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But many times it avoids issues related to the menstruation and menstrual hygiene management by
considering it one's personal matter and should be discussed within the house. Figure E1. Different
types of absorbents, and their advantages and disadvantages.. vii. As the main source of menstrual
information seems to be mothers in Bhutan, not checking the true knowledge, attitudes, and practices
(KAP) of college women could have far-reaching implications if they continue to transmit incorrect
information and stigma to their daughters ( 10, 19 ). Spending Wisely for Improved TB Outcomes:
Lessons in Strategic Purchasing for. Cultural beliefs about menstruation such as food taboos and
untouchability have negative impact on dignity, health and education of adolescent girls. The
majority of urban girls i.e. 31(62%) and rural girls i.e. 38(76%) had good menstrual hygiene
practices. Simultaneously, there is a wide variation in the knowledge, awareness and practice
signalling various social factors responsible for it. Such stereotypes require women to be beautiful
and beautified, deodorized and fresh, not bloody and smelly. Offering more non-cloth options is one
way of addressing. Next, at random, 4 schools (two private and two governmental) were chosen, and
then each school was stratified into grades, which were then further stratified into sections. As a
hygiene practice, 78.2% females take shower every day and 41% females are using 1-2 sanitary
napkins per day during menstruation. Girls and women in India (as in many other developing
countries) use a variety of safe and unsafe. However, sanitary napkins are much more expensive than
cloth and their monthly purchase is an. Menstruation, a normal biological process in women,
continues to be masked in a culture of silence and. Clearly, persistent efforts are needed and more
low-cost. In the survey, 44.6% of school girls said that menstrual cramps affected their usual
activities and 53.6% of them agreed that women feel more tired than usual during menstruation ( 11
). Methods: A cross-sectional KAP survey was conducted with a random sample of female students
from all years and a random sample of MHM facilities at each college and hostel. Through training
and information sessions conducted in schools and communities, the program helped. Adolescent
menstrual hygiene and proper self-care play an essential role in adolescent health and wellbeing. Dr.
M. K. Agarwal Performance Based Incentives to Strengthen Primary Health Care in Haryana Sta.
The color of the menstrual fluid varies between red, bright red, and dark brown to black. Menstrual
hygiene practices among high school girls in urban areas in Northeastern Ethiopia: A neglected issue
in water, sanitation, and hygiene research. Omidvar S, Begum K. Factors influencing hygienic
practices during menses among girls from south India: a cross sectional study. A school-based cross-
sectional study was employed in the Boset district, East Shewa Zone, of the Oromia region from
March 28, 2022, to April 28, 2022. In this study, nearly half of the school girls had good practice and
knowledge of menstrual hygiene management. Measurement in the study of menstrual health and
hygiene: A systematic We undertook two linked systematic reviews of (1) trials of menstrual health
interventions and their nested studies in low- and middle-income countries, (2) studies developing or
validating measures of menstrual experiences from any location. It also emphasizes the use of
sustainable menstrual cups which are good for health and the environment. Spending Wisely for
Improved TB Outcomes: Lessons in Strategic Purchasing for. Isolation and restrictions being
imposed on menstruating girls in family, have reinforced a negative attitude towards this
phenomenon. Introduction Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) refers to the specific hygiene and
health requirements of girls and women during menstruation, such as the knowledge, information,
materials, and facilities needed to manage menstruation effectively and privately ( 1 ).
However, most of these studies indicate that the information provided was generally very little and
given. This literature review has found answers to the list of research questions it sought to explore.
It has. Monroe Downtown Master Plan Public Meeting 2 Presentation Monroe Downtown Master
Plan Public Meeting 2 Presentation Literature Review to Assess Menstrual Hygiene Management
Practices Among Adolescent Girls in India. 1. August 2017. Thus, this study aimed to assess
menstrual hygiene management knowledge, practice, and associated factors among girls in the Boset
district, Ethiopia. It becomes clear that menstrual hygiene products are commodified by patriarchal
societies. Contracept Reprod Med. 2023 Jan;3(1):1. Abay Fisseha M. Menstrual Hygiene Practice
and Associated factors among secondary School Girls in Wegera District, Northwest Ethiopia; a
cross-sectional study. Menstrual Hygiene preparedness among schools in India: a systematic review
and Meta-analysis of System-and policy-level actions. The descriptive statistics, unpaired t test,
ANOVA test was used for analysis. Unhygienic menstrual management was less common among the
teenage girls and unmarried women. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The Conference reaffirmed that the human rights
of women and the girl child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights.
