1

Abstract

This research was carried out to find the relationship between the dark tetrad, social

support, cognitive reappraisal, and subjective happiness among prisoners. People in prisons

frequently experience numerous challenges and psychological distress due to their conditions,

therefore it's essential to identify the factors that affect their subjective happiness.

Correlational method was used to identify the relationship between dark tetrad, social

support, cognitive reappraisal, and subjective happiness among prisoners. The research was

conducted on the male prisoners through a survey method in which various types of crimes,

such as violent crimes, drug offenses, white-collar crimes, etc. were taken for the data

collection. The sample size of the targeted population for this study consisted of 200 male

prisoners. Data was collected using the dark tetrad scale (Paulhus et al., 2020),

multidimensional scale of perceived social support (Zimet et al., 1998) emotional regulation

questionnaire (Gross, 2015) and subjective happiness scale (Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999).

The findings of this study indicated that social support (SS), cognitive reappraisal (CR) and

subjective happiness (SH) has a strong positive correlation and dark tetrad traits (narcissism,

Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism) has a negative correlation with subjective

happiness among prisoners. This research helps in understanding subjective happiness and its

determinants among prisoners which is crucial for promoting overall subjective happiness.

Keywords: Dark tetrad, social support, Cognitive reappraisal, Subjective happiness,

Prisoners.
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Chapter I

Introduction

The relationship between the dark tetrad personality traits, social support, cognitive

reappraisal, and subjective happiness among prisoners is an area of growing research interest.

Incarcerated individuals often face numerous challenges and psychological distress due to

their circumstances, making it important to understand the factors that influence their

subjective happiness. The dark tetrad traits, consisting of narcissism, Machiavellianism,

psychopathy, and sadism, have been associated with antisocial behavior and impaired

functioning in various contexts. Meanwhile, social support, which refers to the perceived

availability and utilization of assistance, understanding, and acceptance from others, has been

found to significantly influence subjective happiness. Additionally, cognitive reappraisal, the

ability to reframe negative thoughts and emotions, plays a crucial role in subjective

happiness. Thus, finding the relationship between these factors within the prison population

holds potential for informing interventions and support systems that enhance subjective

happiness among prisoners (Edler et al., 2022).

Dark Tetrad

The Dark Tetrad refers to a cluster of four negative personality traits: narcissism,

Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism. These traits are associated with thoughtless

policies and a lack of empathy towards others, negative outcomes, including higher rates of

aggression, manipulation, and unethical behavior (Karin, 2022).

All four dark personality traits are explained below

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Machiavellianism

Machiavellianism is named without Niccolò Machiavelli, an Italian philosopher who

wrote "The Prince". It is characterized by a manipulative and exploitative pathway to

interpersonal relationships. Individuals higher in Machiavellianism tend to be deceitful,

highly strategic, and willing to manipulate others to get their own goals (Sharpe, 2021). A

person with a Machiavellian personality may use merciless deception or manipulation to

further their own objectives. They could view other individuals as nothing more than tools to

assist them achieve their goals, discarding them when they are no longer needed (Gupta,

2023). People with high levels of Machiavellian traits frequently display the different

attributes. High traits of Machiavellian are adept at utilizing others to achieve their own

target, and influence to manipulate people in order to forward their own agendas.

Machiavellian people often have strategic thinking plan to get an advantage with others.

People with high levels of Machiavellianism may exhibit less empathy and care for the

welfare of others (Jones et al.,2009).

Narcissism

Narcissism is characterized by an excessive sense of self-importance and a

preoccupation with oneself. Individuals with upper levels of narcissism tend to have an

inflated ego, require worshipping and attention, and lack empathy towards others (Ritter,

2011).

The British author and physician Havelock Ellis first recognized narcissism as a

mental disease in 1898. Narcissism is pathological self-absorption. The traits of narcissism

include an exaggerated sense of oneself, an addiction to imagination, an extraordinary

coolness and composure that is only affected when the narcissist's self-assurance is in

jeopardy, and a propensity to use or abuse other people. Narcissus, a mythical character who
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fell in love with his own mirror, is the origin of the disorder's name. Narcissism, in

accordance with Sigmund Freud, is a stage of normal development for children, but it is seen

as a disease when it develops after puberty (Rhodewalt, 2023). Maintaining excessively

positive self-concepts is a concern for those who exhibit either narcissistic personality

disorder or the narcissistic personality type. They become obsessively focused on receiving

flattering, self-aggrandizing feedback from others, and when they do or do not succeed in

doing so, they react with strong good or negative feelings. Narcissists actively manipulate

others to compel or elicit praise from them because they crave positive feedback about

themselves. Therefore, it is believed that narcissism is a persistent interpersonal self-esteem

control (Rhodewalt, 2023).

Psychopathy

Psychopathy is a personality disorder characterized by a lack of feeling of guilt or

empathy, impulsivity, and violence for social norms and moral principles. Psychopathic

individuals often have harshness, engage in impulsive and harmful behaviors, superficial

charm, and a tendency towards thoughtless behavior (Viding, 2014). Psychopathic people

might have an engaging a charming demeanor, which gives them the ability to influence and

convince others. Psychopathy is also characterized by a lack of empathy and diminished

capacity of regret, which makes it challenging for individual to understand or concern about

the feelings and experiences of others. They frequently act impulsively and foolishly without

fully analyzing the consequences of their actions. Individuals with psychopathic traits often

involve in criminal activities or disregarding societal norms. They may impulse to lie,

manipulate, mislead others and often showing minimal emotional reaction. (Hare, 2003).

Sadism
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Sadism refers to some personality traits that characterized by deriving pleasure or

enjoyment from inflicting pain, suffering, or humiliation on others. Individuals with sadistic

tendencies may engage in behaviors that leads to harm or distress to others, sometimes in a

sexual or aggressive context. Sadism is often associated with a lack of empathy and a

distorted sense of enjoyment from witnessing or being responsible for others' suffering.

Individuals with sadistic traits seek pleasure in hurting others' emotional or physical pain.

They often get pleasure from seeing their victims suffer, they frequently exhibit a lack of

empathy or care for other wellbeing. Sadistic individuals may enjoy the sense of power and

control they have over their victims' suffering. They may use manipulation and deception to

engage in harmful behavior without being detected or stopped. Sadists may engage in violent

behaviors and cross social or ethical boundaries of society (Liu, 2022).

Causes of Dark Tetrad Personality Traits

While research into the causes of the Dark Tetrad traits is ongoing, several factors

have been suggested to contribute to their development:

Genetics and Biology There is vestige to suggest that genetics play a role in the

predisposition to unrepeatable personality traits. Twin studies and research on heritability

have indicated that there might be a genetic understructure for traits like psychopathy and

Machiavellianism. Specific genes and neurotransmitter systems have been explored in

relation to these traits (Vernon et al., 2008).

Early Childhood Environment Adverse childhood experiences, such as neglect,

abuse, or inconsistent parenting, can contribute to the cause of personality traits associated

with the Dark Tetrad. Early life trauma and inconsistent attachment patterns may impact

emotional regulation and the worthiness to form healthy relationships (Kircaburun et al.,

2021).
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Parenting Styles Overly permissive parenting styles can influence the cause of Dark

Tetrad traits. For instance, children raised in environments where manipulation and charade

are modeled or rewarded may be increasingly likely to prefer similar behaviors (Dimoski,

2021).

Environmental Factors Social and cultural factors can contribute to the cause of Dark

Tetrad traits. Exposure to environments that emphasize competition, power dynamics, and

materialism might encourage the adoption of traits associated with the Dark Tetrad (Kajonius

et al., 2016).

Neurobiological Factors Neurobiological factors, such as differences in brain

structure and functioning, have been linked to some aspects of the Dark Tetrad traits. Brain

regions involved in empathy, moral reasoning, and impulse control may show differences in

individuals with these traits (Bougar et al., 2023).

Social Support

Social support can be defined as any form of assistance, resources and emotional

support that a person receives from his close relationships and society. According to social

support theory, social support plays a vital role in promoting emotional well-being, enhance

quality of life, reduce stress and anxiety, provide comfort, improve self-esteem and

maintaining physical and psychological health of individual (Cutrona et al., 2017).

Individuals with higher level of social support have better physical health outcomes such as

faster recovery from illness and better functioning of immune system. Social support also acts

as protective factor against the negative or adverse effect of life. those individuals who have

higher level of social support, they have immediately cope with stressors and increase overall

well-being. (Uchino, 2009).

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Types of Social Support

Social support is mainly divided into four types which are explained below.

Emotional Support Emotional support involves expressions of empathy, care, love,

and understanding. It includes providing comfort, reassurance, and a sense of belonging.

Examples of emotional support include someone listening intently to one's concerns, offering

words of encouragement during difficult times, or simply stuff there to provide a supportive

presence (Reblin & Uchino, 2007).

Instrumental Support Instrumental support refers to materialistic, practical assistance

that helps to fulfil the individual's needs or problems. This may include providing financial

help, transportation, childcare, or assistance with daily tasks. Instrumental support aims to

directly meet the specific challenges or demands a person is facing (Bolger et al., 2015).

Informational Support Informational support involves providing advice, guidance,

and useful information to help individuals make informed decisions or navigate challenging

situations. This can include sharing knowledge, expertise, or resources relevant to the

person's needs or circumstances (Gottlieb et al., 2010).

Appraisal Support Appraisal support involves offering feedback, affirmation, and

constructive evaluation of a person's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It helps individuals

assess their own abilities, emotions, and perspectives accurately. Appraisal support can be

particularly valuable in promoting self-confidence, self-reflection, and personal growth (Tan

et al., 2019).

Benefits of Social Support:

Improved Emotional Well-being Social support is a highly significant role to improve

and enhance the emotional well-being of individual. Social support is highly linked to
 8

increase the emotional well-being in which higher levels of life satisfaction, happiness, and

positive emotions (Reis et al., 2000).

Reduced Psychological Distress Social support plays an important role to reduce

psychological distress. Individuals who receive higher level of social support, they

experience lower levels of depression, anxiety and other psychological distress. As compared

to those individuals who receive less social support, they experience higher level of

depression and stress. (Thoits, 2011).

Stress management Social support act as protective factor against the damaging

consequences of stress and negative emotions. It provides emotional support to help people in

handling difficult circumstances more skillfully (Taylor, 2011).

Improved Mental Health Social support plays an important role to improve the

mental health of individual. Social support has been linked with improved psychological

consequences, including higher self-worth, lower risk of mental illnesses, and higher

resilience to psychological stress. (Cohen, 2000).

Physical Health Social support helps to promote physical health. Social support is

highly associated with better physical health, including reduced risk of chronic illnesses,

immediately recovery from illnesses, and improved functioning of immune system (Uchino,

2009).

