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Journey Through History - New Topic-based Series Study Notes
Topic 8 Growth and development of Hong Kong up to the late 19th century
Journey Through History -

New Topic-based Series
Study Notes
Topic 8:
Growth and development of Hong Kong
up to the late 19th century
©2021 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. HN2B_SN_TOPIC_8-1

The Treaty of Nanjing: Hong Kong Island was ceded to

Britain
The Convention of Beijing: The Kowloon Peninsula was
Hong Kong coming under
British rule ceded to Britain
(1842-1997) (p.206) The Convention Respecting an Extension of Hong Kong

Territory: Britain leased the New Territories
Establishment of British Establishment of government structure and

colonial rule (p.207-211) institutions (p.207-208)
The Governor and principal officials; the Executive
Council and Legislative Council; the judiciary
Features of early British administration (p.209-

210)
Governance under supervision of British government; Great
power of the Governor; Full implementation of the appointment
system; British-dominated government
Significance for the development of

Hong Kong's governance (p.210-211)
Establishing the prototype of governmental
structure; Laying the foundation for rule of law
Economic and social

conditions (p.212-225)
Economic development (p.212-216)

Establishment of free port policy; Rise and development
of entrepot trade; Entrepot trade promoting related
industries (such as the shipping, shipbuilding and ship
repair and banking industry; Emergence of manufacturing
industry
Social development (p.216-225)

Rapid population growth; Poor public hygiene; Problems
Contributions of non- of law and order; High-handed policies towards ordinary
governmental organizations Chinese; Policy of winning over Chinese elites; Education
to Hong Kong (p.226-231) policy (From ignoring education to the start of public
education) ; Urban and infrastructure development

A.
Foreign religious organizations (p.230-231) Local Chinese organizations (p.226-229)

Improving local citizens’ lives in various aspects: Taking The Tung Wah Hospital, Po Leung Kuk, Lok Sin Tong
care of orphans and disabled people, providing education Benevolent Society, Kowloon and District Watch Force made
and founding hospitals up for inadequacies in the government’s provision of social
welfare

Guiding questions
 How did Britain establish her rule in Hong Kong?
 How did the British systems and policies affect the
A. Establishment of British colonial rule development of Hong Kong?
1. Hong Kong coming under British rule
• From 1842 to 1997, Britain obtained Hong Kong from China and ruled the place as a
base for expanding its trading interests in China.
(a) Cession of Hong Kong Island
• China was defeated in the First Opium War (1840-1842).
• It signed the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842, and Hong Kong Island was ceded to Britain.
• This marked the start of British rule over Hong Kong.
(b) Cession of the Kowloon Peninsula
• China was again defeated in the Second Opium War (1856-1860).
• In 1860, China signed the Convention of Beijing, which ceded the Kowloon Peninsula to
Britain.
• At that time, the Kowloon Peninsula referred to the area south of Boundary Street and
Stonecutters Island.
(c) Lease of the New Territories
• In 1898, Britain forced China to sign the Convention Respecting an Extension of Hong
Kong Territory: Britain leased the area north of Boundary Street and south of the
Shenzhen River and the surrounding islands for 99 years.

• The British called the newly acquired land the 'New Territories'.
• Britain then established its control over the entire Hong Kong and ruled it until 1997.
2. Establishment of British colonial rule
(a) Establishment of government structure and institutions
• According to the Letters Patent and Royal Instructions in 1843, Britain established the
government structure and institutions of Hong Kong.
(i) The Governor and principal officials
 The Governor
 According to the Letters Patent, the Governor of Hong Kong was the representative of
the British monarch in ruling Hong Kong. He was also the head of the Hong Kong
government.

 Other principal officials

 The Colonial Secretary (later known as Chief Secretary) headed all executive
departments and civil servants.
 The Colonial Treasurer (later known as Financial Secretary) was responsible for making
budgets and other financial matters.
 The Attorney General drafted laws and handled prosecutions.
• The Secretary for Chinese Affairs was responsible for managing Chinese affairs.
(ii) The Executive Council and Legislative Council
• The Executive Council and Legislative Council were set up according to the Royal
Instructions. They were advisory bodies to the Governor.
- The former: advised the Governor on policy-making and drafted bills;

- The latter: was responsible for examining laws and public spending.
• All members of the two Councils were appointed by the Governor.
- They were divided into 'official members' (government officials) and 'unofficial
members' (social elites).
• In the early years of British rule, all councillors were official members.

- The Legislative Council first appointed unofficial members in 1850;

- The Executive Council first appointed unofficial members in 1896.
(iii) The judiciary
• Hong Kong adopted the British judicial system, which emphasized fair trial, right of
appeal and verdicts reached in accordance with laws.
• In 1844, the highest judiciary, the Supreme Court of Hong Kong, was established.
- It made judgements according to Hong Kong's laws, and decided on whether local
ordinances were consistent with British laws or the Letters Patent.
(b) Features of early British administration
(i) Governance under supervision of British government
 The ruling power of the Hong Kong government was authorized by Britain.
 The Governor and other principal officials were all appointed by the Colonial Office of
Britain.
• The Hong Kong government had to obey the British government.
- The British government had the power to amend, abolish or make the laws of Hong
Kong;

- The Governor had to ask for its instructions in case of major issues and report his
duty regularly.
 The British government took full charge of Hong Kong's diplomatic and military affairs.

(ii) Great power of the Governor
• The Governor enjoyed great autonomy within areas regulated by the British government.
• He was the chairman of the Executive Council and Legislative Council, and had the
final decision on bills.
• As long as his governance did not violate British national policy, he could handle local
executive, economic and social affairs independently.
• The Governor also enjoyed certain judicial powers, including pardoning criminals and
reducing penalties.
• In times of emergency, he could command the British troops stationed in Hong Kong.
(iii) Full implementation of the appointment system
• The Governor and other principal officials were all appointed by the British government.
• The appointment system also applied to the Executive Council and Legislative Council.
• In the early years of British rule, all members of the two Councils were appointed by the
Governor. Official members in both Councils might even overlap.
• This helped ensure the smooth passage of bills and governmental measures.
(iv) British-dominated government
• High-ranking officials of the Hong Kong government and members of the Executive
Council and Legislative Council were mostly British.
• Early unofficial members were mainly British merchants as well. Other Europeans and

Chinese were in the minority.

