordingly. The bridge of Smart City uses
wireless sensors to detect any loose bolt, cable or crack. It alerts
concerned authorities through SMS.
15. CLOUD COMPUTING:
Cloud computing is an emerging trend in the field of information
technology, where computer-based services are delivered over the
Internet or the cloud, and it is accessible to the user from anywhere
using any device. The services comprise software, hardware
(servers), databases, storage, etc. These resources are provided by
companies called cloud service providers and usually charge on a
pay per use basis, like the way we pay for electricity usage.
16. CLOUD SERVICES:

A"service" corresponds to any facility provided by the cloud. There

are three standard models to categorise different computing
services. These are

a. Infrastructure as aService (laaS):The laaS providers can offer

different kinds of computing infrastructure, such as servers, virtual
machines (VM), storage and backup facility, network components,
operating systems or any other hardware or software.
b. Platform as a Service (Paas) : PaaS provides a platform or
environment to develop, test, and deliver software applications. To
run Python and MySQL online, we can avail a pre-configured Apache
server from cloud having MySQL and Python pre-installed. In PaaS,
the user has complete control over the deployed application and its
configuration.

c. Software as a Service (SaaS) :SaaS provides on-demand access

to application software, usually requiring alicensing or subscription
by the user. While using Google Doc, Microsoft Office 365, Drop Box,
etc., to edit a document online, we use SaaS from cloud.

17. GRID COMPUTING:

Agrid is a computer network of geographically dispersed and
heterogeneous computationalresources. Unlike cloud, whose
primary focus is to provide services, a grid is more application
specific and creates a sense of a virtual supercomputer with an
enormous processing power and storage. Grid can be of two types

1. Data grid :used to manage large and distributed data having

required multi-user access
2. CPU or Processor grid:where processing is moved from one PC
to another as needed or a large task is divided into subtasks

Users sharing their resources

Grid Resource
Management
System

Users sharing their resources

Emerging Trends Class 11 Notes

17. BLOCK CHAINS:

The blockchain technology works on the concept of decentralised

and shared database where each computer has a copy of the
database. A block can be thought as a secured chunk of data or
valid transaction. Each block has some data called its header, which
is visible to every other node, while only the owner has access to the
private data of the block. Such blocks form a chain called
blockchain

The request is
Someone requests broadcast to all
****************************
a transactIon nodes in the
network

If verified by all nodes,

The transaction the block get added in the
is complete already existing chain of
blocks