A TERM PAPER

ON
COMPUTER IN THE 21ST CENTURY
BY
ITA, OBED INI
23/BA/AC/170
DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING
FACULTY OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCES

SUBMITTED TO
COURSE LECTURER:
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
FMS112

FEBRUARY, 2024
 FMS 112 ASSIGNMENT

COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

The term paper on ‘Computer in the 21st Century’.

USE THE FOLLOWING FORMAT:

1. INTRODUCTION

2. LITERATURE ON COMPUTER:

(a) Meaning of computer

3. Conclusion
4. References

Note: You may choose to type or write with pen depending on your handwriting.

HANDWRITTEN SHOULD BE 10 PAGES AND TYPING SHOULD BE 8 PAGES WITH DOUBLE LINE
SPACING. SUBMISSION DATE FEBRUARY 12 2024.
 1. INTRODUCTION

Computers have become an essential tool for individuals, businesses, and governments in the 21st century.
They offer numerous benefits, including increased efficiency, improved productivity, and enhanced
communication.

A computer is an electronic device that processes data and executes instructions. It can perform a wide
variety of tasks, from simple calculations to complex simulations. There are several types of computers,
including personal computers (PCs), laptops, tablets, smartphones, and servers. Each type of computer
has its own unique features and applications.

Computers possess several key characteristics that make them valuable tools. These attributes include
speed, accuracy, storage capacity, versatility, and automation. Computers are capable of processing large
amounts of data quickly and accurately, making them ideal for tasks that require complex calculations or
data analysis. They can also store vast amounts of information and perform a wide range of functions,
from word processing to graphic design.

Computers can be classified into categories based on their processing capabilities and purpose. The major
classifications include analog computers, digital computers, hybrid computers, and quantum computers.
Each type of computer has its own unique features and applications.

Computers have evolved over time through different generations. Each generation brought advancements
in technology and improved performance. The generations of computers include vacuum tube computers,
transistor computers, integrated circuit computers, and microprocessor computers. The latest generation
of computers includes quantum computers, which use quantum mechanics to perform calculations.

Computer languages are used to communicate with and program computers. They provide a set of
instructions that a computer can understand and execute. Examples of computer languages include C++,
Java, Python, and HTML. These languages enable developers to create software applications, websites,
and other digital solutions.
In conclusion, computers have become an essential tool for individuals and businesses in the 21st century.
They offer numerous benefits, including increased efficiency, improved productivity, and enhanced
communication. Computers are capable of processing vast amounts of data quickly and accurately, and
they can perform a wide range of functions. With advancements in technology, computers continue to
evolve, and their applications are likely to expand in the future.

2.Literature on computer

• Meaning of computer.

A computer is a device that can store, retrieve, and process data. It consists of hardware, such as the
central processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), and hard drives, as well as software, such
as operating systems, applications, and programs. Computers can be used for a variety of tasks, including
word processing, data analysis, video editing, and communication. In recent years, computers have
become increasingly powerful and sophisticated, and have become an essential part of everyday life.
Computers have made it possible to accomplish tasks that were once impossible, and have opened up new
possibilities for communication, entertainment, and education.

The first computers were actually people, called “computers,” who performed calculations by hand. They
worked on tasks like navigation, astronomical calculations, and census work. But as technology advanced,
mechanical devices were created to automate calculations. The first fully electronic computer was the
ENIAC, developed in the 1940s. This machine used thousands of vacuum tubes and took up an entire room.
However, over time, computers have become smaller, faster, and more powerful. In the 1960s, the term
“computer” started to refer specifically to these machines, rather than to the people who did the
calculating.

To review, the term “computer” was originally used to refer to people who performed calculations by hand.
Over time, the word came to refer to machines that automate calculations. These machines were first
developed in the 1940s, and became more widely used in the 1950s and 1960s. The first computers were
large, expensive machines that were only used by businesses and government organizations. In the 1970s,
the invention of the microprocessor led to the development of smaller, cheaper computers that could be
used in homes and offices.

Over the years, computer scientists and philosophers have debated the precise definition of the term
“computer.” Some have argued that a computer must be an electronic device that uses a stored program
to process data. Others have argued that computers need not be electronic, and that any device that uses
algorithms to process information could be considered a computer. Some have even argued that the
human brain could be considered a kind of computer, since it uses biological algorithms to process
information.