Cognitive Reappraisal

Cognitive reappraisal is a psychological strategy that individuals can use to manage

and regulate their emotional reactions to various situations. It involves one's perspective or

interpretation of an event in order to change the emotional response. In simple terms,

cognitive reappraisal is a way of reframing or reinterpreting a situation to make it

 9

increasingly positive or less emotionally distressing (Gross, 1998). Cognitive reappraisal

promotes emotional well-being by reshaping of emotional responses and provide positive

outlook of daily functioning of life. Individuals who frequently engaged in cognitive

reappraisal had experience higher levels of positive emotions and reduce levels of unpleasant

feelings and negative emotions (Gross & John, 2003). Cognitive reappraisal allows an

increase in emotional responses by changing the daily life event that improves emotional

wellbeing and increases overall contentment of life (John & Gross, 2004).

Steps of Cognitive Reappraisal

Cognitive reappraisal typically works through identification of trigger events,

recognizing automatic thoughts and emotions, challenging unwanted thoughts on, reframing

the situation and re-evaluating emotional response.

Identification of trigger events Identifying trigger events in the cognitive reappraisal

process involves recognizing situations, events, or circumstances that lead to unrepeatable

emotional reactions. This can be achieved through self-awareness and reflection. Paying

attention to moments when strong emotions arise, whether positive or negative, can help

pinpoint these triggers. Keeping a journal, seeking patterns in emotional responses, and

analyzing thoughts and feelings associated with specific situations can aid in identifying

trigger events. This sensation forms the foundation for applying cognitive reappraisal

techniques to reframe thoughts and manage emotional reactions effectively (McRae et al.,

2012).

Question the initial interpretation of the event Questioning the initial interpretation

of an event is a crucial step in the cognitive reappraisal process. This involves challenging the

automatic and often negative thoughts that upspring when an event occurs. Begin by
 10

identifying the thoughts or assumptions you in what situation you are. Then, objectively

assess the reason that supports or contradicts these thoughts. Ask yourself if there are

volitional explanations or perspectives that might provide an increasingly well-turned view.

Consider the emotions you're experiencing and whether they balanced with the evidence at

hand. By immediately questioning and reevaluating your initial interpretation, you can

cultivate an increasingly realistic and adaptive understanding of the event, leading to

healthier emotional responses (Kahneman et al., 1999).

Reframe the situation Once explanations or perspectives have been identified,

individuals can consciously move on to reframe the situation in an increasingly positive or

adaptive manner. They might focus on the potential opportunities or bright side of the

situation, view it as a learning experience, or consider the worthier picture in light of their

long-term goals and values. By reframing the situation, individuals may have a shift in their

emotional response. Cognitive reappraisal can help individuals to lessen the intensity of

negative emotions like wrongness or sadness and promote increasingly positive emotions like

acceptance, gratitude, or empathy (Smith et al., 2021).

Cognitive reappraisal can be a helpful tool in various areas of life, including

managing stress, conflicts, and challenging situations. Research suggests that individuals who

have cognitive reappraisal tend to have higher psychological well-being, greater resilience,

and improved interpersonal relationships. Cognitive reappraisal does not aim to deny or

suppress emotions but rather to modify their impact by adjusting one's perspective on the

situation. It allows individuals to have increasingly tendency over their emotional responses,

fostering well-being. Learning and practicing cognitive reappraisal often require time and

effort. Techniques such as mindfulness meditation, cognitive restructuring, can be helpful in

developing and strengthening the skill of cognitive reappraisal (Aldao, 2010).

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Benefits of Cognitive Reappraisal

Emotion Regulation Cognitive reappraisal is a powerful tool for regulating emotions,

expressly when facing challenging or distressing situations. By interchange the way one

thinks well-nigh an event, individuals can modulate the intensity of their emotional

responses. This can lead to decreased levels of anxiety, anger, and sadness, helping

individuals navigate emotional turmoil increasingly effectively (Gross, 1988).

Reduced Stress and Anxiety Engaging in cognitive reappraisal can reduce feelings of

stress and uneasiness by changing the way individuals perceive stressors. Reinterpreting

stressors as challenges to overcome rather than threats can lessen the physiological and

psychological impact of stress, leading to an increasingly adaptive response and greater

emotional resilience (Aldao, & Schweizer, 2010).

Improved Coping Skills Cognitive reappraisal equips individuals with a healthier way

of coping with difficult situations. Rather than avoiding or suppressing emotions, reappraisal

encourages individuals to confront emotions by modifying their cognitive interpretations.

This approach fosters adaptive coping strategies and helps individuals largest manage the

demands of everyday life (Han et al., 2023).

Increase Subjective Happiness Cognitive reappraisal is an effective emotional

regulation strategy that highly associated to an increase in subjective happiness of individual.

People can control their emotional reactions and general wellbeing by choosing to see

circumstances in a more uplifting or less upsetting way. The use of cognitive reappraisal is

linked to increased levels of life satisfaction and subjective happiness (John & Gross, 2004).

Enhanced Emotional Well-being Regularly practicing cognitive reappraisal can

contribute to a heightened sense of emotional well-being. By changing negative thought

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patterns and reducing the impact of distressing situations, individuals are increasingly likely

to wits positive emotions, such as joy and contentment. This shift can modernize overall life

satisfaction and emotional balance (Gross, 2015)

Improved Interpersonal Relationships Cognitive reappraisal can positively impact

interpersonal interactions. By interchange one's perspective on others' policies or intentions,

individuals can avoid unnecessary misunderstandings, conflicts, and negative emotions. This

fosters increasingly constructive communication and helps maintain healthier relationships

(Wang et al., 2022).

Resilience to Negative Events One of the remarkable benefits of cognitive reappraisal

is its worthiness to foster psychological resilience. When faced with setbacks, failures, or

wrongheaded circumstances, individuals who engage in reappraisal are largest equipped to

delicate when and find constructive ways to move forward. This resilience contributes to

long-term mental and emotional well-being (Garnefski et al., 2001).

Reduction of Depressive Symptoms Cognitive reappraisal is often integrated into

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for managing depression. By challenging negative

thought patterns and reframing situations, individuals can unstrap symptoms of peepers and

prevent relapses. It empowers individuals to exert greater control over their emotional

experiences (Joormann & Siemer, 2004).

Enhanced Problem-Solving Skills Cognitive reappraisal encourages an increasingly

logical and rational perspective on challenging situations. This can lead to improved

problem-solving skills, as individuals are better able to analyze situations objectively and

generate constructive solutions without stuff overwhelmed by emotions (Siemer, 2005).

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Subjective Happiness

Subjective happiness, also known as subjective well-being or simply happiness, refers

to an individual's personal evaluation and perception of their overall level of happiness and

life satisfaction. It is highly subjective and varies from person to person based on their unique

circumstances, values, and perspectives. Subjectively happy people frequently have higher

levels of creativity, productivity, and optimistic thinking which can enhance their success on

the job and other personal areas of their lives (Lyubomirsky et al., 2005). A person's

perception of their general well-being and level of satisfaction with their life is referred to as

their subjective happiness. It involves individual cognitive and emotional evaluate of

achievements, life experiences, and everyday events which leads to a sense of satisfaction

and positive feelings (Diener, 1984). Subjective happiness is extremely significant for

individuals due to its positive effects on general well-being, physical health, and daily life

functioning. High levels of subjective happiness are linked to reduced symptoms of

depression and anxiety, and also increase psychological resilience and coping strategy of

individual (Keyes, 2007). Subjective happiness has been linked to better physical health

outcomes, such as reduce level of stress, anxiety, and a decreased risk of cardiovascular

illnesses. (Pressman & Cohen, 2005). Improved social interaction and a stronger feeling of

belonging result from happier people having more fulfilling and supportive social

relationships (Diener & Seligman, 2002).

Components of Subjective Happiness

There are two main components that constitute subjective happiness: affective well-

being and cognitive well-being.

Affective well-being This component of subjective happiness relates to an individual's

emotional experiences and feelings in their daily lives. It includes the presence of positive
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emotions, such as joy, love, satisfaction, and the sparsity of negative emotions, such as

sadness, anger, and anxiety. People with upper levels of propelling well-being tend to have a

greater frequency and intensity of positive emotions and fewer negative emotions in their

day-to-day experiences (Walker et al., 2020).

Cognitive well-being This quality of subjective happiness refers to an individual's

cognitive evaluation and judgment of their overall life satisfaction and fulfillment. It involves

the various life domains, such as relationships, work, health, personal accomplishments, and

overall life circumstances. People with upper levels of cognitive well-being tend to evaluate

their lives positively, feeling satisfied and fulfilled with their upbringing and the unstipulated

direction of their lives (Ryff, 2018).

Factors Influencing Subjective Happiness

Subjective happiness is influenced by various factors, including both external and

internal factors. These factors largely contribute to an individual's overall subjective

happiness and life satisfaction

External factors These factors include social relationships, financial stability,

employment, physical health, and external life circumstances. Positive social support

networks, healthy relationships, financial security, and good physical health often contribute

positively to subjective happiness (Lyubomirsky & Layous, 2013).

Internal factors Subjective happiness is also influenced by internal factors. Internal

factors usually include overall emotional health, personality traits, coping strategies, the

ability of optimism and capability to maintain and regulate your emotions effectively.

Personality traits are highly influence on how individuals perceive life events and how they

response. Personality traits such as optimism, and self-esteem are highly associated with

levels of subjective happiness (Steel et al., 2008). Effective strategies of coping such as
 15

problem-solving, productivity, and optimistic thinking can increase the level of subjective

happiness by helping individuals to manage stress and different difficult circumstance

(Folkman & Moskowitz, 2000). Internal factors also include your self-esteem, self-

actualization, self-worth and the quality of interaction with your social circle. Similarly, past

experiences and your perceptions about yourself and others are also included in internal

factors of subjective happiness but these factors can vary from person to person (Baumeister

et al., 2013).

Research has shown that although these external factors can have an initial impact on

happiness, they tend to have a diminishing effect over time, with individuals often adapting to

their circumstances and returning to their baseline happiness level. Researchers have

moreover identified that subjective happiness can be subjective set-points that individuals

tend to gravitate towards. While subjective happiness can be influenced by external and

internal factors, individuals have an unrepeatable baseline level of subjective happiness that

remains relatively stable over the long term, regardless of life circumstances. Overall,

subjective happiness is a deeply personal that encompasses both emotional well-being and

cognitive evaluation of one's life satisfaction. It is influenced by a combination of external

factors, internal factors, and individual disposition, making it a multifaceted concept (Luchesi

et al., 2018).

Theoretical framework

Psychodynamic Theory

Psychodynamic theory offers a unique lens through which to understand the

manifestation of the dark tetrad personality traits According to this theory, Narcissism,

characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance and a lack of empathy, may stem from

unresolved childhood conflict related to attachment and self-worth. Machiavellianism,

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involving manipulation and strategic behavior, could act as a defense mechanism versus

perceived threats, stemming from past traumas or anxieties. Similarly, Psychopathy, marked

by impulsivity and a lack of guilt, might result from a disrupted superego during childhood.

