1. a) Describe Average value and RMS value of A.C supply and write down the formulas?

5 Marks
The average value is defined as the average of all the instantaneous values of an alternating quantity
such as current or voltage over one complete cycle. RMS value (root mean square) is the square root
of means of squares of instantaneous values. The RMS value can be evaluated by either graphical or
analytical method.
√
b) What is Power factor and write down the significance of power factor in an Electrical system? 5 Marks

POWER FACTOR is the ratio between the useful (true) power (kW) to the total (apparent) power
(kVA) consumed by an item of a.c. electrical equipment or a complete electrical installation. It is a
measure of how efficiently electrical power is converted into useful work output.
significance of power factor in an Electrical system?
If the power factor is low, the increased current will increase the copper losses (I2R) in the transformer,
transmission line, and load. Poor voltage regulation: If the power factor is low, large line current is drawn,
which causes a voltage drop in the generator, transformer, and transmission line.
If the power factor is low;

1. Efficiency Amplification: PFC reduces wasted energy, making the system more
efficient, resulting in lower energy bills and a smaller environmental footprint.
2. Less Line Losses: With an improved power factor, there are fewer losses in the electrical
distribution system, ensuring more energy reaches the end-users.
3. Increased Capacity: Higher power factor optimizes the use of the electrical
infrastructure, thereby enhancing its capacity.
4. Voltage Stability: PFC stabilizes voltage levels, ensuring sensitive electronic equipment
operates within specified range

2. Describe briefly with neat sketch about types of load connected to A.C. supply. 10 Marks
3. Explain about the Armature reaction and its effects in D.C. Generator? What are the way to 10 Marks
minimise the Armature reaction in detail?
Armature reaction
The field winding in dc generator is to produce magnetic field (called main flux)
The purpose of armature windings is to carry armature current
When load current flows through the armature winding , it wll produce magnetic flux (called armature flux).
This armature flux distorts and weakens the main flux.This effect of armature flux on main flux is called
armature reaction in dc generators.
its effects in D.C. Generator
The armature reaction in dc generator produces the following two effects.
1) It demagnetizes or weakens the main flux
The de-magnetising effect will reduce the induced e.m.f. and cause a fall in terminal voltage of the
generator
2) It cross – magnetizes or distorts the main flux.
The cross-magnetising effect will shift the “magnetic neutral axis” from the “brush axis” causing sparking at
the brushes.
• Net effect of armature flux on the main field flux is:-
1. To distort the main field flux thereby causing non-uniform distribution of flux under the main poles.
2. To shift the MNA in the direction of the rotation for a generator and against the direction of rotation for a motor.
3. To reduce the main field flux from its no-load value due to magnetic saturation.
way to minimise the Armature reaction
One way is by using Compensating windings.
To neutralize the cross magnetizing effect of armature reaction, a compensating winding is used. It is a series
of coils embedded in slots in the pole faces.
These coils are connected in series with the armature.
The series-connected compensating windings produce a magnetic field, which varies directly with armature
current.
Because the compensating windings are wound to produce a field that opposes the magnetic field of the
armature, they tend to cancel the cross magnetizing effect of the armature magnetic field.
 Another way to reduce the effects of armature reaction is to place small auxiliary poles called "interpoles"
between the main field poles. The interpoles have a few turns of large wire and are connected in series with
the armature.
Interpoles are wound and placed so that each interpole has the same magnetic polarity as the main pole
ahead of it, in the direction of rotation. The field generated by the interpoles produces the same effect as the
compensating winding.

4. Explain detail with neat sketch about “Brushless Excitation” of marine A.C. generators. 10 Marks

Production of output voltage in a self excited brush less Alternator.

As the prime over rotates , due to residual magnetism present in the field
windings of the Ac exciter a small ac voltage is induced in the armature of the Ac
exciter. This small ac voltage is rectified by the 3 phase rotating rectifier and fed
to the main field winding of the alternator. The flux produced by the main field
induces voltage in the stator winding of the main alternator.

This voltage given to the AVR as an input supply. AVR produces an output dc
voltage proportional to this input and gives to the field winding of the ac
exciter. Now the flux produced by the exciter field is increased and more
voltage is induced in the ac exciter armature. This voltage is further rectified
and given to the main field winding. So the flux produced by the main field
increased, alternator output voltage increased, input to the AVR is increased.
AVR further increases the dc voltage given to the ac exciter field. This process
keeps going till the time the alternator terminal voltage comes to the rated
value. When the alternator output reaches the rated value the AVR gives a
constant voltage to the ac exciter field.
5. Explain detail with neat sketch about “reverse power” relay? 10 Marks

6. Explain in detail with neat sketch about “under voltage” relay? 10 Marks
Under voltage release for the circuit breaker are provided for the following reasons.
1. To ensure that the main circuit breaker cannot be closed unless
 the Generator is running and generating adequate voltage.
2. To open the circuit breaker in the event of loss of excitation.
If a short circuit occurs in the main bus bar and if the short circuit trip of the running generator fails to operate,
the under voltage relay provides a backup.(in the event of a short circuit bus bar voltage falls to zero)
Under voltage release trips the main breaker when there is a severe voltage dip (around 70%).