As technology has advanced, the definition of the term “computer” has become increasingly complex. The
rise of artificial intelligence (AI) has further muddied the waters, since some AI systems, such as neural
networks, use algorithms that mimic the way the human brain processes information. These systems have
blurred the distinction between humans and computers, raising philosophical questions about the nature
of intelligence and consciousness. Some have even argued that, in the future, AI systems may become so
sophisticated that they will be indistinguishable from humans. The debate over the definition of the term
“computer” is likely to continue as technology advances.

• Types of computer

The main categories of computers include:

- Supercomputers

- Mainframe computers

- Minicomputers

- Personal computers

- Smartphones

Supercomputers: are the most powerful type of computer, and are used for tasks that require immense
amounts of processing power. Supercomputers are typically used for scientific and engineering tasks, such
as weather forecasting, climate modeling, molecular modeling, and nuclear research. They are also used
for artificial intelligence and machine learning. Supercomputers are often housed in special facilities, due
to their massive size and the amount of electricity they require. The world’s most powerful supercomputer,
as of 2022, is Fugaku, which is located in Japan. Supercomputers are capable of performing massive
amounts of calculations very quickly. They are typically used for scientific research and simulations, such
as weather forecasting, climate modeling, and nuclear physics. Supercomputers can also be used for
artificial intelligence and machine learning, as well as for cryptography and data mining. One of the most
common uses for supercomputers is for running simulations of physical systems, such as the human brain
or the structure of proteins. They can also be used to create virtual worlds for training and simulations.
Supercomputers are often used by government agencies, universities, and companies.

Mainframe computers: are large, powerful machines that can handle a large number of users and tasks
at the same time. Mainframes are typically used by businesses and organizations, such as banks and
hospitals. They are used for tasks such as managing databases, processing transactions, and running
enterprise software. Mainframes are often located in special computer rooms, and are connected to a
network of smaller computers, known as terminals. The IBM z/OS mainframe operating system is the most
widely used mainframe operating system in the world. In addition to their role in the world’s infrastructure,
mainframes are also used for research and development. Some companies use mainframes to model
complex systems, such as the spread of disease or the behavior of financial markets.

Minicomputers: are smaller than mainframes, but more powerful than personal computers. They are used
for tasks such as engineering, manufacturing, and scientific research. Minicomputers are sometimes
referred to as midrange computers, as they are more powerful than personal computers but less powerful
than mainframes. The DEC PDP-11 is one of the most famous minicomputers, and was widely used in the
1970s and 1980s. Minicomputers typically have their own operating system and can support multiple
users. They are often used in networked environments.

Personal computers: or PCs, are the most common type of computer today. They are designed for
individual users, and are typically used for tasks such as writing documents, sending emails, browsing the
web, and playing games. The first personal computers were developed in the 1970s and 1980s, and early
models included the Apple II, the Commodore 64, and the IBM PC. Over time, PCs became more affordable
and powerful, and by the 1990s, they had become the dominant type of computer. Today, there are many
different types of personal computers, including desktop computers, laptop computers, etc.

Microcomputers: are the smallest type of computer, and are often used for embedded systems, such as
controlling appliances, industrial machinery, and medical devices. Microcomputers often have limited
processing power and memory, and may not have a screen or keyboard. The most common type of
microcomputer is the microcontroller, which is a small chip that is designed to control a specific task.
Microcontrollers are found in everything from washing machines to medical equipment. Microcontrollers
are also used in a variety of hobbyist projects, such as robotics and home automation. Microcontrollers
are used for a wide range of applications, from household appliances to industrial machinery. They are
often used in products such as washing machines, dishwashers, microwaves, security systems, and medical
devices. Microcontrollers are also commonly used in toys, such as remote-controlled cars and drones. In
addition, they are often used in industrial applications, such as controlling motors, pumps, and valves.
Microcontrollers are also used in robotics, as they can control sensors, motors, and other components of
robots. And finally, they are used in smart homes and the Internet of Things (IoT).