The unconscious desire for power and control, due to the early emotional neglect, can

contribute to the emergence of this trait. Moreover, Sadism, deriving pleasure from inflicting

pain on others, could upspring from repressed aggressive impulses and unresolved conflicts

in the unconscious mind. These impulses might be directed outwardly due to internal

struggles (Jonason et al., 2019).

According to psychodynamic theory, a person's personality is greatly influenced by

their early childhood experiences and early unresolved conflicts. People with Dark Tetrad

may have grown up in awful circumstances and disrupt interpersonal bonds. The Dark

Tetrad's maladaptive personality traits and defense systems may arise as a result of these

experiences. As a result, individuals could have trouble developing positive attachment

patterns and establishing supportive and affectionate relationships with others. So this theory

directly explains that dark tetrad is negatively related to social support and in return leads to

lower level of subjective happiness. (Kellan, 2015)

Stress Buffering Model

The stress buffering model explains the relationship between social support, cognitive

reappraisal, and subjective happiness. According to this model, social support acts as a buffer

against the negative effects of stress on individual subjective happiness. When individuals are

going through stressful events or situations, accessing social support, such as emotional or

instrumental help from friends, family or support networks may help reduce the harmful

effects of stress and promote subjective happiness. In addition, cognitive reappraisal, which

involves rearranging and re-evaluating one's thoughts and interpretations of a stressful

 17

situation, can also serve as a coping mechanism and contribute to subjective happiness. By

using cognitive reappraisal strategies, individuals can change their perception of a stressful

event, which in turn leads to more positive emotional experiences. Thus, social support and

cognitive reappraisal both play important roles in mitigating the negative effects of stress and

promoting subjective happiness (Mettset al., 2023).

Hedonic Theory

The hedonic theory in the context of subjective happiness revolves virtually the idea

that individuals are driven by a fundamental desire to maximize pleasure and minimize pain

in their lives. This theory posits that people assess their overall well-being and satisfaction

based on the wastefulness between positive experiences (pleasure) and negative experiences

(pain). According to the hedonic theory, subjective happiness is a result of the unifying of

positive emotional experiences and the reduction of negative emotional experiences.

Individuals seek out activities, relationships, and situations that bring them joy, contentment,

and fulfillment while avoid those that cause distress or discomfort. The pursuit of pleasure

and the avoidance of pain are considered inherent human motivators that shape our decisions

and behaviors. Thus, the hedonic theory posits that subjective happiness is intricately linked

to the pursuit of pleasurable experiences and the avoidance of negative ones (Kahneman et

al., 1999).

Cognitive reappraisal promotes the growth of a positive cognitive bias, whereby

individual become more successful at seeing the perceived positive sides of different

circumstances. This bias increases a more positive outlook on life and reduces negative

affect, which promotes subjective happiness. When an individual focus on pleasurable events

and avoid pain by reframing the situation through cognitive reappraisal strategy, his level of
 18

subjective happiness increases automatically. In this way hedonic theory explains the

relationship between cognitive reappraisal and subjective happiness (Garnefski et al., 2007).

The Agency Model

The agency model suggests that individuals with higher levels of the dark tetrad traits

prioritize their own goals and desires over those of others, often exhibiting manipulative and

exploitative behavior. This contrasts with individuals who prioritize communal goals,

fostering increasingly positive social interactions and relationships. In the context of

subjective happiness, studies have shown that individuals higher in the dark tetrad traits tend

to have lower levels of subjective happiness. Their self-centered and often antagonistic

behavior can lead to difficulties in forming and maintaining positive relationships, which in

turn affects their overall happiness. Research has indicated that narcissism,

Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism are associated with increased negative emotions,

decreased life satisfaction, and reduced feelings of happiness (Jonason, 2012).

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Chapter II

Literature Review

Prisons population contributes a crucial role in any justice system marked by

providing to the existing literature on dark tetrad traits, social support, cognitive reappraisal,

and subjective happiness. The relationship between dark tetrad, social support, cognitive

reappraisal and subjective happiness within this context has received significant attention in

recent research. In order to give readers a thorough grasp of the topic, this review of the

literature examines the research that has already been done on dark tetrad, social support,

cognitive reappraisal and subjective happiness among prisoners. Understanding these

relationships can help us to provide valuable insights into the subjective happiness of

incarcerated individuals.

International Researches

According to the research, people who have a greater level of dark tetrad can find it

difficult to establish and maintain effective positive relationships with others, which may

limit their ability to get social support. For instance, people with higher levels of narcissism

may find it difficult to form real emotional bonds with others, whereas people with high

levels of psychopathy may struggle to express empathy and real care for others (Jonason et

al., 2012). According to research, people who demonstrate dark tetrad traits might find it

difficult to provide others with genuine and compassion-filled social support. As a result,

relationships can suffer and support may not be given back in an appropriate way. According

to a study, Individuals with dark tetrad may find a relationship between social support. The

individuals with dark tetrad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism) exhibit
 20

manipulative behaviors linked to dark tetrad traits may find it difficult to form and maintain

social relationships with others. Therefore, people may be less likely to support individuals

displaying these traits due to their negative interpersonal behaviors or actions (Muris et al.,

2017).

Jonason & Webster, (2012). investigated the relationship between the dark tetrad

traits and receptiveness to social support. It demonstrates that individuals with higher levels

in the dark tetrad are increasingly resistant to normative and informational social influence

(Jonason & Webster, 2012). According to research, those individuals who have high Dark

Tetrad typically have experienced lower levels of subjective happiness. For instance,

narcissistic people could be more concerned with their own desires, needs and expectations,

which might result in a decrease and diminished subjective happiness. Reduced life

satisfaction and subjective happiness may also be a result of psychopathic traits of an

individual, which are characterized by a lack of empathy and antisocial behavior (Jonsan &

Webster, 2012). Research reported that people who have Dark Tetrad may have difficulty in

reducing effectiveness and adopting cognitive reappraisal as an emotional regulation strategy.

Their tendency for manipulation, arrogance, and interpersonal issues may make it more

difficult for them to reinterpret challenging emotions in a positive and adaptive manner

(Gómez et al., 2023).

Another study investigated how Machiavellianism relates to perceived social support.

The research demonstrates that individuals with higher levels of Machiavellianism tend to

have lower levels of perceived social support with others. (Jakobwitz & Egan, 2006).

According to the research, those who have a higher level of Machiavellianism are more likely

to show supportive actions and cooperative behaviors strategically to gain benefit in

relationships instead of honestly offering genuine social support. (Kudoh & Takemura, 2017).
 21

The meta-analysis study investigates the relationship between narcissism and social

networking behavior, which include the role of social support within online interactions. The

study found that narcissistic traits highly influence individuals' engagement and social

support system (Davenport et al., 2014). According to research, those individuals who have

Dark Tetrad, such as narcissism and psychopathy, to higher levels may be less likely to

employ cognitive reappraisal as an emotion regulation strategy. These traits are linked to lack

of empathy, selfishness, manipulation, and a lack of empathy, which may cause a preference

for alternative, less effective cognitive reappraisal strategy (Walker et al., 2022).

According to research, narcissistic people prefer to seek out support from others when

it boosts their sense of self-worth or satisfies their desire or needs for admiration. However,

because of their tendency for superficiality or a sense of self in their relationships,

maintaining genuine social support networks might be. challenging (Lakey et al., 2007). The

research investigated the relationship between narcissism and subjective happiness. The study

found that while narcissists had experienced more positive and happy emotions, they also had

experienced more negative emotions. Furthermore, it indicates that narcissists who have

higher self-esteem reported higher levels of subjective happiness (Kjell et al., 2018).

The study conducted by Lynam, (2006) states that those people with psychopathic

traits may be more unwilling to value or seek out social support because they have a tendency

to put their own desires and ability for manipulating others prior to others. Their lack of

sympathy and detached emotions may make it more difficult for them to build up and

maintain sincere relationships with others (Derefinko et al., 2006). A study that focused on

the link between sadism and social support. Regarding the negative and toxic nature of

sadistic behaviors, it is possible that people with high levels of sadism may struggle to

establish and endure positive social relationships with others (Buckels et al., 2013).
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According to research, those individuals who perceive they have greater social

support may be less likely to employ cognitive reappraisal. Social support networks can offer

emotion validation, instructions, and access to different viewpoints, which may make it less

difficult to apply cognitive reappraisal strategies (Schweizer et al., 2010). The study claims

that social support may protect against the damaging effects of stress. The cognitive

reappraisal may be a way through which this protective mechanism effect works. When

people successfully employ cognitive reappraisal, especially when they have strong social

support available to them, stress and emotional suffering may decrease (Bolger et al., 2007).

In a study by Diener and Seligman (2002), individuals who reported stronger social

relationships and wide-stretching social support were increasingly likely to have higher levels

of life satisfaction and subjective happiness (Diener & Seligman, 2002). A longitudinal study

reported that older persons who had more social support, especially from family and friends.

They have reported higher level of subjective happiness (Shirai et al., 2008).

A meta-analysis of empirical research showed that having more social support has

been linked with higher levels of subjective happiness and reduced chance of developing

depressive symptoms (Chida & Steptoe, 2008). Research showed that greater levels of social

support were positively associated with subjective happiness (Lu & Argyle, 1991). In a study

by Orth, Robins, & Soto (2010), social support was looked as a protective factor against

depressive symptoms and shown to be substantially correlated with subjective happiness,

demonstrating the positive effect of social support on wellbeing (Orth et al., 2010).Using a

cross-sectional methodology, the study found that social support, particularly in the form of

emotional and practical assistance from others, played an important part in improving the

subjective happiness (Cheung & Lucas, 2014).

Another study by Howell at al. (2007) investigates those who rated higher levels of

social support likely to have higher levels of subjective happiness and life satisfaction. It also
 23

demonstrates that supportive relationships enhance the subjective happiness of individuals.

The study reported that those individuals who had reported higher levels of social support

were likely to be happier and more satisfied with their lives, demonstrating that positive

relationships influence subjective well-being (Howell et al, 2007). Similarly, Heinrich &

Gullone (2006) conducted a study with adolescents and found that higher levels of social

support were associated with increased subjective happiness and decreased depressive

symptoms. (Heinrich & Gullone, 2006).

According to research, it states that cognitive reappraisal may help individuals

manage and reduce negative emotions, which can contribute to increased subjective

happiness. People may feel less emotional distress and have a better subjective happiness by

appropriately reinterpreting stressors and challenges (Gross, 2002). Lyubomirsky, King, and

Diener (2005) found that individuals who had perceived higher levels of social support tend

to report greater subjective happiness, indicating a positive undertone between the two

variables (Lyubomirsky et al., 2005). A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies conducted and

concluded that social support was unceasingly associated with higher levels of subjective

happiness (Kawachi, 2001).

Indigenous Researches

According to Mushtaq et al., (2022) study conducted in Pakistan, study looked in the

relationship between dark tetrad and subjective happiness. The finding of this study is

psychological distress and subjective happiness were significantly predicted by

Machiavellianism and psychological maladjustment, whereas psychopathy significantly

predicted subjective happiness with psychological maladjustment. Overall result of this study

is subjective happiness was positively linked with Machiavellianism and negatively linked

with psychopathy (Mushtaq et al., 2022).