7. Explain step by step procedure of “manual paralleling” method of two generators. 10 Marks
1. The generator power supply connected to bus bar.
2. Select the generator switch and change over to local.
3. Go to local control system generator two.
4. Before starting the generator make sure the prime mover parameters
 RPM(speed)
 Lube oil pressure
 Jacket water cooling
 Lubrication system etc..
5. Start the generator and wait a few minutes while all the parameters of the prime mover
should be normal.
6. change over local to remote.
7. Go to switch board room .
8. In switch board system first make sure voltage and frequency should be equal.
9. By adjusting the incoming generator governor make sure the synchroscope needle to be
rotate clockwise with minimum rotational speed.
 10. When the synchroscope needle coming near to12:00 o’clock you can initiate the incoming
generator breaker.
11. Once the breaker closed switch of the synchroscope.
12. Then you are going for manual load sharing, incoming generator should be increased and
existing generator speed should be decreased simultaneously with the help of KW meter,
then all generator shear equal power or load.
13. Make sure each generator taken equal current or the power factor of all generator should
be equal
14. Then manual operation is over.

8. Explain in detail with neat sketch about characteristics between “Torque vs Slip” of 10 Marks
induction motor.
• As the induction motor is located from no load to full load, its speed decreases hence slip
increases. Due to the increased. load, motor has to produce more torque to satisfy load
demand.
• The behaviour of motor can be easily judged by sketching a curve obtained by plotting
torque produced against slip of induction motor.
• The curve obtained by plotting torque against slip from s = 1 (at start) to s = 0 (at
synchronous speed) is called torque-slip characteristics of the induction motor.

For a constant supply voltage, E is also constant. So we can write torque equations as,
2

To understand the torque-slip characteristics let us divide the slip range (s = 0 to s = 1) into two parts and analyse them
independently.
 • Low slip region :
2
• In low slip region, ‘s’ is very small. Due to this, the term (s X ) is so small as compared to
2
2
R that it can be neglected.
2

Hence in low slip region torque is directly proportional to slip. So as load increases, speed decreases,
increasing the slip. This increases the torque which satisfies the load demand. Hence the graph is straight
line in nature.

High slip region

• As torque decreases, due to extra loading effect, speed further decreases and slip further
increases.
• Again torque decreases as T α 1/s hence same load acts as an extra load due to reduction
in torque produced.
• Hence speed further drops. Eventually motor comes to standstill condition. The motor can
not continue to rotate at any point in this high slip region. Hence this region is called
unstable region of operation.
• The maximum torque, the motor can produces as load increases is T m which occurs at s = sm. So linear
behaviour continues till s = sm.
• If load is increased beyond this limit, motor slip will push motor into high slip region. Due to unstable
conditions, motor comes to standstill condition . Hence i.e. maximum torque which motor can produce is
also called breakdown torque or pull out torque.
• So range s = 0 to s = sm is called low slip region, known as stable region of operation. Motor always
operates at a point in this region.
• And range s = sm to s = 1 is called high slip region which is rectangular hyperbola, called unstable region of
operation. Motor can not continue to rotate at any point in this region.
•
9. Explain in detail with neat sketch about types of braking methods used in A.C. induction motors. 10 Marks

Dynamic Braking

Regenerative Braking

Most useful in holding a descending load of high potential energy (as in cranes, lifts ).
The condition for regeneration is that the rotational emf ( Back emf) is more than the applied voltage so that
the current is reversed and the mode of operation changes from motoring to generating.
Most of the braking energy is returned to the supply and is used specially where the duty cycle requires the
braking of the machine more frequently.
The method needs a supply capable of accepting the generated power without undue rise of the terminal voltage
Regenerative braking does not stop the motor but arrests the load running away at a very high speed.
Braking by “Plugging”
The phase sequence of supply is reversed by interchanging two leads by a “reversing contactor” when the “stop”
PB is pressed.
The supply to the motor must be disconnected as the speed nears zero, so that the motor does not continue to
run in a reverse direction.
This is effected by a “reverse rotation” relay coupled to the shaft and connected to open the “braking” contactor
before the motor reverses.
The motor takes heavy current from the supply and provision must be made in the control gear to insert
resistances in the stator during braking.