Conclusion: The study showed that for more number of girls first informant about menstruation was
their teachers and mothers. By undertaking descriptive (mean) and enter-method regression analysis
using SPSS 24.0, the findings from rural and urban respondents have been analyzed separately to
identify the key modes of media playing crucial roles for creating awareness on female hygiene
practices. Girls who freely discussed menstrual issues with their parents and friends had 3.65 times
greater odds of practicing good menstrual hygiene management than their counterparts. Menstrual
hygiene management practices and associated factors among urban and rural adolescents in Bahir
Dar city administration, northwest Ethiopia. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on Menstrual
Hygiene. 67.4% respondents had fair knowledge and 26.4% respondents had good knowledge on
menstrual hygiene management. Data was entered into MS Excel and analysis done using Epi - info
7.1. RESULTS: Only 15.29% know that menstruation is a normal physiological process. 21.9% do
not use sanitary pads. 96.28% bathe regularly during men struation. 9.09% do not go to school,
76.45% are not allowed to go out and play with friends outdoors, 93.39% do not attend religious
functions and do not worship god during menstruation. According to a landscape analysis report
published in May 2016 and sponsored by the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation, there are more than
355 million menstruating girls and women in India. Antharam, 2013). Another study in urban
Karnataka mentioned tampons, with five girls reportedly using. At a 95% confidence level with a
5% acceptable margin of error in estimating the percentage of absenteeism during menstruation and a
90% response rate, estimates were calculated for three subgroups (first year, second year, and final
year students). A Systematic Review of Menstrual Health and Hygiene Management (MHHM This
paper is a systematic review of existing literature and argues that menstrual health and hygiene
management is a human rights issue. 28,745 articles were screened, with 84 articles included in the
full-text review and quality assessment. Burning in open 17% 15% 23% - Burning of commercially.
However, our findings show how women that are having at least a little knowledge about
menstruation may not endorse such taboos. A maximum of 47% were having high school education.
In rural areas, women do not have access to sanitary products or they know very little about the
types and method of using them or are unable to afford such products due to high cost. Cost, access,
and other barriers: Sanitary napkins, if manufactured in a hygienic manner, are. Materials and
Methods A cross-sectional KAP survey was conducted, and physical observation studies of MHM
facilities were carried out in all 10 government colleges of Bhutan from August 8 to September 13,
2018. Needs and requirements of the adolescent girls and women are ignored despite the fact that
there are major developments in the area of water and sanitation. Gupta to educate girls about
menstruation in a fun and child-friendly way (Menstrupedia, 2017). Spending Wisely for Improved
TB Outcomes: Lessons in Strategic Purchasing for.
In many parts of the country especially in rural areas girls are not prepared and aware about
menstruation so they face many difficulties and challenges at home, schools, and work places.
Premenarche awareness about menstruation: The findings of a meta-analysis on premenarche. The
subgroup analysis by year in college (first, second, and final year) was carried out for KAP. Author
Contributions TT, SS, PM, MG, JT, and RW conceptualized the study. Menstrual hygiene
management practice and its associated factors among in-school adolescent girls in western Ethiopia.
Operational definitions Knowledge of menstrual hygiene management. The target population for this
study was female students pursuing undergraduate courses in 2018 at eight colleges of RUB and two
colleges of KGUMSB. It also emphasizes the use of sustainable menstrual cups which are good for
health and the environment. This shameful act happened in Muzaffarnagar (UP) in March 2017
(source: ). 8. Strategies for the Management of Menstrual Waste Disposal of menstrual waste is of
major concern as it affects health and environment. Methods of analysis and inclusion criteria were
specified in advance. Journal of Global Public Health Dr. J Balamurugan PhD Menstruation is still
subjected to a slew of societal, cultural, and religious constraints, which pose a significant
impediment to proper menstrual hygiene management. The questionnaire includes questions on
socio-demographic information, knowledge about menstrual hygiene management, and the practice
of menstrual hygiene management. The choice of absorbents varies among rural and urban women
and girls. Frontiers Background: Girls and women face substantial menstrual hygiene management
(MHM) challenges in low- and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVE: To assess menstrual hygiene
and menstrual practices among adolescent girls of Government Zilla Parishad Girls High
School,Medchal. The study assessed MHM facilities through (i) responses to the KAP questionnaire
by the participants about the toilet facilities in their hostels and at colleges and (ii) direct observation
by our team that visited a cross-section of toilets at each of the 10 colleges. Unicef others.