• In short, the early governance of Hong Kong was almost monopolized by the British.
(c) Significance for the development of Hong Kong's governance
• Britain introduced Western executive and legislative systems into Hong Kong.
- This modernized Hong Kong's governance and gradually strengthened its connection
to the international community.
(i) Establishing the prototype of governmental structure
 From 1843 onward, the Hong Kong government, with the Governor as head, was run by
different levels of departments and officials.
 The Executive Council assisted the Governor in policy-making.
 The Legislative Council was responsible for examining laws.
 These established the prototype of Hong Kong's governmental structure.

(ii) Laying the foundation for the rule of law
• The Supreme Court of Hong Kong was an independent judicial organ.
• The dismissal of the Chief Justice had to be approved by the Privy Council of Britain.
• To ensure a fair trial, the jury, independent from the judges, was established.
• These measures laid the foundations for the rule of law of modern Hong Kong.
The government structure of Hong Kong in the late 19th century

Guiding questions
 What were the social and economic establishments in
B. Economic and social conditions Hong Kong by the end of the 19th century?
 In the meantime, what were the major social and
1. Economic development hygienic issues? What were the government’s solutions?
 What policies did the Hong Kong government adopt
towards the Chinese?
(a) Establishment of free port policy
• Hong Kong has a deep harbour and is the main gate to Southern China.
• Britain declared Hong Kong a free port to develop entrepot trade in 1841.
- Under the free port policy, merchant ships could enter and leave the port of Hong
Kong without having to pay any harbour dues.
(b) Rise and development of entrepot trade
(i) Rise of entrepot trade
• After becoming a free port, Hong Kong rapidly became an important entrepot between
the mainland and the world market.

- Foreign merchants imported Indian cotton and opium and British-manufactured

cotton goods, and re-exported them to the mainland;
- They bought Chinese tea, silk and porcelain and re-exported them to India and Britain
at the same time.
(ii) Establishment of Hong Kong's position as entrepot
• Many foreign firms set up bases in Hong Kong to engage in entrepot trade.
- Jardine, Matheson & Co., Dent & Co. and Butterfield and Swire Company are famous
examples.
• Chinese trading companies such as the Nam Pak Hong and Kam Shan Chong, also
emerged. Their business contributed to the tax revenue of Hong Kong.
 Entrepot trade became the pillar of Hong Kong's economy.
 By the late 19th century, Hong Kong's foreign trade had been more internationalized.
- The share of re-exports from China to the United States and Australia increased daily,
strengthening Hong Kong's position as an international entrepot.

(c) Entrepot trade promoting related industries
(i) Shipping industry
 As East-West trade grew, many foreign shipping companies began to provide regular
shipping services between Europe, the United States, the mainland and Hong Kong.
 British companies such as Swire and Jardines relocated their headquarters to Hong Kong
to expand their shipping business in the region.

 The growth of entrepot trade and shipping industry further promoted the development of
dockyards, wharfs and warehouses.
(ii) Shipbuilding and ship repair industries
• Many Chinese and foreign ocean-going ships docked in Hong Kong to get supplies and
do repairs.
- Shipbuilding and ship repair industries thus developed.
 By 1867, Hong Kong already had five dockyards. The British-owned Hong Kong and
Whampoa Dock Company was the largest in scale.
(iii) Banking industry
■ Foreign banks
 In 1865, the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Company Limited was founded. By then,
there were 11 foreign banks in Hong Kong. Their major business was centred on
entrepot trade.
- This included provision of loans and foreign currency exchange to trading companies.

■ Chinese yinhaos
 The Chinese yinhaos were popular among Chinese merchants.
- Famous examples included Shui Kat Yinhao and Tin Fook Yinhao.
- As they had less capital compared to foreign banks, they mainly provided cash
deposit and withdrawal, and financing service in small scale.
(d) Emergence of manufacturing industry
• Hong Kong's manufacturing industry started in the 19th century. At first, there were
mainly foreign factories.
• Chinese factories emerged in the 1880-1890s.
- They made various daily necessities such as soap, tobacco and matches;
- These factories were small in scale and only had simple machines. Some of them
even adopted the domestic system to make products.
2. Social development
 Britain took over Hong Kong mainly for economic reasons. It did not pay much

attention to the needs of local Chinese.

 However, as social conditions changed, Britain introduced a number of corresponding
measures.

(a) Rapid population growth
 Hong Kong's population increased from about 10,000 in 1841 to about 370,000 in 1898.
 The growth was largely driven by the influx of people.
 Most of them were from the mainland.
- The mid-19th century China was affected by wars and famines, while Hong Kong
was experiencing economic growth.
- This encouraged more people from the mainland to move to Hong Kong.
• In addition, Europeans, Americans and other ethnic minorities also came to work and
trade in Hong Kong.
- Europeans and Americans worked as employees of Western companies and civil

servants while Indians and Southeast Asians worked as policemen.
 A multi-ethnic society gradually developed in Hong Kong.
(a) Poor public hygiene
• Rapid population growth led to over-crowded housing and worsening public hygiene.
• The problems were particularly serious in Tai Ping Shan area where most local Chinese

lived.
• The government had introduced sanitary regulations, but did not enforce them properly.
• The setting up of the Sanitary Board in 1883 failed to solve hygiene problems.
• In 1894, a serious bubonic plague broke out in Tai Ping Shan area. The government
therefore carried out large-scale disinfection of the area.
• Afterwards, it started to deal with the problems of water supply and drainage in Chinese
residential areas. It also ordered Chinese families to disinfect their homes twice a year.
- It was only after years that bubonic plagues came under control and public hygiene
improved.
(b) Problems of law and order
(i) Background
• As opium trade and gambling were legal in Hong Kong, coupled with rapid population
growth and a lack of border control, serious problems of opium smoking, gambling and
abduction resulted.
• Pirates along the coasts threatened the safety of merchant ships and coastal inhabitants.
(ii) Measures

• To maintain law and order, the Hong Kong government adopted the following measures:
 Set up the Hong Kong Police Force in 1844;
 Enforced a curfew on local Chinese between 1842 and 1897 (i.e. they must not be out of
doors during specified hours at night without a pass);

 Set up the District Watch Force in 1866;