 24

A study provides an understanding of how the relationship between emotion

regulation, dark triad personality, rule-breaking behavior and mental health problems is

enacted. This study's findings revealed one route from cognitive reappraisal to the mental

health issues connected to traits such as narcissism and psychopathy. In this study identified

cognitive reappraisal to the mental health problems is highly associated with narcissism and

psychopathy. (Naz et al., 2022).

According to study, the findings showed that Machiavellianism was related to two of

the three elements of executive function, namely inhibition and cognitive flexibility.

Additionally, these correlations were exclusively dependent on cognitive reappraisal. Finally,

only women showed significant conditional indirect correlations between cognitive

flexibility, cognitive reappraisal, and Machiavellianism (Fatima & Shahid, 2020).

A study examined the relationship between Dark Triad traits and emotional problems

among adults. The study concentrated on examining the relationship between rising adult

Dark Triad features and subjective happiness. Machiavellianism was positively associated

with subjective happiness, while psychopathy was negatively associated with it (Mushtaq et

al., 2022).

Limited researches were found related to dark tetrad in Pakistani context. Through

this study, dark tetrad will be studied in male prisoners and it will be identified that how dark

tetrad influence the subjective happiness among male prisoners. This study will be a

significant addition in the literature of dark tetrad in Pakistani context.

Rationale

This study identifies the relationship among the Dark Tetrad traits, social support,

cognitive reappraisal, and subjective happiness among prisoners. Incarcerated individuals

face numerous challenges, including high levels of distress, limited social support, and a
 25

hostile prison environment. Understanding how the Dark Tetrad traits influence subjective

happiness, and how social support and cognitive reappraisal helps in promoting subjective

happiness can help to promote a more positive and encouraging prison environment in

Pakistan through recognizing and understanding those factors that highly impact on

subjective happiness of prisoners.

The goal of the study is to investigate the relationship among Pakistani prisoners

between dark tetrad, social support, cognitive reappraisal, and subjective happiness.

Moreover, to provide suggestions and insights for programs and interventions aiming at

improving the prisoners' subjective happiness in the Pakistani setting. This study has the

potential to shed light on the specific factors that contribute to prisoners' overall subjective

happiness and may uncover opportunities for implementing different strategies that alleviate

distress, promote positive social connections, and enhance the subjective happiness among

the prison population. Ultimately, this research can play a crucial role in improving the

overall quality of life for prisoners and contributing to successful rehabilitation efforts within

correctional systems. Moreover, this research contributes to the larger goal of reducing

recidivism rates, improving the lives of male prisoners, and fostering safer and more

inclusive communities.

Objectives

• To examine the relationship between dark tetrad, social support, cognitive reappraisal

and subjective happiness.

• To identify does dark tetrad, social support and cognitive reappraisal predicts the

subjective happiness among male prisoners.

 26

• To examine difference of recidivism between dark tetrad, social support, cognitive

reappraisal and subjective happiness among male prisoners

Hypothesis

H1: It is likely to have negative relationship of dark tetrad with social support,

cognitive reappraisal and subjective happiness.

H2: It is likely to have a positive relationship among social support, cognitive

reappraisal and subjective happiness among male prisoners.

H3: Dark tetrad, social support and cognitive reappraisal would predict the subjective

happiness among male prisoners.

H4: There will be a significant difference of recidivism between dark tetrad, social

support, cognitive reappraisal and subjective happiness.

 27

Chapter III
Method

Research Design

A correlation research design was used to investigate the relationship between dark

tetrad, social support, cognitive reappraisal and subjective happiness among male prisoners.

Sampling Technique

In this study, purposive sampling technique was used to collect data. This sampling

technique allows for a targeted and focused investigation of the relationships between dark

tetrad, social support, cognitive reappraisal and subjective happiness within the prison

population. The sample size of the targeted population for this study consisted of 200

prisoners. The targeted population was prisoners to identify the relationship between dark

tetrad, social support, cognitive reappraisal and subjective happiness among prisoners.

Inclusion Criteria

● Only male participants were included.

● Prisoners incarcerated in Camp Jail, Lahore.

● Prisoners incarcerated in jail of at least one month.

Exclusion Criteria

● Prisoners with severe mental illnesses or intellectual disabilities and physical illness.
 28

● Female and Children participants were excluded.

Table 1

Descriptive Statistics of Demographic Variables (N=200

Variables n (%) M(SD)

Age 32 (11.82)

Education

Uneducated 62 31.0

Under-matric 53 26.5

Matric 48 24.0

Inter 19 9.5

Undergraduate 18 9.0

Marital Status

Single 117 58.5

Married 49 24.5

Divorcee 22 11.0

Widower 12 6.0

Working Status Before Incarceration

Working 75 37.5

Not Working 125 62.5

Birth Order

Fist born 58 29.0

Middle born 71 35.5

Last born 42 21.0

Only child 29 14.5

History of recidivism
 29

Yes 39 19.5

No 161 80.0

Duration of incarceration

1 months-5 months 65 32.5

6 months-11 months 67 33.5

1 year or above 68 34.0

Family History of Crime

Yes 49 24.5

No 151 75.5

Note N=number of participants

Operational definitions

Dark Tetrad

The Dark Tetrad is a grouping of four malevolent personality traits that are associated

with a lack of empathy, a disregard for others, and a tendency to exploit and harm others

(Muris, (2017).

Social Support

Social support refers to the resources that individuals can access through their social

networks, including emotional, informational, and tangible support. This definition

emphasizes the various types of support that can be provided by others (Cohen, 1985).
 30

Cognitive Reappraisal

Cognitive reappraisal is a strategy of emotional regulation that involves changing

one’s interpretation of a situation’s meaning in order to alter one’s emotional response

(Gross, 1998).

Subjective happiness

Subjective happiness is the degree to which an individual evaluates the overall quality

of his or her life as favorable (Lyubomirsky, 1999).

Assessment Measures

Demographic information sheet

The demographic information sheet collects essential details from participants. It

includes age, education, marital status, working status before incarceration, number of

siblings, birth order, history of recidivism, duration of incardination, family history of crime,

Understanding the participant characteristics and how they may influence on the study's

findings relies largely on this demographic information. Privacy and anonymity are

maintained at all times during the research procedure.

Short Dark Tetrad instrument (SD4)

The Dark Tetrad Scale is used to measure in which an individual exhibits the traits of

narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism. The scale was developed by Paulus

and Jones in 2014. The SD4 consists of 28 items measuring four underlying dimensions of

dark tetrad. Participants rate each item on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from strongly

disagree to strongly agree. Higher scores on each trait shows the greater levels of that trait.

The SD4 scale has been found to be a reliable and valid measure of the Dark Tetrad traits.
 31

The short dark tetrad Cronbach's alpha coefficient value is .71 to .88 the findings showed a

high level of internal consistency (Paulus Jones, 2014). In this research used Urdu version of

short Dark Tetrad instrument (SD4) to assess dark personality traits in prisoners (Ambreen &

Tahir, 2022)

Multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS)

The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) was developed by

Zimet et al., 1988. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) is used

to measure how much support people perceive to be receiving from three different groups:

family (items 3, 4, 8, and 11), friends (items 6, 7, 9, and 12), and significant others (items 1,

2, and 5). The scale included 12 items, each on a 7-point Likert scale ranging from very

strongly disagree to very strongly agree. Higher perceived social support from each source is

indicated by higher scores on each subscale. This scale is a valid and reliable assessment tool.

The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) Cronbach's alpha

coefficient value is .85, the findings showed a high level of internal consistency (Zimet et al.,

1988). This research used an Urdu translated version of multidimensional scale of perceived

social support (MSPSS) to measure social support in prisoners (Tonsing et al., 2012).

Emotional regulation questionnaire

The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) was developed by James J. Gross and

John J. John in 2003.The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) is a questionnaire that

measures an individual’s aptitude to manage their emotions through cognitive reappraisal and

expressive suppression. Higher scores show a higher level of cognitive reappraisal or

expressive suppression. This includes 10 items that are scored on a 7-point Likert scale.

Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) is a valid and reliable assessment tool. The

cognitive reappraisal of Cronbach's alpha coefficient value is .73, the findings showed a high
 32

level of internal consistency (Gross, 2015). In this research Urdu translated versions of

cognitive reappraisal items (Soulat & Rukhsana, 2014).

Subjective happiness scale

Scale of subjective happiness was created by Sonja Lyubomirsky. A self-report

questionnaire that measures the level of subjective happiness in individuals. It included four

items in the questionnaire, each of which is scored on a 7-point Likert scale. Higher scores in

an individual’s, it suggests more subjective happiness in an individual. Subjective happiness

scale is a valid and reliable way to measure subjective happiness. Cronbach’s alpha values

that ranged from 0.81 to 0.94 indicate adequate internal consistency. In this study, the prison

population's subjective happiness was measured using the Urdu translated version of the

subjective happiness scale (Lyubomirsky et al., 1999).

Procedure

First of all, permission was taken from authors of scales and from the authority of the

camp jail, Lahore to obtain data. All the prisoner participants were approached collectively

and were also informed about the aims and objectives of the research. Prior to data collection,

appropriate permissions and ethical considerations were obtained to use these instruments.

The participants were provided with clear instructions on how to complete the questionnaires

and assured of the confidentiality and anonymity of their responses. Questionnaire was

provided to participants individually. Enough time was given to participants to fill this

questionnaire.

Ethical Considerations

Prior to conducting research on prisoners, several ethical considerations were taken

into account:
 33

• Participants were ensured that they have fully understood the purpose, procedures,

risks, and benefits of the research. In the case of prisoners, informed consent may be

challenging due to power dynamics, vulnerability, and limited autonomy. Extra care

was taken to ensure voluntary participation without any manipulation.

• Prisoners may fear negative consequences from sharing personal information. So, it

was ensured that the confidentiality and anonymity of participants is secured, using

secure data storage and handling procedures.

• Similarly, it was ensured that there is no any potential harm to prisoners during the

research process by assessing and minimizing physical, psychological, or emotional

risks associated with participating in the study, and providing support resources to

address any adverse effects.

 34

Chapter IV

Results

In this chapter, initially screening was done to see if there is any value was missing

and to look for any potential outliers. Normality of the data was also checked. Pearson

moment correlation was carried out to check the relationship between dark tetrad, social

support, cognitive reappraisal and subjective happiness among Prisoners (N=200).

Additionally, multiple hierarchal regression analysis was performed to analyze the predictors

of subjective happiness. Moreover, independent sample t-test and One Way Anova was also

performed to see the significant differences among duration of incarceration. The findings of

the summary of results were reported at the end of the chapter.