Advancing WASH in schools monitoring. For the second phase, different districts of Kerala and
medical colleges and health care centres were selected. Policy-makers require updated information
about ground scenario. However, social and cultural taboos continue to hinder MHM for. To select
study participants, a multistage sampling technique was utilized. Available from:. Batu Hospital,
Bekele F, Serbesa ML, College HHealthS, Iffa MT, Haramaya University. Besides these products,
women in the remote rural areas also use natural materials like cow dung, leaves, and mud ( ). 3.8.
Water Hyacinth Pads Menstrual pads manufactured using water hyacinth is sold under trade name
“Jani.” They are cost-effective, easily biodegradable, and ecofriendly in nature. 4. Menstrual Waste
Disposal Techniques Used by Women Appropriate disposal of used menstrual material is still lacking
in many countries of the world. Performance Based Incentives to Strengthen Primary Health Care in
Haryana Sta. In some places, like in Nepal, menstruating women have to live separately in a
“chhaupadi” during menstruation outside the house. However, limited access to accurate information
and products for sanitary hygiene makes menstruation a distressing experience for adolescent girls
and women, especially girls attending school. Pads made from bamboo fibre, banana fibre, water
hyacinth, and sea sponges should be encouraged. 9.5. Clay or Cemented Incinerators Clay and
cement incinerators used in Gujrat villages by “Vatsalya Foundation” are a welcomed step in
menstrual hygiene management. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to model the association
between dependent and independent variables. This could be due to the absence of proper sexual
and reproductive health education at the school level, and the majority of the mothers (65.3%) being
uneducated in the current study area. These prohibitions are more in the rural areas than in the urban
areas.
Goli S, editor. PLOS ONE. 2021 Jun 9;16(6):e0248825. Based on a review of the previous relevant
literature, a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire was developed and used to conduct the survey among
200 respondents from four rural and urban areas of Bangladesh to collect primary data for realizing
the objectives of this research. Dr. M. K. Agarwal Performance Based Incentives to Strengthen
Primary Health Care in Haryana Sta. Also, bamboo charcoal pads are available in the market with
advantage that blood stains are not clearly visible and are also reusable in nature. 3.7. Banana Fibre
Pads Nowadays, low-cost sanitary pads for rural women made from waste banana tree fibre were
sold under trade name “Saathi” in India. The target population for this study was female students
pursuing undergraduate courses in 2018 at eight colleges of RUB and two colleges of KGUMSB.
Source of bleeding: There is a substantial knowledge gap among girls regarding the origins of. The
students at these colleges (both male and female) are admitted based on their merit, independent of
where they live. Adolescent girls are a particularly vulnerable population, especially in India, where
the needs of female children have a history of ignorance. Types of absorbents: There are two basic
types of absorbents that can be used during menstruation. The college and management should take
immediate action to ensure the availability of clean running water and soaps, bins with lids for
disposal of sanitary bins, and secure, lockable doors in the toilet facilities. Descriptive statistics were
employed to explain the study population using relevant variables. Around half of the respondents
had positive attitude towards menstrual hygiene management related issues. The adequacy of the
school’s infrastructure to practice good menstrual hygiene and the school programs that may impact
the student’s knowledge of menstrual hygiene management weren’t addressed extensively. Offering
more non-cloth options is one way of addressing. Hence, women and girls are expected to hide
menstruation and go to great length to conceal it. Although this is the problem of every society in our
country, the condition of adolescent girls and women in rural areas are more grave and miserable.