 Banned gambling in 1872;
 The British Royal Navy and the Chinese navy cooperated to get rid of pirates around the
seas of Southern China after 1847.
(c) High-handed policies towards ordinary Chinese
(i) Background
 British regarded local Chinese as the source of poor public hygiene and crime.
 They also aimed to maintain their privileged position.
 Therefore, they had many discriminatory measures against local Chinese.
(ii) Implementing strict supervisory control
• Chinese were not allowed to hold or take part in any public meetings without the
Governor's permission.
• Besides, the police had the power to search their homes at any time and arrest suspicious
people.
• Since 1891, the Secretary for Chinese Affairs became the chairman of the District Watch
Force so as to supervise the Chinese directly.
(iii) Introducing discriminatory measures
 Restricted political participation

• In the early years, all important government officials were foreigners. Chinese were
unable to take part in important government decision-making.
 Harsh penalty

• The court adopted a double standard in handling charges. Europeans were always
protected or lightly punished. Chinese faced harsh penalty and were even lashed.
 Segregation of Chinese and foreigners

 Britain passed the European District Reservation Ordinance (1888) which reserved
certain districts as residential areas for Europeans
 There were also regulations on Chinese entry to public places.
(d) Policy of winning over Chinese elites
(i) Background: rise of Chinese elites and leaders

• By the late 19th century, local Chinese merchants and compradors had become rich.
• A few Chinese became professionals after receiving higher education.
• Some of these Chinese elites were actively involved in social affairs and became leaders
of the Chinese, such as the founders of Tung Wah Hospital, Kwok Kamcheung and Ko
Munwah.
(ii) Policy: cooperation with Chinese elites and leaders
• To rule efficiently, the Hong Kong government started to cooperate with influential
Chinese elites and leaders.
• The government allowed Chinese elites to take part in politics.
- For example, Wu Tingfang was appointed as the first Chinese unofficial member of
the Legislative Council in 1880.
- The government also appointed Chinese leaders as Justice of the Peace and members
of the Sanitary Board.
• Chinese elites and leaders became the bridge between the government and local
Chinese.
- Nevertheless, the social status of most Chinese was still low by the early 20th century.

(e) Education policy
(i) Background: government ignored education development
• In the early years of British rule, the Hong Kong government rarely allocated resources
to education.
• Most schools in Hong Kong were traditional Chinese private schools or Western church
schools.
(ii) Policy: start of public education
• In 1848: the government started to transform some private schools into government
schools. Public education in Hong Kong began.
• In 1860, the Board of Education was set up to take charge of education policies.
- Since then, the government built more government schools and provided subsidies to
private education organizations. Education became more popular.
• In 1862: the first government secondary school, Central School was established.
• In 1878: English was made a compulsory subject in all government schools and became
the main medium of instruction in Hong Kong.

Year Policy
1860 Established the Board of Education to take charge of education policy
Set up the first government secondary school, Central School (present-day

1862
Queen's College)
Started to subsidize private organizations and religious bodies in building

1873
schools
1878 English was made a compulsory subject in all government schools
Set up the first government girls' school, Central School for Girls
1890
(present-day Belilios Public School)
(f) Urban and infrastructure development

(i) Background: needs of economic and social developments
• Owing to the rapid economic and population growth, there was an ever-increasing
demand for land.
• Improvements on transportation and public utilities were also needed to meet the urban
growth.
(ii) Development: land reclamation and development of public utilities
• From 1850s onwards, the government reclaimed land along the north coast of Hong
Kong Island and the coast of Kowloon Peninsula.
- The projects increased land for economic activities, building roads, houses and public
facilities.
• More roads were built to connect different districts.
- Some examples were Des Voeux Road and Salisbury Road.

• In addition, peak trams and ferries commenced services.
• Energy, water and telecommunication services were also provided to the public.
• These services improved the infrastructure in Kowloon and Hong Kong Island.

Guiding questions
C. Economic and social conditions  What contributions did non-governmental
organizations make to Hong Kong in the mid
and late 19th century?
1. Local Chinese organizations
• Government expenditure on social welfare
was initially very limited.
• Different Chinese organizations were thus set up to provide various social services for
local Chinese.
(a) The Tung Wah Hospital
(i) Background to the establishment
• Western medical services were introduced in the mid-19th century, but they were mainly
offered to Europeans.
• Most Chinese rejected Western medicine and hospitals charged high prices.
• As a result, many dying Chinese gathered in the Kwong Fook I Tsz on Tai Ping Shan
Street.
(ii) Development and contributions

 In 1869, the Governor finally agreed to the construction of a Chinese hospital.

 The Tung Wah Hospital (meaning 'hospital of the Cantonese'), was funded by a group of
Chinese leaders and the government in 1870.
- It provided free Chinese medication for the poor and all its expenses were borne by
those Chinese leaders.
- It also provided other services such as burial, education and elderly services.
 The Tung Wah Hospital became a large organization that mainly served the Chinese and
promoted the development of Hong Kong's social welfare
• Moreover, it reflected the opinions of local Chinese to the government, which helped
increase the government's understanding of the Chinese society.
(b) Po Leung Kuk
• By the mid-19th century, crimes of abduction and trafficking of women and children
were getting serious in Hong Kong. Many young women were abducted and sold as
maids (known as 'mui tsai') or even prostitutes.


• In 1878: a group of local Chinese presented petitioned the Governor to set up an

organization to rescue the kidnapped victims.
• In 1882: Po Leung Kuk was officially established.
• Po Leung Kuk worked to prevent abduction and save abducted women and children. It
also provided shelter to victims and then helped them find jobs, get married or return
home.
• It also assisted the Secretary for Chinese Affairs in settling family and marriage disputes
amongst the Chinese population.
• The work of Po Leung Kuk greatly helped in maintaining and promoting the stability of
Hong Kong.
(c) The Lok Sin Tong Benevolent Society, Kowloon
 In the second half of the 18th century, a common scale was placed at the market near a
pier in Kowloon Walled City..
 People had to weigh their goods before transactions and pay a fee for the service.
- The collected money was used for charitable purposes, including provision of
medication and burial services.

• In 1880, the Lok Sin Tong Benevolent Society, Kowloon was officially established to
manage the charitable funds.
• With the outbreak of epidemics in the late 19th century, Lok Sin Tong set up a free
graveyard to bury unclaimed dead bodies.
• Its work helped to maintain social stability and improve public hygiene.
(d) District Watch Force
 The early Hong Kong Police Force had limited manpower and was inefficient.
 The Chinese formed their own security force to maintain law and order.
 With the support of the government, a group of Chinese merchants set up the District
Watch Force for security purpose in 1866.
 Later, the organization also took part in conducting population census and became an
advisory organization to the government on Chinese affairs.