Table 2
Psychometric properties of study variables (N=200)
Variables M SD Range α Skewness

Dark Tetrad 76.94 18.76 27-133 .90 .07

Machiavellianism 18.39 6.38 7-35 .83 .46
Narcissism 22.16 5.98 7-35 .81 .14
Psychopathy 23.16 5.76 7-35 .81 -.13
Sadism 22.12 6.11 7-35 .76 .06
Social Support 49.41 14.11 12-84 .89 -.12
Family Support 17.32 5.27 4-28 .75 -.21
Friends Support 17.01 5.66 4-28 .82 -.13
Significant Others 16.59 4.98 4-28 .69 -.05
Cognitive Reappraisal 24.07 8.27 6-42 .87 -.15
Subjective Happiness 17.17 4.59 9-28 .64 .44
 35

Note: M = Mean, SD = Standard Deviation, α = Cronbach's alpha.

The above table 2 showed descriptive statistics and the reliability coefficient of the

subscales and the scales used in the present study. Cronbach’s alpha for the dark tetrad was

found to be 0.90 (Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy and sadism Cronbach’s alpha

was ranged between 0.76 – 0.83) indicating a good level of reliability (Paulus Jones, 2014).

Similar results were seen for the social support, which demonstrated a Cronbach’s alpha of

0.89 (family support Cronbach’s alpha was 0.75, friends support was 0.82, significant others

was 0.69) that demonstrated a high level of reliability (Zimet et al., 1988). The Cronbach’s

alpha for the cognitive reappraisal was 0.87 (Gross, 2015). Additionally, the Cronbach’s

alpha for the subjective happiness was 0.64, showing an acceptable degree of reliability

(Lyubomirsky et al., 1999).

 36

Variables M SD 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1.Dark Tetrad 74.31 18.09 1

2. Machiavellianism 18.39 6.32 .769** 1

3. Narcissism 19.83 5.98 .770** .524** 1

4. Psychopathy 19.88 5.76 .742** .345** .357** 1

5.Sadisim 18.83 6.11 .817** .455** .495** .639** 1

6.Social Support 51.25 14.11 -.462** -.419** -.504** -.243** -.242** 1

7.Family Support 17.64 5.63 -.401** -.354** -.395** -.212** -.256** .870** 1

8.Friends Support 17.01 5.66 -.376** -.357** -.486** -.160* -.146* .904** .704** 1

9. Significant Others 16.59 4.98 -.426** -.380** -.427** -.268** -.229** .818** .532** .626** 1

10.Cognitive Reappraisal 24.08 8.27 -.360** -.334** -.399** -.141* -.211** .537** .431** .435** .539** 1

11. Subjective Happiness 17.17 4.59 -.256** -.237** -.375** -.080 -.079 .441** .348** .396** .403** .556** 1

Table 3

Correlation of the Dark Tetrad, Social Support, Cognitive Reappraisal and Subjective Happiness.
Note: *=p< .05, **=p< .01, ***=p<.001
 37

Table 3 demonstrated the relationship among study variables. Dark tetrad showed

negative relationship with social support r = -.462, p < 0.01 , family supports r = -.401, p <

0.01, friends support r = -.376, p < 0.01 , significant others = 0.426, p < 0.01, cognitive

reappraisal r = -.360, p < 0.01 and subjective happiness r = -.256, p < 0.01.The results

showed that Machiavellianism r = -.419, p < 0.01, Narcissism r = -.504, p < 0.01,

Psychopathy r = -.243, p < 0.05 and Sadism r = -.242, p < 0.01 showed negative relationship

with social support. The cognitive reappraisal showed negative relationship with

Machiavellianism r = -.334, p < 0.01, Narcissism r = -.399, p < 0.01, Psychopathy r = -.141, p

< 0.05 and Sadism r = -.211, p < 0.01. Similarly, subjective happiness indicated a negative

relationship with Machiavellianism r = -.237, p < 0.01, Narcissism r = -.375, p < 0.01,

Psychopathy r = -.080, p < 0.05 and Sadism r = -.079). The social support showed a

significant positive relationship with cognitive reappraisal r = .537, p< 0.01 and subjective

happiness r = .441, p< .01. Family supports r = .431, p < 0.01, friends support r = .435, p <

0.01 and significant other = .539, p < 0.01 showed positive relationship with cognitive

reappraisal. Similarly, family support r = .348, p < 0.01, friends support r = .396, p < 0.01

and significant other = .403, p < 0.01 showed positive relationship with subjective happiness.

Whereas, Cognitive reappraisal showed a positive relationship with subjective happiness r

= .556, p < 0.01.

 38

Predictors B 95% CI SE B β R2 △R2

LL UL

Step 1 .16 .16***

Constant 22.41 19.83 24.98 1.31

Machiavellianism -.073 -.188 .042 .058 -.101

Narcissism -.311 -.435 -.187 .063 -.404***

Psychopathy -.011 -.145 .124 .068 -.014

Sadism .132 -.006 .271 .070 .176*

Step 2 .24 .08***

Constant 13.36 8.77 17.94 2.32

Machiavellianism -.014 -.127 .098 .057 -.020

Narcissism -.209 -.339 -.079 .066 -.272

Psychopathy .025 -.105 .155 .066 .031***

Sadism .100 -.036 .236 .069 .133

Family Support .092 -.055 .239 .075 .112

Friends Support .054 -.110 .219 .083 .067

Significant Others .199 .046 .353 .078 .216**

Step 3 .36 .12***

Constant 10.06 5.71 14.41 2.20

Machiavellianism .007 -.069 .111 .052 .010

Narcissism -.157 -.278 -.036 .061 -.205

 39

Psychopathy -.009 -.129 .111 .062 -.011**

Sadism .112 -.013 .238 .063 .149*

Family Support .037 -.100 .173 .069 .045

Friends Support .057 -.095 .208 .077 .070

Significant Others .047 -.102 .197 .076 .051

Cognitive Reappraisal .239 .161 .317 .040 .430***

Table 4

Multiple Hierarchal Regression of Dark Tetrad, Social Support and Cognitive Reappraisal for Subjective Happiness

Note: Unstandardized coefficients (B), LL= Lower Limit, UL= Upper Limit, 95% confidence intervals (CI), standardized error of the beta coefficients (SE
B), standardized beta coefficients (β), and R-squared values
 40

In first step of multiple hierarchical regression dark tetrad was added to investigate

its prediction on subjective happiness which explained variance of 16%. It demonstrated that

sub scales of dark tetrad namely, Machiavellianism negatively predicted (β= -.101, p<.001),

as well as Narcissism negatively predicted (β= -.404, p<.001) and Psychopathy negatively

predicted (β= -.014, p<.001) on the subjective happiness. In Step 2, social support was added

which explained a variance of 24%. Results revealed that sub scales of social support namely,

family support (β= .112, p < .01), friends support (β= .067, p < .01) and significant others (β=

.216, p < .01) were positively and significantly predicted subjective happiness. Furthermore,

in step 3, cognitive reappraisal was added which explained the overall variance of 36%.

Findings revealed that cognitive reappraisal were positively and significantly predicted

subjective happiness (β= .43, p < .05).

 41

Table 5

Independent sample T-test was used to examining history of recidivism differences in dark tetrad, social support, cognitive reappraisal and
subjective happiness
Variable (Recidivist) (Non-recidivist) t (198) p Cohen's d

M SD M SD
Dark Tetrad 71.12 16.36 75.08 18.45 -1.22 1.00 0.22
Machiavellianism 18.71 5.98 18.31 6.42 .360 .655 0.06
Narcissism 20.51 6.38 19.67 5.89 .788 .150 0.13
Psychopathy 18.30 5.22 20.26 5.83 -1.91 .308 0.35
Sadism 15.92 6.19 19.54 5.89 -3.40 .461 0.59
Social Support 45.87 13.68 52.55 13.93 -2.69 .623 0.48
Family Support 15.97 5.54 18.05 5.59 -2.08 .665 0.37
Friends Support 14.89 6.12 17.52 5.44 -2.63 .166 0.45
Significant Others 15.00 4.49 16.98 5.03 -2.24 762 0.64
Cognitive Reappraisal 21.48 8.07 24.71 8.22 -2.20 .601 0.39
Subjective Happiness 15.76 3.64 17.51 4.74 -2.14 .081 0.41
Note: Sample Size (200), M = Mean, SD = Standard Deviation, df = Degree of Freedom, Cohen's d= Effect size, p = Significant Level p<.05.
*p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001.
 42

The results of the table 5 showed that recidivists have lower scores in social support,

cognitive reappraisal, and subjective happiness as compared to non-recidivists. Mean

difference in dark tetrad, non-recidivist (M = 75.08, SD = 18.45) scored higher than recidivist

(M = 71.12, SD =16.36). In case of social support, non-recidivist (M = 52.55, SD = 13.93)

scored higher than recidivist (M = 45.87, SD = 13.68). In case of cognitive reappraisal, non-

recidivist (M = 24.71, SD = 8.22) scored higher than recidivist (M = 21.48, SD = 8.07). Mean

differences showed that non-recidivist (M = 17.51, SD = 4.74) experienced more subjective

happiness than in recidivist (M = 15.76, SD = 3.64). Overall, dark tetrad, social support,

cognitive reappraisal and subjective happiness showed mean difference but there is no

statistically significant difference between recidivist and non-recidivist.

 43

Table 6
Mean Differences in Dark Tetrad, Social Support, Cognitive Reappraisal and Subjective Happiness in Three Categories of Duration of
Incarceration.
1-5 Months 6-11 Months 1 Year or Above

ƞ2
Variable M SD M SD M SD F
Dark Tetrad 68.47 15.14 78.94 16.96 75.32 20.35 5.96 .353

Machiavellianism 16.69 4.90 20.20 6.19 18.22 7.21 5.35 .124

Narcissism 17.72 5.46 21.17 5.51 20.52 6.42 6.54 .151

Psychopathy 19.03 5.84 20.56 5.52 20.01 5.88 1.20 .123

Sadism 17.41 5.76 19.79 5.64 19.25 6.69 2.77 .137

Social Support 55.33 13.83 47.19 11.94 51.33 15.32 5.76 .221

Family Support 19.00 5.49 15.98 5.19 17.98 5.84 5.11 .082

Friends Support 18.66 5.61 15.38 4.26 17.04 6.49 5.76 .108

Significant Others 17.67 4.97 15.82 4.58 16.30 5.25 2.48 .101

Cognitive Reappraisal 26.86 8.48 23.94 6.58 21.57 8.82 7.22 .245

Subjective Happiness 20.12 4.90 15.80 2.78 15.70 4.44 24.46 .254

Note: M = Mean, SD = Standard Deviation, ƞ2= Eta Square and F = Significant Difference *p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.
 44

Table 6 showed mean, standard deviation and F-value for dark tetrad

(Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy and sadism), social support (family, friends and

significant others), cognitive reappraisal and subjective happiness across the duration of

incarceration. Results indicated that significant difference across duration of incarceration

with F 5.96, p<0.01. The F-statistic of 5.96 suggested a significant difference among the

means, and the effect size (η²) of 0.353 indicates a moderate effect. Result showed that social

support accords the duration of incarceration with F 5.76, p<0.01. The F statistic of 5.76

indicated significant difference and (η²) of 0. 432.The mean values for Cognitive Reappraisal

across the duration of incarceration was 7.22, p<0.01. the F-statistic of 7.22 suggested a

significant difference among the means, and the effect size (η²) of 0.245 indicated a moderate

effect. The mean values for Subjective Happiness across the duration of incarceration with F

24.46, p<0.01. The F-statistic of 24.46 indicated significant differences among the means,

and the effect size (η²) of 0.254 indicated a moderate effect. Overall, there was significant

difference between across the duration of incarceration.