Girls and women should be aware of the consequences of disposing used menstrual products in open
or flushing them in toilets. In accordance with the problem statement, the broad objective of this
study is to conduct a secondary. To address the problems of cost and access, especially in rural areas,
the National Rural Health Mission. Girls need to be able to control menstrual bleeding efficiently if
they are to live productive, healthy, and comfortable lives. Men on campus and in the community
could ensure adequate menstrual supplies are available for female students ( 35 ). Figure 2: FLO: An
innovative product developed to wash and dry cloth pads.19. The mean value was then computed,
and the mean score was assigned as the cutoff point. Review involved an internet search of major
journals. RESULTS: More than one-third (36%) correctly reported average age at onset of menarche
was 12 years, one-fourth (25%) reported 13 years. Practices During Menstruation The median
amount of money spent on absorbents by college students was Ngultrum (Nu) 80 (1.14USD) per
month (IQR Nu. 60), and the median amount of pocket money students received was Nu 2000 (28.6
USD) per month (IQR Nu. 2000). Among the participants, 98.6% took a bath during menstruation
and 96.9% wrapped used absorbents before disposing them. The objective of the study is to conduct
a secondary review of literature and present consolidated. Most of the (67.0%) of the respondents
were surprised during their first menstruation and close to eight-tenths (79.2%) mentioned they had
a regular usual menstrual cycle. All female students who provided informed consent and were above
the age of 18 years were included in the study. Almost all of them agreed that menstruation was
normal phenomenon.
Figure E1. Different types of absorbents, and their advantages and disadvantages.. vii. HFG Project
Supplementary Actuarial Analysis of Tuberculosis, LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA HEALTH. Regarding
restrictions practiced, 85%girls practiced different restrictions during menstruation.57.5% females
believe that during menstruation there is no need to stay away from pickles, Kitchen, Holy
Books.96.6% Females feels that periods are important. The focus should be on evidence-based
hygiene practices and demystifying false beliefs that limit the participation of women and girls in
education and other socio-cultural activities, such as eating certain foods ( 1, 18, 20 ). Among the
total, 251 (39.9%) changed their absorbent material more than three times a day during menstruation,
378 (60.1%) washed reusable sanitary pads with soap and water, 350 (55.6%) dried reusable sanitary
pads in the sunlight, and 251 (39.9%) of them disposed of pads by wrapping them in the paper. In
India, as per the Indian Standard Specification for Sanitary Napkins, revised in 1993, and related.
The International Conference on Population and Development reaffirmed women's reproductive
rights and the right to development. Foremost, it has yet to cover all the districts of India. The
sewage blockages were mostly due to accumulation of excessive quantity of solid waste or sand
which results in hardening of the sludge in the pits. Girls and women have very less or no
knowledge about reproductive tract infections caused due to ignorance of personal hygiene during
menstruation time. To some extent, this perception of menstruation is a paradox, given that
motherhood is glorified. CONCLUSION: Three-fourth of the adolescents had poor knowledge with
regard to mean age at onset of menarche. Absenteeism due to menstrual cramps may affect the
academic performance of a student. This may indicate that beliefs do not change with an increase in
educational level, although our study did not find the association between the two. While studies on
the issue are done in other parts of the country, no study on the same topic has been done in the study
area; the magnitude of the problem is therefore unknown, and context-specific or area-relevant
pertinent factors are not explored and context-specific assessment of practice may be beneficial in
designing tailored measures of intervention. Poor menstrual hygiene can result in significant
reproductive disorders. According to Van Eijk et al. (2016), the total pooled proportion of.
Conclusion:- Negative misconceptions about mensuration was more in rural pubescent teens w hile
compared with ur ban pubescent teens. They are expensive, compared to cloth pads, nonreusable,
and not very environment-friendly. Menstrual cups have been used in developed countries since the
1930s. However, most of these studies indicate that the information provided was generally very
little and given. The main objective of this review was to summarize the concern and possible
methods of menstrual waste management in low-income countries. Table A2. Advantages and
Disadvantages of Disposable vs. However, out of 141 female adolescent respondents, only 56 (40%)
were engaged in good menstrual hygiene practices. A pre - designed, pre - tested self - administered
questionnaire in the local langua ge (telugu) was distributed in each class. Girls who freely discussed
menstrual issues with their parents and friends had 3.65 times greater odds of practicing good
menstrual hygiene management than their counterparts. More than 90 percent of a sanitary napkin is
made of crude oil plastic, while the. One-third (34%) were obtained knowledge about menarche
before onset. An adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were used to measure the strength
of the association, and a p-value. Awareness programs for men and boys on the matter are
particularly.