• It was crucial in helping the government maintain social stability and govern the
Chinese.
2. Foreign religious organizations
• Many foreign missionaries and Christian organizations came to Hong Kong in the early
years of British rule.
• Besides missionary work, they also provided and developed social services to improve
the livelihoods of the local people.
(a) Taking care of orphans and disabled people
• In the 19th century, foreign Christian organizations such as the Canossian Daughters of
Charity set up orphanages in Hong Kong.
- They looked after abandoned children and gave them basic education.
- Later, some of these orphanages became primary and secondary schools.

• Some foreign Christian organizations helped disabled people.
- For example, present-day Ebenezer School and Home for the Visually Impaired was
founded in 1897 by Hildesheimer Blindenmission, Germany as a home for blind girls.
(b) Providing education
• Foreign Christian organizations founded many schools in Hong Kong, such as Ying Wa
College (relocated from Malacca to Hong Kong in 1843) of the London Missionary
Society and St. Paul's College (set up in 1851) of Anglican Church.
- Chinese, English and theology were taught.

- This contributed to the spread of Western and English language education in early
Hong Kong.
• Some foreign missionaries also took part in the education affairs of the government.
- For example, British missionary James Legge joined the Board of Education and
proposed the founding of the Central School.
- He contributed to promoting the development of public education in Hong Kong.

(c) Founding hospitals
• Foreign Christian organizations preached through medical services.
- For example, in 1887, the London Missionary Society built the Alice Memorial
Hospital (present-day Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital) to provide Western
medical services for local Chinese.
- It was also a teaching hospital providing training to Chinese medical students.

* History extended: Contributions of Europeans, Americans and other ethnic minorities

to Hong Kong
 Portuguese and Hong Kong
• The Portuguese were the earliest European ethnic group to move to Hong Kong after the
British.
• They had lived and traded in Macau previously. Some were fluent in Cantonese and
served as a bridge between British officials and traders, and local Chinese.
• In the late 19th century, Braga, a Portuguese, proposed to build a garden city in
Kowloon Tong. This paved the way for Kowloon Tong to develop into a low-density
high-class residential district.
• In addition, as most Portuguese were Catholics, they funded the building of many early
Catholic churches and schools such as present-day St. Joseph's College.
 Americans and Hong Kong
• The Americans in 19th-century Hong Kong mostly contributed to the development of

the Protestant Church.
• The Baptist missionary, Rev. Shuck and his wife preached through education and
medical services.
• The Henrietta Secondary School is named after his wife to commend her contributions.
• In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, American dentist Joseph Noble also made
different contributions to Hong Kong.
• He helped organize the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese, and public utility

companies including the Peak Tramways Company Limited and the Hong Kong Electric
Company.
 Parsees and Hong Kong
• A group of Parsee traders moved from Guangdong to Hong Kong in the early years of
British rule. They once set up many foreign firms in Hong Kong.
• Mithaiwala and Mody were the two famous Parsee merchants in Hong Kong.
• In 1880, Mithaiwala's Kowloon Ferry Company started to provide ferry service across
Victoria Harbour. It was a milestone in the development of Hong Kong's public sea
transport.
• In the early 20th century, Mody made a major donation towards the founding of Hong
Kong's first university, the University of Hong Kong. He helped promote the
development of Hong Kong's higher education.

 Jews and Hong Kong
• During the second half of the 19th century, many Jewish traders invested in Hong Kong.
• The Sassoon family, the Belilios family and the Kadoorie family were representatives.
• The Kadoorie family invested in electricity business (bought the shares of China Light
& Power Company Syndicate) to provide electricity in Kowloon.
• This met the increasing needs for electricity supply and laid the foundation for Hong
Kong's industrialization in the mid-20th century.
 Eurasians and Hong Kong
• In the early years, European men came to Hong Kong alone.
• They married local Chinese women, and their children were the first-generation
Eurasians.
• A few of them were fluent in Chinese and foreign languages, and were active in politics
and trade.
• Hotung was a famous Eurasian of Dutch and Chinese descent.
• He was a comprador in his early career. Later, he became a successful entrepreneur and
invested in sugar, transportation and real estate.
• In 1899, Hotung was appointed Justice of the Peace for his social contributions.
• He set up the Sir Robert Ho Tung Charitable Fund before his death. Today, many
charitable and educational organizations still benefit from this fund.
 Armenians and Hong Kong
• There were very few Armenians in Hong Kong in the 19th century.
• Most Armenians were traders. Some of them were also jurors and unofficial members,
and had a certain social status in Hong Kong.
• Paul Chater was a very accomplished Armenian in Hong Kong at that time.

• He was a rich businessman and an unofficial member of the Legislative Council and
Executive Council.
• In 1891, Chater promoted setting up the first stock exchange in Hong Kong – the
Stockbrokers' Association of Hong Kong.
 It marked the birth of the stock market in Hong Kong, and had great influence on the
development of the territory’s financial industries.

Year Important event Extended point
1840 Outbreak of the First Opium War
 After becoming a free port, Hong Kong

1841 British Occupation of Hong Kong Island rapidly became an important entrepot
between the mainland and the world market
China signed the Treaty of Nanjing and Hong  This marked the start of British rule over
Kong Island was ceded to Britain Hong Kong
1842
 Introducing discriminatory measures against

A curfew was enforced on local Chinese
the Chinese (up until 1897)
The establishment of the Executive and

1843 Legislative Council
 They were advisory bodies to the Governor

The establishment of the Supreme Court of  It became the highest judiciary in Hong
Hong Kong Kong
1844
The setting up of the Hong Kong police force  This maintained law and order
The British Royal Naval and the Chinese

 This maintained law and order
navy cooperated to get rid of pirates
1847
 This marked the start of public education in

The Education Committee was established
Hong Kong
The Legislative Council appointed unofficial

1850 members
 The projects increased land for economic

Land reclamation began along the north coast
1851 of Hong Kong Island
activities, building roads, houses and public
facilities
1856 Outbreak of the Second Opium War
1860 China signed the Convention of Beijing,  This expanded British territorial control over
which ceded the Kowloon Peninsula to Hong Kong

Britain
 The government diverted more resources to

The Board of Education was set up
the development of education
 He proposed the founding of the Central

James Legge joined the Board of Education School to provide education for Chinese
students
 It became the first public secondary school

Establishment of the Central School
in Hong Kong
1862
The Hong Kong and China Gas Company  It started to provide coal gas for lighting and
Limited was established cooking
1863 The Pok Fu Lam Reservoir was built  It was built to store drinking water
Establishment of the Hongkong and