 45

Summary of the results

1. Results demonstrated high Cronbach’s alpha is 0.90 for the dark tetrad variable, 0.89

for social support, 0.87 for cognitive reappraisal and 0.64 value was found in

subjective happiness.

2. The finding indicates that strong positive correlation coefficient between cognitive

reappraisal (CR) and subjective happiness (SH). The study indicates that variable of

dark tetrad traits (narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism) has a

negative correlation with subjective happiness among prisoners.

3. Multiple hierarchical regression was carried out to investigate the dark tetrad, social

support and cognitive reappraisal prediction on subjective happiness. It demonstrated

that sub variables of dark tetrad namely, (Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopath)

negatively predicted) on subjective happiness. Results revealed that sub scales of

social support (family support, friends support and significant others) and cognitive

reappraisal were positively and significantly predicted subjective happiness.

4. The independent t test shows that independent variables are dark tetrad, social support

and cognitive reappraisal, there is no statistically significant difference between

recidivist and non-recidivist.

5. The study indicates that there is a significant difference across the duration of

incarceration.
 46

Chapter V

Discussion

In subsequent chapter key findings of the current study were presented and discussed

in the light of previous literature. It also includes the study's limitations and implications, as

well as recommendations for additional research. The primary goal of the study was to find

out the relationship between dark tetrad, social support, cognitive reappraisal and subjective

happiness among prisoners. Numerous Studies have been conducted to explore the

relationship between the study variables that support current findings.

First hypothesis stated as “It is likely to have negative relationship of dark tetrad traits

(narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and sadism) with social support, cognitive

reappraisal and subjective happiness.” Findings proved this hypothesis which revealed that

individuals who have high Dark Tetrad traits typically have experienced lower levels of

subjective happiness. Studies had demonstrated that people who had high dark tetrad traits

might reduce life satisfaction and overall subjective happiness. (Jonsan & Webster, 2012).

Research investigated that Dark Tetrad traits within an expanded framework of personality

and their associations with subjective happiness of individual. Findings revealed that

individuals who have high level of dark tetrad traits have experience less level of subjective

happiness (Veselka et al.,2011).

The research investigated the relationship between narcissism and subjective

happiness. The study found that while narcissists had experienced more positive and happy

emotions, they also had experienced more negative emotions. Furthermore, it indicates that

narcissists who have higher self-esteem reported higher levels of subjective happiness (Kjell

et al., 2018). Another stated that those people with psychopathic traits may be more unwilling

to value or seek out social support because they have a tendency to put their own desires and
 47

ability for manipulating others prior to others. Their lack of sympathy and detached emotions

may make it more difficult for them to build up and maintain sincere relationships with others

(Derefinko et al., 2006). A study that focused on the link between sadism and social support.

Regarding the negative and toxic nature of sadistic behaviors, it is possible that people with

high levels of sadism may struggle to establish and endure positive social relationships with

others (Buckels et al., 2013

Another research investigated that dependable, fearful, or avoidant attachment

patterns moderate the effect of dark tetrad traits on participants' happiness levels. The finding

of Data on dependable, fearful, or avoidant attachment patterns, dark tetrad traits, and

subjective happiness are identifying to highly potential interaction effects (DemircioÄŸlu et

al., 2021). The study explored that empathy acts as a mediator in the relationship between

dark tetrad traits and subjective happiness. The finding indicated that individuals with higher

levels of dark tetrad traits might experience lower levels of subjective happiness

(Aghababaei, 2019). Furthermore, it was also emphasized that association between the dark

tetrad traits (Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, and sadism) and subjective

happiness. The results revealed that correlation or patterns that explain how people with high

dark tetrad characteristics perceive subjective happiness (Limone et al., 2020). The finding of

the current study showed that dark tetrad traits (Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy

and sadism) have a negative correlation social support, cognitive reappraisal and subjective

happiness among prisoners.

Secondly, the hypothesis suggested that “It is likely to have positive relationship

between social support, cognitive reappraisal and subjective happiness”. Findings of the

current study approved the stated hypothesis. This finding is consistent with another research,

which emphasized the positive correlation between cognitive reappraisal and subjective

happiness. The previous research investigated how the use of cognitive reappraisal influence
 48

on subjective well-being. The finding demonstrated that participants who frequently engaged

in cognitive reappraisal, they have reported high levels of life satisfaction (Quoidbach et al.,

2015).

The study investigated that positive relationship between perceived social support

from different sources and psychological well-being, which includes the subjective happiness

in early youngsters. The finding indicated that individual who perceive higher level of social

support from friends, family and significant others, they have experience higher level of

psychological well-being and subjective happiness (Rueger et al., 2010). Another study had

repeatedly demonstrated that people participants who had strategy cognitive reappraisal to

distance themselves from emotional moments. They have experienced less emotional distress

and reported the high levels of subjective happiness compared to those who did not use this

strategy (Kross & Ayduk, 2008).

The finding of current study is positive relationship between cognitive reappraisal and

subjective happiness The strong positive correlation coefficient between cognitive reappraisal

(CR) and subjective happiness (SH),. In other words, those prisoners who were engage in

more cognitive reappraisal schemes have more tendency to report higher levels of subjective

happiness. The findings analyzed that social support levels predict changes in the happiness

of individual (Ammar et al., 2013). Another study explored that social support serves as a

mediator between different coping strategies and subjective happiness. This study clarified

how it works by looking at how social support affects people's happiness through useful

coping process. The findings showed that positive correlation between social support and

subjective happiness. (Siedlecki et al., 2014). The longitudinal study identified how

variations in participants' subjective happiness over time are correlated with variations in

their perception of social support. The study aimed to demonstrate the positive impact of

social support on people's subjective happiness levels while they deal with life's problems
 49

(Findler et al., 2016). The current study proved this hypothesis those participants who have

high level of social support, they have experience high level of subjective happiness.

Further hypothesis suggested that Dark tetrad, social support and cognitive reappraisal

would predict the subjective happiness among male prisoners. The finding of present study

the positive standardized beta values indicate that social support and cognitive reappraisal are

positively correlated with subjective happiness of participants. the negative standardized beta

values for the Dark Tetrad traits, Machiavellianism, Narcissism, and Psychopathy indicate a

negative correlation with subjective happiness. A study investigated that individuals who

have higher levels of Dark Tetrad traits tend to experience lower levels of subjective

happiness. Studies have found that narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism and sadism

added as a predictor. Result showed that Dark tetrad traits (narcissism, psychopathy,

Machiavellianism and sadism) are predict that negatively correlated with subjective

happiness in incarcerated individuals (Jonason, 2013).

According to longitudinal study, social support not only predicts one's current level of

subjective happiness but also increase long-term wellbeing of individual. The finding of this

study showed that people who have higher levels of social supports across time likely to have

higher levels of subjective happiness throughout their whole lives. (Helliwell et al., 2004).

Moreover, fourth hypothesis states that “There will be a significant difference of recidivism

between dark tetrad, social support, cognitive reappraisal and subjective happiness”. It was

aimed to investigate recidivism differences in male prisoners regarding dark tetrad, social

support, cognitive reappraisal and subjective happiness. According to some researches, social

support plays a crucial role in successful reintegration and rehabilitation for individuals with

criminal histories. A lack of social support can contribute to feelings of isolation and

loneliness, which are often associated with poorer mental health and well-being. People who

have difficulty finding stable and positive social connections might be more likely to relapse
 50

into criminal behavior. On the other hand, strong social support systems can provide

emotional, practical, and financial assistance, helping individuals stay on a positive path and

reduce the likelihood of recidivism (Spjeldnes et al., 2012).

Some studies shows that Individuals who have a history of recidivism might benefit

from learning and implementing cognitive reappraisal strategies. Repeated criminal behavior

can be associated with impulsive decision-making, emotional dysregulation, and distorted

thinking patterns. Cognitive reappraisal offers a constructive way to reevaluate situations,

manage emotions, and make more rational choices (Salinas & Venta, 2021). Findings of a

research shows that Sadistic tendencies involve deriving pleasure from causing pain to others.

Individuals with sadistic traits may be drawn to criminal behavior that allows them to exert

control and cause harm. This alignment could increase the likelihood of recidivism, as

criminal acts might provide an outlet for s Psychopathy is characterized by impulsivity, lack

of empathy, and antisocial behavior—traits that are likely to contribute to a higher risk of

recidivism. Psychopathic individuals may struggle with impulse control, which can lead to

criminal acts. sadistic desires (Rawatlal & Mandiwana, 2021).

Further additional hypothesis showed that there would be a significant difference of

duration of incarceration between dark tetrad, social support, cognitive reappraisal and

subjective happiness among prisoners. According to a study, the duration of imprisonment

can have varying initial impacts on subjective happiness. A shorter duration might result in

less disruption to an individual's life and relationships, potentially leading to a quicker

adjustment back to life after release. On the other hand, a longer duration might lead to a

sense of isolation, loss of personal freedoms, and missed life opportunities, which could

negatively impact overall well-being (Bronsteen et al., 2009). Another study showed that, the

duration of imprisonment might influence an individual's mental health, which can, in turn,

impact their cognitive reappraisal abilities. Longer sentences could increase the risk of mental
 51

health challenges such as depression and anxiety. Impaired mental health might affect the

individual's capacity to engage in cognitive reappraisal effectively (Ifeagwazi et al., 2020).

Findings of a study showed that longer durations of imprisonment can lead to increased social

isolation. Individuals with lengthy sentences may find it more challenging to maintain

relationships with family and friends outside of the prison environment. Over time, the lack

of regular contact and the strain of long separations can weaken social ties (Cochran, 2014).

Overall, this study that there is a significant difference of duration of imprisonment between

dark tetrad, social support, cognitive reappraisal and subjective happiness among prisons.

Implications of Study

● The study explores the presence of dark tetrad traits (narcissism, Machiavellianism,

psychopathy, and sadism) among prisoners. This research can help to shed light on

the motivations behind criminal behavior. Such insights may help authorities to take

interventions and rehabilitation programs that address the specific psychological

factors driving criminal actions. Research on the dark tetrad traits can guide the

progress of targeted interventions aimed at managing and mitigating these traits in

prison populations.

● This study also demonstrates the important role of social support in increasing the

subjective happiness among prisoners. Investigating the role of social support

networks within prisons can lead to improved integration among inmates.

