This document discusses multiple access techniques used in mobile networks. It describes three main techniques: frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA). FDMA assigns each user a pair of frequencies for communication. TDMA divides available bandwidth into time slots and allocates slots to users. CDMA allows all users to use the same frequency by assigning each a unique spreading code. The document also discusses wavelength division multiplexing, duplexing modes like frequency division duplexing and time division duplexing, and their applications in cellular networks.
This document discusses multiple access techniques used in mobile networks. It describes three main techniques: frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA). FDMA assigns each user a pair of frequencies for communication. TDMA divides available bandwidth into time slots and allocates slots to users. CDMA allows all users to use the same frequency by assigning each a unique spreading code. The document also discusses wavelength division multiplexing, duplexing modes like frequency division duplexing and time division duplexing, and their applications in cellular networks.
This document discusses multiple access techniques used in mobile networks. It describes three main techniques: frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA). FDMA assigns each user a pair of frequencies for communication. TDMA divides available bandwidth into time slots and allocates slots to users. CDMA allows all users to use the same frequency by assigning each a unique spreading code. The document also discusses wavelength division multiplexing, duplexing modes like frequency division duplexing and time division duplexing, and their applications in cellular networks.
This document discusses multiple access techniques used in mobile networks. It describes three main techniques: frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA). FDMA assigns each user a pair of frequencies for communication. TDMA divides available bandwidth into time slots and allocates slots to users. CDMA allows all users to use the same frequency by assigning each a unique spreading code. The document also discusses wavelength division multiplexing, duplexing modes like frequency division duplexing and time division duplexing, and their applications in cellular networks.
Lec_7 2 3 Multiple Access Technique ➢ Multiple access techniques are used to allow a large number of mobile users to share the allocated spectrum in the most efficient manner. As the spectrum is limited, so the sharing is required to increase the capacity of cell or over a geographical area by allowing the available bandwidth to be used at the same time by different users.
➢ There are several different ways to allow access to the channel. These includes mainly the following:
1. Frequency division multiple-access (FDMA)
2. Time division multiple-access (TDMA)
3. Code division multiple-access (CDMA)
4 Frequency Division Multiple Access ▪ This was the initial multiple-access technique for cellular systems in which each individual user is assigned a pair of frequencies while making or receiving a call as shown in Figure 8.1. One frequency is used for downlink and one pair for uplink. This is called frequency division duplexing (FDD).
▪ That allocated frequency pair is not used in the same cell or adjacent cells during the call so as to reduce the co- channel interference. Even though the user may not be talking, the spectrum cannot be reassigned as long as a call is in place. Different users can use the same frequency in the same cell except that they must transmit at different times.
5 ▪ Separate spectrum into non-overlapping frequency bands ▪ Assign a certain frequency to a transmission channel between a sender and a receiver ▪ Different users share use of the medium by transmitting on non-overlapping frequency bands at the same time
6 7 8 Time Division Multiple Access ▪ In digital systems, continuous transmission is not required because users do not use the allotted bandwidth all the time. In such cases, TDMA is a complimentary access technique to FDMA. ▪ Global Systems for Mobile communications (GSM) uses the TDMA technique. ▪ In TDMA, the entire bandwidth is available to the user but only for a finite period of time. ▪ In most cases the available bandwidth is divided into fewer channels compared to FDMA and the users are allotted time slots during which they have the entire channel bandwidth at their disposal
9 Time Division Multiple Access ▪ Digitized info from several sources are multiplexed in time and transmitted over a single communication channel ▪ The communication channel is divided into frames of length 𝑇𝑓 𝑇𝑓 ▪ Each frame is further segmented into N subinterval called slots, each with duration 𝑇𝑠 = , where N is the number of 𝑁
users
10 Time Division Multiple Access
11 12 13 14 15 Code Division Multiplexing ▪ All users can use same carrier frequency and may transmit simultaneously ▪ Each user has own unique access spreading codeword which is approximately orthogonal to other users codewords ▪ CDMA used 3G standards
16 Code Division Multiplexing
17 Code Division Multiplexing
18 19 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
20 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
21 Simplex Duplexing Modes ▪ Information is transmitted in one and only one pre-assigned direction
Half Duplex: ▪ Transmission of information in only one direction at a time ▪ Uses simplex operation at both end
Full Duplex ▪ Simultaneous transmission and reception of info in both directions ▪ In general, duplex operation require 2 frequencies ▪ May be achieved by simplex operation of 2 or more simplex at both ends
Duplexing can be implemented in either Frequency or Time domain
▪ Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) & Time Division Duplexing (TDD)
22 Duplexing Modes
▪ Simplex: one way communication (e.g., broadcast AM)
▪ Duplex: two-way communication ▪ TDD: time division duplex n, Users take turns on the channel ▪ FDD: frequency division duplex, ▪ Users get two channels one for each direction of communication n For example one channel for uplink (mobile to base station) another channel for downlink (base station to mobile) ▪ Half-duplex in 802.11, a device cannot simultaneously be transmitting and receiving
23 Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)
▪ Multiplexes the Tx and Rx in one time slot in which transmission and reception is on 2 different frequencies
▪ It provides simultaneous transmission channels for mobile/base station • i.e. each channel has a Forward and a Reverse frequency ▪ At the base station, separate transmit and receive antennas are used to accommodate the two separate channels ▪ At the mobile unit, a single antenna (with duplexer) is used to enable transmission and reception ▪ To facilitate FDD, sufficient frequency isolation of the transmit and receive frequencies is necessary ▪ FDD is used exclusively in analog mobile radio systems
24 Time Division Duplexing (TDD) ▪ Multiplexes the Tx & Rx in one frequency at different time slots ▪ A portion of the time is used to transmit and a portion is used to receive ▪ TDD is used, for example, in a simple 2-way radio where a button is pressed to talk and released to listen ▪ TDD is only possible for digital transmission