1865 Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited
1866 The District Watch Force was established  This maintained law and order
 It was crucial in helping the government

maintain social stability and govern the

Chinese
Hygiene problems in the Kwong Fook I Tsz  Governor agreed to the construction of a
1869 aroused attention Chinese hospital
 It provided free Chinese medication for the

1870 Establishment of the Tung Wah Hospital poor
 It mainly served the Chinese
1871 Eastern Telegraph Company was set up  It started to provide telegraph services
1872 The government banned gambling  This maintained law and order
English was made a compulsory subject in all  English became the main medium of
1878 government schools instruction in Hong Kong
1880  Its work helped to maintain social stability

The Lok Sin Tong Benevolent Society,
and improve public hygiene
Kowloon established
Wu Tingfang appointed as the first Chinese

unofficial member of the Legislative Council  The Hong Kong government cooperated

with influential Chinese elites and leaders,

allowing Chinese elites to take part in
politics
Oriental Telephone and Electric Company

 It provided telephone services
was set up
1882
 This helped in maintaining and promoting

The founding of Po Leung Kuk the stability of Hong Kong
 It was responsible for tasks related to public

1883 Setting up of the Sanitary Board
health, such as street cleaning
 Western medical services were provided for

London Missionary Society built the Alice local Chinese
1887 Memorial Hospital  It was also a teaching hospital providing
training to Chinese medical students
 It reserved certain districts as residential

1888 The European District Reservation
areas for Europeans.
Ordinance issued
1889 Hong Kong Electric Company was set up  It provided electricity

1890 Central School for Girls was set up  The first government girls' school was set up
The Secretary for Chinese Affairs became the

1891 chairman of the District Watch Force
 Chinese were supervised directly
 The government started to deal with the

A serious bubonic plague broke out in Tai
1894 Ping Shan area
problems of water supply and drainage in
Chinese residential areas
1896 The Executive Council first appointed

unofficial members
 British territorial control over Hong Kong

expanded
The signing of the Convention Respecting an
 It established its control over the entire Hong
Extension of Hong Kong Territory
Kong and ruled it until 1997
1898
 It provided regular ferry services between

Star Ferry Company Limited was established
Central and Tsim Sha Tsui

Establishment of British colonial rule
1. The Treaty of Nanjing (1842)

- Hong Kong Island was ceded from China to Britain, marking the start of British rule
over Hong Kong.
2. The Convention of Beijing (1860)

- China ceded the Kowloon Peninsula (the area south of Boundary Street and Stonecutters
Island) to Britain.
3. The Convention Respecting an Extension of Hong Kong Territory (1898)

- Britain leased the area north of Boundary Street and south of the Shenzhen River and the
surrounding islands for 99 years.

4. The Governor
- He was the head of the Hong Kong government, and was appointed by the Colonial
Office of Britain.
- As long as his governance did not violate British national policy, he could handle local
executive, economic and social affairs independently.
- He was the chairman of the Executive Council and Legislative Council, and had the
final decision on bills.
5. The Executive Council

- Set up in 1843, it was an advisory body to the Governor and gave advice on policy-
making and law-making.
6. The Legislative Council

- Set up in 1843, it was an advisory body to the Governor and was responsible for
examining laws and public spending.
7. The Supreme Court of Hong Kong

- Set up in 1844, it was the highest judiciary of Hong Kong. It made judgements
according to Hong Kong's laws, and decided on whether local ordinances were
consistent with British laws or the Letters Patent.
8. The appointment system

- The Governor and other principal officials were all appointed by the British government.
In the early years of British rule, all members of the two Councils were appointed by the
Governor. Official members in both Councils might even overlap. This helped ensure
the smooth passage of bills and governmental measures.

Economic and social conditions
9. The Sanitary Board

- It was set up in 1883 and was responsible for tasks related to public health.
10. The European District Reservation Ordinance (1888)

- It reserved certain districts as residential areas for Europeans and prohibited the entry of
the Chinese.
11. Central School (present-day Queen’s College)

- It was set up in 1862 and was the first government secondary school.
Contributions of non-governmental organizations to Hong Kong
12. The Tung Wah Hospital

- Built in 1970, it was the first hospital for the Chinese.
- It provided other services such as burial, education and elderly services, and mainly
served the Chinese.
- It became a large organization that mainly served the Chinese and promoted the
development of Hong Kong's social welfare.
- Moreover, it reflected the opinions of local Chinese to the government, which helped
increase the government's understanding of the Chinese society.
13. Po Leung Kuk

- It was a local Chinese organization set up in 1882.

- It initially worked to prevent abduction and save abducted women and children, and
assisted the Secretary for Chinese Affairs in settling family and marriage disputes
amongst the Chinese population.
- The work of Po Leung Kuk greatly helped in maintaining and promoting the stability of
Hong Kong.
14. The Lok Sin Tong Benevolent Society, Kowloon

- It was a local Chinese organization set up in 1882.
- It initially worked to manage the charitable funds. Its work helped to maintain social
stability and improve public hygiene.
15. District Watch Force

- The early Hong Kong Police Force had limited manpower and was inefficient. The
Chinese formed their own security force to maintain law and order.
- With the support of the government, a group of Chinese merchants set up the District
Watch Force for security purpose in 1866.
- Later, the organization also took part in conducting population census and became an
advisory organization to the government on Chinese affairs. It was crucial in helping the
government maintain social stability and govern the Chinese.

16. The Alice Memorial Hospital (present-day Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital)
- It was built in 1887 to provide Western medical services for local Chinese.
- It was also a teaching hospital providing training to Chinese medical students.

Pottinger (1789-1856)
He was the British representative in signing
the Treaty of Nanjing, and was later appointed
as Hong Kong’s first Governor.
Queen Victoria (1819-1901)

The Queen of Britain oversaw the British empire’s
rapid colonial expansion during her reign. In April
of 1843, she issued the Letters Patent and Royal
Instructions., which laid the foundation of Hong
Kong’s political and institutional structure.

Wu Tingfang (1842-1922)
The Chinese elite was a lawyer, and was
appointed as the first Chinese unofficial
member of the Legislative Council in 1880.
James Legge (1815-1897)

British missionary James Legg was also a famous
sinologist in modern British history. joined the
Board of Education and proposed the founding of
the Central School. His contribution promoted the
development of public education in Hong Kong.