Recognizing the significance of peer relationships and support systems can inform

strategies for cultivating positive social interactions that contribute to inmates' well-

being and personal growth.

 52

● The study highlights the importance of cognitive reappraisal techniques among

prisoners. These strategies can help to identify constructive coping mechanisms for

dealing with stress, conflict, and challenging circumstances within the prison

environment. By equipping inmates with adaptive cognitive strategies, researchers

and correctional staff can empower them to largest manage their emotions and

reactions.

● This research helps in understanding subjective happiness and its determinants among

prisoners which is crucial for promoting overall well-being. Research in this zone can

help to inform the design of interventions that focus on enhancing inmates' emotional

and psychological states, ultimately contributing to an increasingly humane and

rehabilitative correctional system.

Limitations

● Research was conducted on small sample of prisoners which may have been lack the

diversity in terms of demographics, backgrounds, and characteristics, which might

hinder the worthiness to capture the full range of experiences and perspectives.

Findings from a small sample may not virtuously represent the broader prisoner

population, making it difficult to generalize the results to all inmates.

● Research was conducted only on male prisoners which may have been perpetuate

gender bias by neglecting the unique challenges, experiences, and coping mechanisms

that female prisoners might exhibit. Focusing exclusively on male prisoners may have

been limited the understanding of how the studied variables operate within the female

prisoner population.
 53

● Participants only from Camp Jail, Lahore were included in this study which may have

not been workable to prisoners in other geographical areas due to differences in

cultural norms, socio-economic factors, and institutional practices.

Recommendations

● Prison administrations should collaborate with different disciplines such as

psychology, criminology, sociology, and social work. Integrating insights from

various fields will provide an increasingly holistic understanding of the factors

influencing inmate happiness and behavior.

● Future researchers should undertake longitudinal studies to track changes in dark

tetrad traits, social support networks, cognitive reappraisal skills, and subjective

happiness over time. This method will provide valuable insights into the impact of

these factors on prisoner rehabilitation and recidivism rates.

● Future researchers should also conduct qualitative research as it will allow researchers

to delve deeply into the personal experiences and perspectives of the prisoners.

Through in-depth interviews or open-ended surveys, researchers will gain a rich

contextual understanding of how dark tetrad traits, social support, cognitive

reappraisal, and subjective happiness manifest in their lives.

Conclusion

The current study seeks to investigate the relationships among dark tetrad, social

support, cognitive reappraisal and subjective happiness among prisoners. The study

contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of how dark tetrad traits, social support,

and cognitive reappraisal all together influence on subjective happiness inside the jail setting
 54

Quantitative research was conducted on the 200 male prisoners of Camp Jail, Lahore.

Correlational method was used to identify the relationship among these variables. By

conducting statistical analysis, it was analyzed that there is a positive relationship of social

support and cognitive reappraisal but there is a negative correlation between dark tetrad

personality traits and subjective happiness. T-test was conducted to identify the recidivism

difference among all variables so this analysis showed that there is no significant difference

of recidivism among dark tetrad, social support, cognitive reappraisal and subjective

happiness. Government should take interventions to improve the mental health of prisoners

which will directly increase the subjective happiness.

 55

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Appendix- A

Permission letter
66
67
68
 ‫‪69‬‬

‫‪Appendix- B‬‬

‫‪Inform consent‬‬

‫ہم‪ ،‬سحر آص‪ii‬ف اور س‪ii‬یدہ آئ‪ii‬زہ بت‪ii‬ول ‪،‬ادارہ اطالقی نفس‪ii‬یات ‪ ،‬یونیورس‪ii‬ٹی ٓاف می‪ii‬نیجمنٹ این‪ii‬د ٹیکن‪ii‬ا ل‪ii‬وجی الہ‪ii‬ور میں‬
‫اطالقی نفسیات ‪ BS‬کی طالبات ہیں۔ یہ ریسرچ ہم‪ii‬ارے تحقیقی مق‪i‬الہ (‪ )Thesis‬ک‪ii‬ا حص‪i‬ہ ہے جس ک‪ii‬ا عن‪ii‬وان ‪Dark‬‬
‫‪Tetrad , Social Support, Cognitive Reappraisal and Subjective Happiness among‬‬
‫‪prisoners‬ہے جو کہ ‪ Ms Beenish Mubeen‬کی زیر نگرانی کی جارہی ہے ۔ ٓاپ کا اس تحقق میں حص‪i‬ہ لی‪i‬نے‬
‫سے پہلے یہ جاننا ضروری ہے کہ یہ تحقیق کیوں کی جا رہی ہے اور اس میں ٓاپ کو کیا کرنا ہوگا۔ براہ مہربانی ذیل‬
‫میں دی گئی معلومات کو غور سے پڑھیں۔‬

‫اس تحقیق کا مقصد یہ جاننا ہے کہ کون سے عوامل ہیں جو قیدیوں کی شخصی خوشی کا سبب بنتے ہیں ۔‬
‫آپ کے سامنے کچھ سوالنامے رکھے جائیں گے تا کہ آپ ان کے جوابات دےسکیں۔ سوالنامے کچھ ایسی معلومات‬
‫کے متعلق پوچھے جائیں گے جن میں آپ کی عمر‪ ،‬تعلیم‪ ،‬پیشہ‪ ،‬اہم ضروریات وغیرہ شامل ہیں۔ آپ سے لی گئی‬
‫معلومات صرف اورصرف تحقیقی مقا صد کے لیے استعمال کی جائیں گی اور صیغہء راز میں رکھی جائیں گی۔‬

‫اگرآپ کسی بھی سوال کا جواب نہ دینا چاہیں تو آپ ایسا کر سکتے ہیں اور اس تحقیق کو بتائے بغیر‬
‫کسی بھی وقت چھوڑ سکتے ہیں‪ ،‬اس کے نتیجے میں آپ کے ساتھ کچھ بھی برا نہیں ہوگا یا آپ کا کوئی قانونی حق‬
‫متاثر نہیں ہو گا۔ آپ اپنے متعلق ریکا رڈ کی گئی معلومات مجھ سے یا میری سپروائزر سے لے سکتے ہیں۔ اگر آپ‬
‫کو کوئی شکایت ہو یا تحقیق سے متعلق کو ئی معلومات چا ہیے ہو تو آپ لے سکتے ہیں۔ معلوماتی شیٹ کو بغور‬
‫پڑھنے کے لیے وقت نکالنے کے لیے آپ کا شکریہ۔ آپ اپنی ریکارڈ کی گئی معلومات ادارہ اطالقی نفسیات ‪،‬‬
‫یونیورسٹی ٓاف مینیجمنٹ ایند ٹیکنا لوجی الہور کو درخواست دے کر جان سکتے ہیں۔‬

‫یہ صرف آپ پر منحصر ہے کہ آپ اس تحقیق میں حصہ لینا چا ہتے ہیں یا نہیں۔ اگر آپ اس تحقیق میں حصہ‬
‫لینے کا فیصلہ کریں گے تو آپ کو یہ تحقیقی معلوماتی شیٹ دی جائے گی۔ آپ سے راضی نامے پر دستخط یا‬
‫انگوٹھے کے نشان لیے جائیں گے۔ براِہ مہربانی تحقیق میں حصہ لینے کے متعلق کوئی بھی سوال ہو تو آپ مجھ‬
‫سے پو چھ سکتے ہیں۔‬

‫میں اس بات کی تصدیق کرتا ‪/‬کرتی ہوں کہ میں نے تحقیق کنندہ کی تحقیق متعلق دی گئی معلومات پڑھ لی ہے اور‬
‫اچھی طرح سمجھ لی ہے۔ میں اس تحقیق میں حصہ لینے کے لیے رضا مند ہوں۔‬

‫شرکت کنندہ کے دستخط‪ :‬ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

‫تحقیق کنندہ کے دستخط _____________‬
‫تاریخ ‪ :‬ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
 ‫‪70‬‬

‫‪Appendix- C‬‬

‫‪Demographic Sheet‬‬
‫عمر ‪________ :‬‬
‫تعلیم ‪___________ :‬‬
‫طالق یافتہ‬ ‫منگنی شدہ‬ ‫شادی شدہ‬ ‫غیر شادی شدہ‬ ‫ازدواجی حیثیت‪:‬‬
‫رنڈوا‬
‫جی نہیں‬ ‫جی ہاں‬ ‫کیا آپ قید سے پہلے کوئی مالزمت کرتے تھے؟‬
‫بہن بھائیوں کی تعداد‪__________ :‬‬
‫بہن بھائیوں میں آپکا نمبر‪________:‬‬
‫خاندان کی ماہانہ آمدن‪_________ :‬‬
‫جی نہیں‬ ‫جی ہاں‬ ‫کیا آپ پہلے پھی کسی جرم میں جیل رہے ہیں؟‬
‫آپ کتنے عرصے سے جیل میں قید ہیں؟‬
‫جی نہیں‬ ‫جی ہاں‬ ‫کوئی خاندان کا فرد ماضی میں جرائم میں ملوث رہا ہے؟‬

‫‪Appendix- D‬‬

‫‪Questionnaire‬‬
‫)‪Short Dark Tetrad (SD4‬‬
 ‫‪71‬‬

‫ہدایت‬

‫درج ذیل صفحات پر آپ کو اپنے بارے میں بیانات کا ایک سلسلہ ملے گا۔ براہ کرم بر ایک بیان پڑھیں اور فیصلہ کریں کہ آپ‬
‫اس بیان سے کتنے متفق یا غیر متفق ہیں۔ براه کرم بر بیان کا جواب دیں چاہے آپ کو اپنے جواب کے بارے میں مکمل طور پر‬
‫یقین نہیں بھی ہے۔‬

‫مکمل غیر متفق "‪"5‬‬ ‫غیر متفق "‪"4‬‬ ‫غیر جانبدار "‪"3‬‬ ‫متفق "‪"2‬‬ ‫مکمل متفق "‪"1‬‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫بیان‬

‫لوگوں کو اپنے راز سے آگاہ کرنا دانشمندی کی بات نہیں ہے۔‬

‫کچھ بھی ہو‪ ،‬آپ کو الزمی طور پر اہم لوگوں کو اپنی طرف النا چاہیے۔‬

‫اگر آپ اپنا راستہ اختیار کرنا چاہتے ہیں تو ایک کم پروفائل رکھیں۔‬

‫دوسروں کے ساتھ براہ راست تنازعہ سے گریز کریں کیونکہ وہ مستقبل‬

‫میں کارآمد ثابت ہوسکتے ہیں‬

‫صورت حال میں جوڑ توڑ کے لیے منصوبے کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے۔‬