10. Explain in detail with neat sketch about “VFD” controller of A.C. induction motor. 10 Marks
A specific type of adjustable-speed drive, also known as Adjustable-frequency drive (AFD), variable-speed
drive (VSD) and variable voltage variable frequency drive (VVFD) since the voltage is also varied along with
the frequency in the VFD controller.
The VFD system generally consists of an AC motor, a controller and an operator interface.
VFD motor – A standard induction motor is suitable for most purposes, but certain enhancements to the
standard motor designs make them more reliable and give better VFD performance
VFD controllers – Electronic power conversion devices which convert the input sinusoidal power into a DC
intermediate power. The DC power is then inverted into a quasi-sinusoidal AC power using an inverter
consisting of SCRs or IGBTs
VFD Operator interface has the following features
a. Can start, stop and adjust the operating speed of the motor
b. includes an alpha-numeric display and/or indication lamps and meters.
c. A serial communication port is normally available to allow the VFD to be configured, adjusted,
monitored and controlled using a compute
 VFD Operation
When a VFD starts, a low voltage and frequency is applied to the motor.
Such an input avoids high inrush current and thereby a high starting torque.
As the motor starts, the voltage and frequency are increased at a controlled rate.
The motor accelerates the load without drawing excessive current
This method typically allows a motor to develop150% starting torque while drawing only 50% current.
As the motor reaches its full speed, the torque usually drops a little and the current rises and stabilises at
full load value.
While stopping, the frequency and voltage are ramped down at a controlled rate. When the frequency
approaches zero, the motor is shut off.
Additional braking can be obtained by adding a braking circuit to dissipate the braking energy or return it
to the power source.

11. Explain in detail with neat sketch about “Star/Delta” starter. 10 Marks
Star/Delta” starter
A common starting method used to start large motors.
During starting the voltage applied to the motor per phase is reduced by 1/3 of the line voltage.
This is done by connecting the 3 phase winding in star during starting and connecting the winding in
delta during running of the motor.
The inter changing of motor winding connection is done by using star delta starter automatically or by a
change over switch manually.
• The starting current drawn from the mains in case of star is one-third of direct
switching in the delta.
 • The starting torque of an induction motor is proportional to the square of the
voltage applied to the winding per phase.

When a motor is driven by the supply, either at full speed or at part speed, there is a rotating magnetic
field in the stator. This field is rotating at line frequency. The flux from the stator field induces a current in
the rotor and this in turn results in a rotor magnetic field.
When the motor is disconnected from the supply (open transition) there is a spinning rotor within the
stator and the rotor has a magnetic field. Due to the low impedance of the rotor circuit, the time constant
is quite long and the action of the spinning rotor field within the stator is that of a generator which
generates voltage at a frequency determined by the speed of the rotor.

This starting method only works when the motor is light loaded during the start.
If the motor is too heavily loaded, there will not be enough torque to accelerate the motor up to
speed before switching over to the delta position.
 Applications with a load torque higher than 50% of the motor rated torque will not be able to
start using the star-delta starter.
Disadvantages of Star-Delta starter
• Low Starting Torque (Torque = (Square of Voltage) is also reduce).
• Break In Supply – Possible Transients
• Six Terminal Motor Required (Delta Connected).
• It requires 2 set of cables from starter to motor.
Advantages of Star-Delta starter

• 1 )The operation of the star-delta method is simple and rugged

• 2 )Good Torque/Current Performance.

• 3 )Starting current reduced to 1/3 of direct online starting current

12. Explain in detail with neat sketch about “Auto transformer” starter. 10 Marks

Auto transformer” starter

An induction motor draws very high starting current during its acceleration to full rated speed,
typically 5 to 8 times the full load current.
One basic method to reduce the starting current is with a reduced voltage autotransformer with
taps at50%, 65% and 80% of the applied line voltage; once the motor is started the
autotransformer is switched out of circuit.
An auto-transformer starter makes it possible to start squirrel-cage induction motors with reduced starting
current, as the voltage across the motor is reduced during starting.
In contrast to the star-delta connection, only three motor leads and terminals are required.
Auto-transformers usually have three available taps in each phase (for example 80 %, 65 %, 50 %), so
that the motor starting characteristic can be adjusted to the load conditions.
During starting, the motor is connected to the autotransformer taps. With the star and autotransformer
contactors closed, the motor is under reduced voltage. When the motor reaches the 80 to 95% of the
nominal speed, the star contactor opens. Then the line contactor closes and the autotransformer
contactor opens. The motor is never disconnected from the power supply during starting (closed
transition) and reduces transient phenomena
 • Most motors can be started at 65% of line voltage.
• If the torque that the motor supplies to the driven equipment is not sufficient on the
65% voltage tap, a higher torque on the 80% tap is available.
• Similarly, if too much torque is applied to the load with 65% voltage, or if the
voltage dip associated with 65% starting is too high, the 50% tap is available.
• This versatility makes the autotransformer starter very popular.