 Hong Kong coming under British rule
Cession of Hong After China signed the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842, Hong Kong Island was
Kong Island ceded to Britain
Cession of the In 1860, China signed the Convention of Beijing, which ceded the
Kowloon Kowloon Peninsula (the area south of Boundary Street and Stonecutters
Peninsula Island) to Britain
In 1898, Britain and China signed the Convention Respecting an

Extension of Hong Kong Territory
Lease of the New  Britain leased the area north of Boundary Street and south of the
Territories Shenzhen River and the surrounding islands for 99 years
 Britain then established its control over the entire Hong Kong and
ruled the city until 1997
 Establishment of British colonial rule

Establishment of government structure and institutions
 The Governor
The Governor - He was the representative of the British monarch in ruling Hong Kong,
and principal and was also the head of the Hong Kong government.
officials  Other principal officials: The Colonial Secretary, the Colonial Treasurer,
the Attorney General and the Secretary for Chinese Affairs
Advisory bodies to the Governor

 The Executive Council: advised the Governor on policy-making and
drafted bills
The Executive  The Legislative Council: was responsible for examining laws and public
Council and spending
Legislative  Members were appointed by the Governor and divided into official
Council members and unofficial members
- The Legislative Council first appointed unofficial members in 1850
- The Executive Council first appointed unofficial members in 1896
 Hong Kong adopted the British judicial system, which emphasized fair
trial, right of appeal and verdicts reached in accordance with laws
 Supreme Court of Hong Kong
- It was established in 1844 and was the highest judiciary
The judiciary
- It made judgements according to Hong Kong's laws, and decided on
whether local ordinances were consistent with British laws or the Letters
Patent.

Features of early British administration
 The ruling power of the Hong Kong government was authorized by

Britain
- The Governor and other principal officials were all appointed by the
Governance Colonial Office of Britain
under  The Hong Kong government had to obey the British government
supervision of - The British government had the power to amend, abolish or make the
British laws of Hong Kong
government - The Governor had to ask for its instructions in case of major issues
and report his duty regularly
- The British government also took full charge of Hong Kong's
diplomatic and military affairs.
 The Governor enjoyed great autonomy within areas regulated by the

British government
- He was the chairman of the Executive Council and Legislative Council
- He had both executive and legislative power, and had the final decision
on bills
Great power of - As long as his governance did not violate British national policy, he
the Governor could handle local executive, economic and social affairs
independently
- The Governor also enjoyed certain judicial powers, including
pardoning criminals and reducing penalties
- In times of emergency, he could command the British troops
stationed in Hong Kong

 The Governor and other principal officials were all appointed by the
British government
Full  In the early years of British rule, all members of the two Councils were
implementation appointed by the Governor. n early years, all members of the two
of the
appointment Councils were appointed by the Governor
system - This helped ensure the smooth passage of bills and governmental
measures
 The Hong Kong government was initially dominated by the British

British- - High-ranking officials of the Hong Kong government and members of
dominated the Executive Council and Legislative Council were mostly British
government - Early unofficial members were mainly British merchants as well, and
other Europeans and Chinese were in the minority

Significance for the development of Hong Kong's governance
 From 1843 onward:

Establishing - The Hong Kong government, with the Governor at head, was run by
the prototype different levels of departments and officials
of - The Executive Council assisted the Governor in policy-making
governmental - The Legislative Council was responsible for examining laws
structure  These established the prototype of Hong Kong governmental
structure
 The Supreme Court of Hong Kong was an independent judicial organ

- The dismissal of the Chief Justice had to be approved by the Privy
Laying the Council of Britain
foundation for  To ensure a fair trial, the jury, independent from the judges, was
the rule of law established
 These measures laid the foundations for the rule of law of modern
Hong Kong
 Economic and social conditions: Economic development
The free port policy and entrepot trade

Establishment  1841: Britain took control of and declared Hong Kong a free port
of free port - Merchant ships could enter and leave the port of Hong Kong without
policy paying any harbour dues
 Hong Kong rapidly became an important entrepot between the

mainland and the world market
Rise of entrepot - Foreign merchants imported Indian cotton and opium and British-
trade manufactured cotton goods, and re-exported them to the mainland
- They bought Chinese tea, silk and porcelain and re-exported them to
India and Britain
 Many foreign firms set up bases in HK to engage in entrepot trade

- Examples include Jardine, Matheson & Co., Dent & Co. and Butterfield
and Swire Company
 Chinese trading companies emerged and their business contributed to
the tax revenue of Hong Kong
Establishment - Examples include Nam Pak Hong and Kam Shan Chong
of Hong Kong's
 Entrepot trade became the pillar of Hong Kong's economy
position as
entrepot  By the late 19th century: Hong Kong's foreign trade had been more
internationalized
- The share of re-exports from China to the United States and Australia
increased daily, strengthening Hong Kong's position as an international
entrepot
Entrepot trade promoting related industries
Shipping  As East-West trade grew, many foreign shipping companies began to

industry provide regular shipping services between Europe, the United States,
the mainland and Hong Kong

- British companies such as Swire and Jardines relocated their

headquarters to Hong Kong to expand their shipping business in the
region
 The growth of entrepot trade and shipping industry further promoted the
development of dockyards, wharfs and warehouses
 Many Chinese and foreign ocean-going ships docked in Hong Kong to

get supplies and do repairs
Shipbuilding - Shipbuilding and ship repair industries thus developed
and ship repair
 By 1867, Hong Kong already had five dockyards
industries
- The British-owned Hong Kong and Whampoa Dock Company was the
largest in scale
 1865: the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Company

Limited was founded, and by then, there were 11 foreign
Foreign banks in Hong Kong
banks - Their major business was centred on entrepot trade,
including provision of loans and foreign currency
exchange to trading companies
Banking
industry
 Shui Kat Yinhao and Tin Fook Yinhao were popular

Chinese
- They mainly provided cash deposit and withdrawal, and
yinhaos
financing service in small scale
Emergence of  At first, there were mainly foreign factories

manufacturing  The 1880-1890s: Chinese factories emerged in the 1880-1890s
industry - They made various daily necessities such as soap, tobacco and matches

- They were small in scale, only had simple machines and some of them
adopted the domestic system to make products

 Economic and social conditions: Social development
 Hong Kong’s population: 10,000 in 1841>>>about 450,000 in 1911