Smartphones: are a type of personal computer that combines the functions of a phone and a computer.
The first smartphones were introduced in the 1990s, but they became more popular in the 2000s with the
release of the iPhone and Android operating systems. Today, smartphones are used for everything from
calling and texting to taking photos and videos, browsing the web, playing games, and using apps. They
are also used as mobile payment devices and for navigation. Smartphones have become so advanced that
they are often referred to as pocket computers.
 • Characteristics of computer

There are many characteristics that define a computer, including the following:

- Input: A computer takes information from its surroundings, either by reading data from an input device
or by receiving information from the Internet.

- Processing: Once the data is inside the computer, the CPU processes it, following instructions from the
program.

- Output: A computer produces output, whether it’s on a monitor, printer, or some other device.

- Storage: Computers store information so it can be accessed and processed. Storage can be either
temporary (in RAM) or permanent (on a hard drive or other storage device).

- Control: The control function of a computer is carried out by the CPU. The CPU decides which operations
need to be performed and in what order. It also makes sure that the right devices are activated at the right
time. The CPU also keeps track of what is being stored in memory. Control is essential for a computer to
function properly. Without control, a computer would be a jumble of data and instructions with no way to
keep track of what is happening. Thanks to the control function, computers can process data quickly and
efficiently.

- Communication: A computer can communicate with other computers and devices through various
means, including the Internet, networks, and communication ports. A computer can also communicate
with its users through a user interface, such as a keyboard, mouse, or touchscreen. Communication is
essential for a computer to be able to exchange data with other computers and devices, as well as to
receive instructions from its users. Without communication, a computer would be an isolated machine
that couldn’t do much of anything.

- Speed: The speed of a computer is determined by several factors, including the CPU, the RAM, and the
storage device. The faster a computer is, the quicker it can process data and produce results. The speed of
a computer is measured in clock cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz). The faster the clock cycle, the faster the
computer. Other factors that affect speed include the type of software running on the computer, and the
way the software is written. Speed is important for a computer to be able to carry out its tasks quickly and
efficiently. A slow computer can be frustrating for users and can cause delays in getting work done.

A computer also needs a power supply to provide electricity, a cooling system to keep it from overheating,
and a casing to protect its internal components. It also needs software to run applications and manage the
computer’s resources. And of course, a computer needs a user to give it instructions and make use of its
output.

- In summary, a computer is a complex machine that consists of many parts working together to
perform tasks.

• Classification of computer
There are three main categories of computers, based on their size and capabilities: personal computers,
mainframe computers, and supercomputers.

Personal computers, or PCs, are the smallest and most common type of computer. They are designed for
use by a single user, and usually have a microprocessor, a keyboard, a mouse, and a monitor. PCs come in
various sizes and configurations, and can be used for a wide range of tasks, including word processing,
email, and web browsing.

Mainframe computers are much larger and more powerful than PCs. They are used by organizations to
handle large amounts of data processing, such as for businesses, banks, and government agencies.
Mainframe computers can process millions of transactions per second, and can manage large databases.
They also have a high level of reliability, and can be used to run critical applications 24/7. Mainframe
computers typically have a large number of processors, a large amount of RAM, and a large amount of
storage. They also require a large amount of power and cooling to operate.

Supercomputers are the most powerful type of computer, and are used for very demanding tasks, such as
scientific research, weather forecasting, and military applications. Supercomputers have hundreds or even
thousands of processors, and can perform billions of calculations per second. They require a tremendous
amount of power and cooling, and are often the size of a small room. Supercomputers are used to solve
complex problems that would be impossible to solve with a PC or mainframe. They are also used for
simulations, modeling, and testing. Many supercomputers are connected together to form a
supercomputer network, which can share resources and perform even more complex tasks.

These are the three main categories of computers, based on their size and capabilities. There are also
other types of computers, such as embedded computers, mobile computers, and virtual computers.
Embedded computers are designed to be integrated into a larger system, such as a car or a medical device.
Mobile computers are designed to be portable, and include devices like smartphones and tablets. Virtual
computers are software-based computers that run on a physical computer, and can be used to run multiple
operating systems or virtual machines.