13. Explain about “Trickle” charging method and what are the maintenance to be carried out in a 10 Marks
lead acid battery.
Floating charge (Trickle Charge): The rate is determined by the battery voltage .A trickle charge is used to
keep a battery at “full charge” while the battery is “idle” or on “light load” and is done on low current. The
voltage of the charging source is kept slightly higher than the battery voltage to get the desired current
• The battery should not be left in “discharged” condition for a long time.
• Level of electrolyte should be 2 cm above the top of the plates
• Evaporation of electrolyte should be compensated by adding distilled water from
time to time
• The charge and discharge should be at normal rates
• Battery top should be kept clean and dry to avoid “tracking”
• Tools or metallic objects not to be left on battery top to avoid shorting between
cells.
 • Battery terminals to be smeared with vaseline to prevent formation of oxides and
thereby increase wear and contact resistance of terminals
• Naked flame, smoking to be avoided near the battery
. Battery room must be well ventilated

14. Explain in detail with neat sketch about “open circuit” and “short circuit” test conducted in 10 Marks
transformer.
15. Explain in details about 10 Marks
a. Evaluation of HV system.
 Higher power requirements on board vessels is the foremost reason for the evolution of HV in ships
 Higher power requirements have been necessitated by :
 Development of larger vessels required for container transport particularly reefer containers
 Gas carriers needing extensive cargo cooling
 Electrical Propulsion
b. Advantages of HV system.
For a given power, Higher voltage means Lower current, resulting in:
1. Reduction in size of generators, motors, cables etc.
2. Saving of Space and weight
3. Ease of Installation
4. Reduction in cost of Installation
5. Lower losses – more efficient utilization of generated power
6. Reduction in short circuit levels in the system which decides the design and application of the
electrical equipment used in the power system.

c. Special features/arrangement of H.V. switch-board.

16. Explain in details about the effect of electrical arc in high voltage system. 10 Marks

Arc

An unintentional Electric Arc occurs

During opening of a breaker, contactor or switch, when the circuit tries to maintain itself in the form of
an arc

During an insulation failure, when current flows to ground or any other short circuit path in the form of
an arc.

Accidental tool slipping between conducting surfaces, causing a short circuit.

Results of an Electric Arc

Temperatures at the arc terminals can reach or exceed 35,000 degrees F or four times the temperature
of sun’s surface.

The heat and intense light at the point of arc is called the ARC FLASH.

Air surrounding the arc is instantly heated and the conductors are vaporised causing a pressure wave
termed as ARC BLAST.

Hazards of an “arc flash”

During an arc flash, sudden release of large amounts of heat and light energy takes place at the point of
arc.

Exposure frequently results in a variety of serious injuries and may even be fatal, even when the worker
is ten feet or more from the arc center.

Equipments can suffer permanent damage

Nearby inflammable materials may be ignited resulting in secondary fires

Hazards of an ARC BLAST

An arc flash may be accompanied by an arc blast

The arc blast causes equipment to literally explode ejecting parts with life threatening force.

Heated and vaporised conducting materials surrounding the arc expand rapidly causing effects
comparable to an explosive charge.

As conductors vaporise, they may project molten particles causing eye injuries.

The sound that ensues can harm the hearing

 Potential Injuries

At some distance from the arc, temperatures are often high enough to instantly destroy skin and tissue.
Skin temperatures above 205F for 0.1sec result in irreversible tissue damage, defined as an incurable
burn.

Heated air and molten materials from arc faults cause ordinary clothing to burst into flames even if not
directly in contact with the arc. Synthetic fibers may melt and adhere to the skin resulting in secondary
burns.

Even when safety goggles are worn, arc flash may cause severe damage to vision and or blindness.
Intense UV light created by arc flash can damage the retina. Pressure created from arc blasts can also
compress the eye, severely damaging vision.

Hearing can also be affected by the loud noise and extreme pressure changes created by arc blasts.
Sound blasts with arc blasts exceed 140dB which is equal to an airplane taking off. Sudden pressure
changes exceeding 720lbs/sq.ft for 400ms can also rupture eardrums. Even at lesser pressure, serious or
permanent damage to hearing may occur.

17. Explain in details about work permit procedure for conducting maintenance/repair work in 10 Marks
HV system.