- Influx of people from the mainland: China was affected by wars and
Rapid famines, while Hong Kong was experiencing economic growth
population - Influx of foreigners: Europeans and Americans (employees of Western
growth companies and civil servants), as well as Indians and Southeast Asians
(working as Policemen)
 A multi-ethnic society gradually developed in Hong Kong
 Rapid population growth led to over-crowded housing and worsening

public hygiene
- The problems were particularly serious in Tai Ping Shan area, where
most local Chinese lived
Poor public  1883: The setting up of the Sanitary Board
hygiene  1894: A serious bubonic plague broke out in Tai Ping Shan area
- The government started to deal with the problems of water supply and
drainage in Chinese residential areas
- It also ordered Chinese families to disinfect their homes twice a year
Problems of  To maintain law and order, government adopted certain measures

law and order - 1844: Setting up the Hong Kong Police Force
- 1842-1897: Enforcing a curfew on local Chinese
- 1866: Setting up the District Watch Force
- 1872: Banning gambling
- After 1847: The British Royal Navy and the Chinese navy cooperated to

get rid of pirates around the seas of Southern China
 Implementing strict supervisory control

- Chinese were not allowed to hold or take part in any public meetings
without the Governor's permission
- The police had the power to search their homes at any time and arrest
suspicious people
- Since 1891, the Secretary for Chinese Affairs became the chairman of the
High-handed District Watch Force so as to supervise the Chinese directly
policies  Introducing discriminatory measures
towards - Restricted political participation: All important government officials and
ordinary councilors were foreigners. Chinese were unable to take part in important
Chinese government decision-making.
- Harsh penalty: Europeans were always protected or lightly punished,
while Chinese faced harsh penalty and were even lashed
- Segregation of Chinese and foreigners：Britain passed the European
District Reservation Ordinance (1888) which reserved certain districts as
residential areas for European; there were also regulations on Chinese
entry to public places
 To rule efficiently, the Hong Kong government started to cooperate with

influential Chinese elites and leaders
 The government allowed Chinese elites to take part in politics
- Wu Tingfang was appointed as the first Chinese unofficial member of
Policy of the Legislative Council in 1880
winning over
 The government also appointed Chinese leaders as Justice of the Peace
Chinese elites
and members of the Sanitary Board
 Chinese elites and leaders became the bridge between the government
and local Chinese
- The social status of most Chinese was still low by the early 20th century

 1848: Start of public education

- The government started to transform some private schools into
government schools
Education  1860: The Board of Education was set up to take charge of education
policy policies
 1862: The first government secondary school, Central School, was
established
 1878: English was made a compulsory subject in all government schools
 From 1850s onwards: the government reclaimed land along the north
coast of Hong Kong Island and the coast of Kowloon Peninsula
- The projects increased land for economic activities, building roads,
houses and public facilities
Urban and  Building more roads: Des Voeux Road and Salisbury Road
infrastructure
 Peak trams and ferries commenced services
development
 Energy, water and telecommunication services were also provided to the
public
 These services improved the infrastructure in Kowloon and Hong Kong
Island

 Contributions of non-governmental organizations to Hong Kong: Local Chinese

organizations
■ 1870: It was the first Chinese hospital, and was funded by a group of
Chinese leaders and the government
- It provided free Chinese medication for the poor
- It also provided other services such as burial, education and elderly
services
The Tung - It mainly served the Chinese
Wah Hospital
■ Contributions: It became a large organization that mainly served the
Chinese and promoted the development of Hong Kong's social
welfare. Moreover, it reflected the opinions of local Chinese to the
government, which helped increase the government's understanding
of the Chinese society
■ 1882: Po Leung Kuk was officially established

- It worked to protect women and children, and assisted the Secretary
Po Leung for Chinese Affairs in settling family and marriage disputes amongst
Kuk the Chinese population
■ Contributions: It greatly helped in maintaining and promoting the
stability of Hong Kong
The Lok Sin

■ 1880: Lok Sin Tong Benevolent Society, Kowloon was officially
Tong
Benevolent established
Society, - It managed charitable funds
Kowloon - It also set up a free graveyard to bury unclaimed dead bodies

■ Contributions: Its work helped to maintain social stability and

improve public hygiene
■ 1886: With the support of the government, a group of Chinese

merchants set up the District Watch Force for security purpose
District - It also took part in conducting population census, and even became
Watch Force an advisory organization to the government on Chinese affairs
- Contributions: It was crucial in helping the government maintain
social stability and govern the Chinese

 Contributions of non-governmental organizations to Hong Kong: Foreign religious

organizations
 Taking care of orphans: the Canossian Daughters of Charity set up

Taking care of orphanages
orphans and  Helping disabled people: present-day Ebenezer School and Home
disabled people for the Visually Impaired was founded by Hildesheimer
Blindenmission, Germany as a home for blind girls
 Founding schools: Ying Wa College of the London Missionary

Society and St. Paul's College of Anglican Church
- This contributed to the spread of Western and English language
Providing education in early Hong Kong
education
 Taking part in the education affairs of the government: British
missionary James Legge joined the Board of Education
- He proposed the founding of the Central School
 In 1887, the London Missionary Society built the Alice Memorial

Hospital (present-day Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital)
Founding - It provided Western medical services for local Chinese and served
hospitals
as a teaching hospital, providing training to Chinese medical
students


1. Which of the following agreements is NOT related to Hong Kong coming under British
rule?
A. The Treaty of Nanjing

B. The Convention of Beijing
C. The Convention Respecting an Extension of Hong Kong Territory
D. The Treaty of Shimonoseki
2. Which of the following terms is NOT matched with the correct explanation?
A. The Executive council: advised the Governor on policy-making and drafted bills
B. The Secretary for Chinese Affairs: supervised the Chinese directly
C. The Legislative council: headed various government departments and civil servants
D. The Governor: headed the Hong Kong government
3. In which year was the Supreme Court of Hong Kong established?
A. 1842
B. 1844

C. 1850
D. 1896
4. Which of the following was NOT a feature of early British administration?
A. Governance under supervision of British government

B. Full implementation of the appointment system
C. Chinese-dominated government
D. Great power of the governor
5. Under British administration, from which of the following departments was approval
sought in the dismissal of the Chief Justice?
A. The Privy Council of Britain

B. The Supreme court of Hong Kong
C. The Colonial Secretary
D. The Executive Council
6. Which of the following was NOT promoted by entrepot trade?