‫خوشامد لوگوں کو اپنی طرف لے جانے کا ایک اچھا طریقہ ہے۔‬

‫مجھے بہت اچھا لگتا ہے جب کوئی پیچیدہ منصوبہ کامیاب ہو جاتا ہے‬

‫لوگ مجھے ایک فطری رہنما کے طور پر دیکھتے ہیں ۔‬

‫لوگوں کو مائل کرنے کے لیے میرے پاس ایک انوکھا ہنر ہے ۔‬

‫گروپی سرگرمیاں میرے بغیر بے رونق ہوجاتی ہیں۔‬

‫میں جانتا ہوں کہ میں خاص ہوں کیونکہ لوگ مجھے یہ بتاتے رہتے ہیں‬

‫مجھ میں کچھ غیر معمولی خصوصیات ہیں۔‬

‫میرے کسی شعبے میں مستقبل کا روشن ستارہ بننے کے امکانات ہیں۔‬

‫مجھے بعض اوقات دکھاوا کرنا پسند ہے۔‬

‫لوگ اکثر کہتے ہیں کہ میں قابو سے باہر ہوں۔‬

‫میں حکام اور ان کے قواعد کے خالف لڑنے کی کوشش کرتا ہوں۔‬

‫میں اپنی عمر اور صنف کے زیادہ تر لوگوں سے زیادہ لڑائی میں رہا ہوں‬

‫میں پہلے کام شروع کرتا ہوں‪ ،‬پھر بعد میں سواالت پوچھتا ہوں۔‬
 ‫‪72‬‬

‫میں قانون کے ساتھ مشکل میں رہا ہوں‬

‫میں کبھی کبھار خطرناک صورتحال میں پڑ جاتا ہوں۔‬

‫وہ لوگ جو مجھ سے الجھتے ہیں‪ ،‬ہمیشہ اس پر پھجتاتے ہیں ۔‬

‫پنجہ آزمائی دیکھنا مجھے پرجوش کر دیتا ہے۔‬

‫میں حقیقتا پر تشدد فلموں اور ویڈیو گیمز سے لطف اٹھاتا ہوں۔‬

‫یہ مضحکہ خیز ہے جب بیوقوف اپنے منہ کے بل گرجاتے ہیں۔‬

‫مجھے پرتشدد کھیل دیکھنے سے لطف آتا ہے۔‬

‫کچھ لوگ تکلیف کے مستحق ہوتے ہیں‬

‫صرف لطف اندوزی کے لئے میں نے سوشل میڈیا پر غلط چیزیں کہیں ہیں۔‬

‫میں صرف الفاظ سے کسی کو تکلیف دینا جانتا ہوں۔‬

‫‪Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support‬‬

‫ہدایات‬

‫ہم یہ جاننا چاہتے ہیں کہ مندرجہ ذیل بیانات کے متعلق آپ کسی طرح محسوس کرتے ہیں۔ہر بیان کو غور سے پڑھیے۔ نشان‬
‫دہی کیجئے کہ آپ ہر بیان کے متعلق کسی طرح سے محسوس کرتے ہیں۔‬

‫غیر جانبدار "‪"4‬‬ ‫غیر متفق "‪"3‬‬ ‫کچھ حد تک غیر متفق "‪"2‬‬ ‫مکمل غیر متفق "‪"1‬‬

‫مکمل طور پر متفق "‪"7‬‬ ‫کچھ حد تک متفق "‪"6‬‬ ‫متفق "‪"5‬‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫بیان‬

‫ایک خاص شخص ہے۔ جو ہر ضرورت کے وقت میرے پاس ہوتا ہے۔‬

‫ایک خاص شخص ہے۔ جس کے ساتھ میں اپنے غم اور خوشیاں بانٹ سکتاہوں‪ /‬سکتی‬
‫ہوں۔‬

‫میرے گھر والے میری مدد کرنے کی پوری کوشش کرتے ہیں۔‬

‫۔ مجھے میرے گھر والوں سے جس جزباتی مدر اور سہارے کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے‬
‫وہ مجھے ملتی ہے‬

‫میرے پاس ایک خاص شخص ہے۔ جو واقعی میرے لئے رابطے کا ذریعہ ہے۔‬
 ‫‪73‬‬

‫میرے دوست میری مدد کرنے کی واقعی کوشش کرتے ہیں۔‬

‫جب مشکل پرے تو تم اپنے دوستوں پر بھروسہ کر سکتا ہوں ‪ /‬کر سکتی ہوں‬

‫میں اپنے گھر والوں کے ساتھ اپنے مسائل کے متعلق بات کر سکتا ہوں ‪ /‬کر سکتی‬
‫ہوں۔‬

‫میرے ایسے دوست ہیں جن کے ساتھ میں اپنی خوشیاں اور غم بانٹ سکتا ہوں ‪/‬سکتی‬
‫ہوں‬

‫میری زندگی میں ایک خاص شخص ہے جو میرے احساسات کی پرواہ کرتا ہے‪ /‬کرتی‬
‫ہے‬

‫میرے گھر والے فیصلے کرنے میں میری مدد کرتے ہیں‬

‫میں اپنے مسائل کے متعلق اپنے دوستوں سے بات کر سکتا ہوں ‪ /‬کر سکتی ہوں۔‬

‫‪Emotional Regulation Questionnaire‬‬

‫‪ :‬ہدایات‬

‫ہم آپ سے آپ کی جذباتی زندگی کے بارے میں کچھ سواالت پوچھنا چاہیں گے ‪ ،‬خصوصًا‪ ،‬کس طرحآپ اپنے جذبات پر قابو‬
‫پاتے ہیں۔ مندرجہ ذیل سواالت آپ کی جذباتی زندگی کے پہلوؤں کے بارے میں ہیں جس میں سے آپ کے جذباتی تجربہ کے‬
‫بارے میں ہے۔ ہر بیان کے لئے‪ ،‬براۓ مہربانی مندرجہ ذیل پیمانہ استعمال کرتے ہوئے جواب دیں۔‬

‫غیر جانبدار "‪4‬‬ ‫غیر متفق "‪"3‬‬ ‫کچھ حد تک غیر متفق "‪"2‬‬ ‫"مکمل غیر متفق "‪"1‬‬

‫مکمل طور پر متفق "‪7‬‬ ‫کچھ حد تک متفق "‪"6‬‬ ‫"متفق "‪"5‬‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫بیان‬

‫جب میں زیادہ مثبت جذبات محسوس کرنا چاہوں جیسا کہ خوشی یا لطف تو میں‬
‫جس بارے میں سوچ رہا ‪ /‬رہی ہوں اسے بدل لیتا‪/‬لیتی ہوں‬

‫جب میں کم منفی جذبات محسوس کرنا چاہوں (جیسا کہ اداسی یا غصہ ) تو میں جس‬
‫بارے میں سوچ بارے میں سوچ رہا ‪ /‬رہی ہونا سے تبدیل کر لیتا‪ /‬لیتی ہوں‬

‫کسی دباؤ والی صورت حال کا سامنا ہو میں اس بارے میں اس طرحسوچتا‪/‬سوچتی‬
‫ہوں جس سے مجھے پر سکون رہنے میں مدد ملے۔‬

‫جب میں زیادہ مثبت جذبات محسوس کر نا چاہوں تو میں صورتحال کے بارے میں‬
‫جس طرح سوچ رہا رہی ہوں اسے تبدیل کرلیتا ‪ /‬لیتی ہوں‬

‫میں جس صورتحال میں ہوں اس کے بارے میں اپنے سوچنے کا انداز تبدیل کر کے‬
 ‫‪74‬‬

‫اپنے جذبات کو قابو میں کرتا کرتی ہوں۔‬

‫جب میں کم منفی احساسات محسوس کرناچاہوں تو میں اس صورتحال کے بارے میں‬
‫کا طریقہ بدل دیتا دیتی ہوں۔‬

‫‪Subjective Happiness Scale‬‬

‫ہدایات‪:‬‬

‫نیچے دیے گے بیانات کے مناسب ترین جواب کو ‪ 1‬سے ‪ 7‬کے پیمانے کے مطابق نشان لگا ئیں۔‬

‫بیان نمبر ‪ 1‬اور ‪ 2‬کی درجہ بندی کچھ اسطرح سے کی جائے گی ۔‬

‫بہت زیادہ خوش "‪"7‬‬ ‫بہت زیادہ خوش نہیں "‪– "1‬‬

‫بیان نمبر ‪ 3‬اور ‪ 4‬کی درجہ بندی کچھ اسطرح سے جائے گی۔‬

‫بالکل نہیں "‪ – "1‬بہت حد تک "‪"7‬‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫بیان‬

‫عام طور پر میں خود کو سمجھتا ہوں۔‬

‫پنے اکثر ہم جولیوں کی نسبت میں خود کو سمجھتا ہوں‬

‫کچھ لوگ بہت خوش ہوتے ہیں وہ زندگی کا لطف اٹھا تے ہیں چاہے جو مرضی ہو جاے۔ یہ‬
‫بات آپ کے بارے میں کس حد تک درست ہے؟‬

‫کچھ لوگ عام طور پر زیادہ خوش نہیں ہوتے جب کہ وو اداس بھی نہیں ہوتے۔ وو اتنا خوش‬
‫نظر نہیں آتے ہیں جتنا کہ آنے چاہیے۔ یہ بات آپ کے بارے میں کس حد تک درست ہے۔‬
 75

Appendix- D

Similarity Report
 76

Appendix-F

Department of Applied Psychology

School of Professional Psychology
University of Management and Technology
We train Professionals

Certificate of Approval of Dissertation

Name of Participant/Candidate________________________ Participant ID_____________

Approval for: ___________________________

APA Format (7th Edition)

▪ Title Page  Yes  No

▪ Table of Contents  Yes  No

▪ Font size  Yes  No

▪ Spacing  Yes  No

▪ Margins  Yes  No

▪ Page numbers  Yes  No

▪ Alignment  Yes  No
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▪ Reference citation  Yes  No

▪ Grammar Check (by using software, e.g. Ginger)  Yes  No

▪ Quality of Expression  Yes  No

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Main Dissertation

1. Introduction  Yes  No
1.1 Implications of the current research  Yes  No
1.2 Aims  Yes  No
1.3 Objectives  Yes  No
2. Review of literature  Yes  No
2.1 Recent local and international literature  Yes  No
2.2 Rationale of the study  Yes  No
2.3 Research Question/s  Yes  No
2.4 Hypotheses (If any)  Yes  No
3. Method  Yes  No
3.1 Research design  Yes  No
3.2 Setting  Yes  No
3.3 Participants (sampling strategy)  Yes  No
3.4 Measures  Yes  No
3.5 Procedure (ethical considerations)  Yes  No
4. Analysis of the results  Yes  No
4.1 Descriptive analysis  Yes  No
4.2 Inferential analysis  Yes  No
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4.3 Summary of results  Yes  No

5. Discussion  Yes  No
6. Limitation and Recommendation  Yes  No
7. Conclusion  Yes  No
8. References  Yes  No
9. Appendices  Yes  No
10. Plagiarism report  Yes  No

❖ This document is approved/ not approved for final submission.

Signature of the Deponent Signature of the Supervisor

________________________ __________________________

Date __________________ Date _____________________