So, there are many different types of computers, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. In
general, the larger and more powerful the computer, the more expensive it is, and the more power and
cooling it requires. Personal computers are typically the least expensive and most common type of
computer, While supercomputers are the most expensive and most powerful. When choosing a computer,
it’s important to consider what tasks you need it to perform, and what size and power you need. Then you
can choose the type of computer that best meets your needs. So, are you looking for a computer for
personal use, for work, or for a specific application?
If you need a computer for general use, such as for writing documents, email, web browsing, and watching
videos, a PC is usually the best option.

• Generation of computer

Let’s start with first generation computers. The first computers were developed in the 1940s and 1950s,
and were large and expensive machines that filled entire rooms. These first-generation computers used
vacuum tubes for processing, and magnetic drums for memory. They were difficult to program, and
required special operators to run them. However, they were still revolutionary for their time, and laid the
groundwork for the development of modern computers.

Second-generation computers were developed in the 1960s, and used transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
They were smaller, faster, and easier to program than first-generation Computers, but they still required
special operators to run them. These computers also used magnetic core memory, which was more reliable
and faster than magnetic drums. The second generation also saw the introduction of time-sharing, which
allowed multiple users to share a single computer. This allowed for more efficient use of resources and
reduced the cost of computing. It also paved the way for the development of the internet.

The third generation of computers began in the 1970s, and featured the first microprocessors. These small
integrated circuits replaced the larger transistors, and allowed for the development of smaller and more
affordable computers. The third generation also saw The introduction of operating systems, which made
it easier to run applications on a computer. Additionally, third-generation computers could be connected
to networks, allowing for the sharing of data and resources. These computers also introduced the concept
of “user-friendliness,” which made them more accessible to a wider range of users. In the 1980s, the third
generation saw the rise of personal computers, which allowed individuals to own their own computers for
the first time.

The fourth generation of computers began in the 1990s, and featured the introduction of the World Wide
Web and the popularization of the internet. This led to a massive expansion in Computer networking, and
a proliferation of personal computers around the world. The fourth generation also saw the introduction
of graphical user interfaces (GUIs), which allowed users to interact with computers using a mouse and
windows, rather than just a keyboard. This made computers even more user-friendly, and made them
more accessible to non-technical users. In the 2000s, the fourth generation saw the rise of mobile devices,
such as smartphones and tablets.

We are now in the fifth generation of computers, which is characterized by cloud computing, big data, and
the Internet of Things. Cloud computing allows users to access software and data from anywhere in The
world, as long as they have an internet connection. Big data refers to the massive amounts of data that
are generated by businesses and individuals every day. The Internet of Things is the interconnection of
devices, such as smart home appliances, vehicles, and medical devices. These devices are able to
communicate with each other and share data. In the future, computers are expected to become even
more ubiquitous and powerful, and to have a greater impact on our lives.

• Importance of computer

Some of the most important benefits that computers have brought to society.

First, computers have improved productivity. They allow people to do more work in less time, by
automating many tasks that used to be done manually. This includes tasks such as bookkeeping, data entry,
and analysis. It also includes using computers to design products, such as cars, buildings, and even entire
cities. Computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) have revolutionized the
way that many products are designed and manufactured.

Another benefit of computers is their ability to improve communication. The internet has made it possible
for people all over the world to communicate with each other instantly, whether by email, instant
messaging, or video chat. This has allowed for the formation of communities and collaborations that would
not have been possible before. Additionally, the internet has made it easier for people to access
information. This has led to an increase in education and knowledge sharing, as well as a decrease in
information inequality.

Another major benefit of computers is their impact on entertainment. Computers have revolutionized the
way that we consume media, from books to music to movies. We can Now access a vast library of media
from anywhere in the world, and share our own creations with others. This has led to a democratization
of media, as anyone with a computer can now create and distribute their own content. Additionally,
computers have allowed for the creation of new forms of entertainment, such as video games, that could
not have existed without them. Overall, computers have had a huge impact on our leisure time, and have
given us new ways to enjoy ourselves.

Another key benefit of computers is their ability to improve health care. For example, computers are now
used to store and analyze medical records, which has made it easier for doctors to track patients’ health
over time and spot patterns that could indicate a health problem. Computers are also used to operate
medical equipment, such as CT scanners and X-ray machines. Additionally, computers are being used to
develop new treatments and medicines. For example, computer simulations are now being used to test
new drugs before they are given to patients. This has the potential to save countless lives by reducing the
number of people who are harmed by side effects from new drugs.