A. Shipping industry
B. Manufacturing industry
C. Ship repair industry
D. Banking industry

7. Which of the following was imposed on local Chinese by the government in the 19th
century?
A. Restricting Chinese entry to certain districts reserved as residential areas for

Europeans
B. Banning the lashing of Chinese
C. Allowing participation in public meetings with approval from the Secretary of
Chinese Affairs
D. Direct governance of Chinese through the Sanitary Board
8. Which of the following events are in correct order?
A. The first government school was established → The Board of Education was set up →
Central School was established →English was made a compulsory subject in all
government schools
B. The Board of Education set up the government → The first government school was
established → Central School was established → English was made a compulsory
subject in all government schools
C. The Board of Education set up the government → Central School was established →
The first government school was established → English was made a compulsory
subject in all government schools
D. The first government school was established → Central School was established →
The Board of Education was set up → English was made a compulsory subject in all
government schools

9. Which of the following terms is NOT matched with the correct explanation?
A. The Mid-levels: A serious bubonic plague broke out

B. Wu Tingfang: The first Chinese unofficial member of the Legislative Council
C. The Lok Sin Tong Benevolent Society, Kowloon: worked to prevent abduction and
save abducted women and children
D. James Legg: Proposed the establishment of the Central Girls’ College
10. Which of the following is NOT a local Chinese organization?
A. Tung Wah Hospital

B. Anglican Church
C. The District Watch Force
D. Po Leung Kuk

Study the sources and answer the questions that follow. (11 marks)
Source A: A description of Po Leung Kuk
In the late 19th Century, the kidnapping and trafficking of women and children was
commonplace in Hong Kong. On 8th November, 1878, a group of Chinese
merchants, including Lo Lai-ping, Shi Shang-kai and Fung Ming-shan, presented a
petition to the Governor Hennessy to set up Po Leung Kuk to rescue the kidnapped
victims. The ‘Society for the Protection of Women and Children’ was approved by
the Hong Kong Governor in May. In August 1882, the draft regulations of Po Leung
Kuk were made official, enabling the organization to assist the government in
preventing abduction and to protect the young and the innocent. …
Source B: A description of the Tung Wah Hospital
A group of earnest Chinese community leaders proposed to raise funds and build a
hospital in the (Kwong Fook I-tsz) neighborhood. …In 1869, $115,000 and a piece of
land at Po Yan Street, Sheung Wan were granted by the then Governor MacDonnell.
The first Chinese hospital in Hong Kong was finally built in 1870 through the
enactment of the Tung Wah Hospital Ordinance. Prior to the establishment of the
hospital, a temporary clinic was set up by the founding Directors near the hospital
premises to offer free medical treatment to those in need. The hospital, named ‘Tung
Wah Hospital’, was constructed in 1872 and started to provide free Chinese medicine
services to the sick and the poor. It hence laid a foundation of the charitable work of
Tung Wah Group of Hospitals. …
1. What social problems existed in 19th century Hong Kong? Explain your answer
according to Sources A and B. (2 marks)
2. What was the Hong Kong government’s attitude towards the establishment of the Po
Leung Kuk and Tung Wah Hospital? Explain your answer according to Sources A and B.
(3 marks)
3. ‘The Po Leung Kuk and Tung Wah Hospital contributed greatly to the Chinese
community.’ Explain your answer with reference to Sources A and B, and using your
own knowledge. (6 marks)

1. What social problems existed in 19th century Hong Kong? Explain your answer
according to Sources A and B.(2 marks)
2. What was the Hong Kong government’s attitude towards the establishment of the Po
Leung Kuk and Tung Wah Hospital? Explain your answer according to Sources A and B.
(3 marks)
3. ‘The Po Leung Kuk and Tung Wah Hospital contributed greatly to the Chinese
community.’ Explain your answer with reference to Sources A and B, and using your
own knowledge. (6 marks)

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Journey Through History - New Topic-based Series Study Notes

Journey Through History -

©2021 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. HN2B_SN_TOPIC_8-1

The Treaty of Nanjing: Hong Kong Island was ceded to

(1842-1997) (p.206) The Convention Respecting an Extension of Hong Kong

Establishment of British Establishment of government structure and

Features of early British administration (p.209-

Significance for the development of

Economic and social

Economic development (p.212-216)

Social development (p.216-225)

©2021 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. HN2B_SN_TOPIC_8-2

Foreign religious organizations (p.230-231) Local Chinese organizations (p.226-229)

©2021 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. HN2B_SN_TOPIC_8-3

1. Hong Kong coming under British rule

(a) Cession of Hong Kong Island

• China was defeated in the First Opium War (1840-1842).

• This marked the start of British rule over Hong Kong.

(b) Cession of the Kowloon Peninsula

• China was again defeated in the Second Opium War (1856-1860).

(c) Lease of the New Territories

©2021 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. HN2B_SN_TOPIC_8-4

2. Establishment of British colonial rule

(a) Establishment of government structure and institutions

(i) The Governor and principal officials

©2021 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. HN2B_SN_TOPIC_8-5

 Other principal officials

(ii) The Executive Council and Legislative Council

- The former: advised the Governor on policy-making and drafted bills;

• All members of the two Councils were appointed by the Governor.

©2021 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. HN2B_SN_TOPIC_8-6

- The Legislative Council first appointed unofficial members in 1850;

(iii) The judiciary

(b) Features of early British administration

(i) Governance under supervision of British government

©2021 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. HN2B_SN_TOPIC_8-7

©2021 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. HN2B_SN_TOPIC_8-8

(ii) Great power of the Governor

(iii) Full implementation of the appointment system

(iv) British-dominated government

©2021 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. HN2B_SN_TOPIC_8-9

Chinese were in the minority.

(c) Significance for the development of Hong Kong's governance

(i) Establishing the prototype of governmental structure

©2021 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. HN2B_SN_TOPIC_8-10

(ii) Laying the foundation for the rule of law

• The Supreme Court of Hong Kong was an independent judicial organ.

The government structure of Hong Kong in the late 19th century

©2021 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. HN2B_SN_TOPIC_8-11

(b) Rise and development of entrepot trade

(i) Rise of entrepot trade

©2021 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. HN2B_SN_TOPIC_8-12

- Foreign merchants imported Indian cotton and opium and British-manufactured

(ii) Establishment of Hong Kong's position as entrepot

©2021 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. HN2B_SN_TOPIC_8-13

(c) Entrepot trade promoting related industries

(i) Shipping industry

©2021 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. HN2B_SN_TOPIC_8-14

(ii) Shipbuilding and ship repair industries