Finally, computers have had a major impact on the economy As they have enabled new forms of
commerce. For example, online shopping has become a huge part of the retail industry, and it would not
be possible without computers. In addition, computers have made it possible for companies to track
inventory and logistics more efficiently, which has led to improvements in supply chain management.
Overall, computers have had a profound impact on the economy, making it more efficient and productive.

• Computer languages

There are many different computer languages, but we’ll focus on the three most popular: C, Java, and
Python. We’ll discuss each language in a bit more detail, and then compare them.

C is one of the oldest and most widely used programming languages. It was created in the 1970s, and is
still widely used today. C is a general-purpose language, meaning that it can be used for a wide range of
tasks. It is known for being fast and efficient, and it is often used to create operating systems and other
low-level programs. C is also a good language for beginners to Learn, as it has a relatively simple syntax
and is relatively easy to understand. However, C can be tricky to learn for people who are new to
programming, as it is a low-level language, meaning that it is close to the machine code that a computer
uses.

Java is another popular programming language. Java was created in the 1990s, and has become one of the
most widely used languages in the world. Java is known for its cross-platform compatibility, meaning that
it can run on any computer, regardless of the operating system. Java is also a powerful language that can
be used for a wide range of tasks, Including web development, mobile app development, and software
development. Java is often seen as a good language for beginners, as it is easy to learn and has a large
community of developers who can offer help and support. However, Java can be slower than some other
languages, and it can be difficult to debug errors.

Finally, we have Python, which is one of the most popular languages today. Python was created in the
1990s, and has since become one of the most widely used languages in the world. Python is known for its
readability, meaning that it is easy to understand and write code in. It is also known For its large number
of libraries, which allow programmers to add extra functionality to their programs. Python is often seen
as a good language for beginners, as it is easy to learn and has a large community of developers who can
offer help and support. However, Python can be slower than other languages, and it does not have as
many built-in features as some other languages.

So, each of these languages has its own strengths and weaknesses. Which one is right for you will depend
on your needs and preferences. C is a good choice for speed and efficiency, Java is a good choice for cross-
platform compatibility, and Python is A good choice for readability and support. Of course, you don’t have
to limit yourself to just one language. Many programmers know more than one language, and it can be
helpful to know more than one. In fact, some languages are designed to be used together, like Python and
C. Python can be used to create the high-level code that controls a program, while C can be used to create
the low-level code that runs on the computer hardware. This combination can be very powerful, and it is
just one example of how multiple languages can be used together.

3.Conclusion

In conclusion, computers have become an essential tool for individuals, businesses, and governments in
the 21st century. They offer numerous benefits, including increased efficiency, improved productivity, and
enhanced communication. Computers possess several key characteristics, including speed, accuracy,
storage capacity, versatility, and automation. They can perform a wide variety of tasks, from simple
calculations to complex simulations. There are several types of computers, including personal computers
(PCs), laptops, tablets, smartphones, and servers. Each type of computer has its own unique features and
applications. Computers can be classified into categories based on their processing capabilities and
purpose, and they have evolved over time through different generations. Computer languages are used to
communicate with and program computers, and they enable developers to create software applications,
websites, and other digital solutions. With advancements in technology, computers continue to evolve,
and their applications are likely to expand in the future. Overall, computers have had a profound impact
on society, economy, and technology, and they have become indispensable tools in various fields, including
business, medicine, engineering, entertainment, and science.

4.References

1. Shelly, G. B., & Vermaat, M. (2017). Discovering Computers 2018: Digital Technology, Data, and
Devices. Cengage Learning.
2. Tucker, A. B. (2017). Computer Science Handbook, Second Edition. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
3. Hafner, K., & Lyon, M. (1996). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet. Simon and
Schuster.
4. Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in
a Time of Brilliant Technologies. WW Norton & Company.
5. Kurzweil, R. (1999). The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence.
Penguin.
6. Vardi, M. Y. (2018). “Are We Approaching an AI Winter?”. Communications of the ACM, 61(10), 7-
9.

These references cover a range of topics related to computers in the 21st century, including their history,
technology, applications, and impact on society.