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    L13-Tissues-20201 2

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    This document summarizes the four main types of animal tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. It describes the characteristics and functions of each tissue type, as well as some examples of specific tissues that fall under each type, such as the four types of epithelia and the three types of muscle tissue. The summary focuses on providing a high-level overview of the key tissues and their general roles in animal form and function.

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    L13-Tissues-20201 2

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    9 views22 pages
    This document summarizes the four main types of animal tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. It describes the characteristics and functions of each tissue type, as well as some examples of specific tissues that fall under each type, such as the four types of epithelia and the three types of muscle tissue. The summary focuses on providing a high-level overview of the key tissues and their general roles in animal form and function.

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    This document summarizes the four main types of animal tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. It describes the characteristics and functions of each tissue type, as well as some examples of specific tissues that fall under each type, such as the four types of epithelia and the three types of muscle tissue. The summary focuses on providing a high-level overview of the key tissues and their general roles in animal form and function.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views22 pages

    L13-Tissues-20201 2

    Uploaded by

    2szrc2wkht
    This document summarizes the four main types of animal tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. It describes the characteristics and functions of each tissue type, as well as some examples of specific tissues that fall under each type, such as the four types of epithelia and the three types of muscle tissue. The summary focuses on providing a high-level overview of the key tissues and their general roles in animal form and function.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 22

    Chapter 40

    ‫كلية العلوم‬
    ‫قسم‬
    ‫حياء‬0‫ا‬
    Lecture: 13

    Animal Form and Function


    PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations

    for Biology
    Eighth Edition
    Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

    Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
    Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
    Tissues
    • There are four main types of animal tissues:
    ● Epithelial tissues
    ● Connective tissues
    ● Muscle tissues
    ● Nervous tissues

    Epithelial Tissue
    • Epithelial tissues, cover the outside of the body and line organs and cavities within the
    body.
    • It function as a barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens, and fluid loss.
    • Epithelia also form active interfaces with the environment.
    Epithelial tissue
    Cuboidal epithelium
    • Cuboidal epithelium, with dice shaped cells specialized
    for secretion.
    kidney tubules
    thyroid gland
    salivary glands

    Simple columnar epithelium


    • Simple columnar epithelia are often found where secretion or active absorption is
    important.
    For example, In intestines, secreting digestive juices and absorbing
    nutrients.

    Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings


    Simple squamous epithelium
    • The single layer of plate like cells that form a simple
    squamous epithelium functions in the exchange of
    material by diffusion
    Blood vessels
    Air sacs of the lungs

    Pseudostratified columnar epithelium


    • Pseudostratified epithelium consists of a single layer of cells varying in height.
    It forms a mucous membrane that lines portions of the
    respiratory tract.

    Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings


    Stratified squamous epithelium
    • A stratified squamous epithelium is multilayered and
    regenerates rapidly.
    It is commonly found on the outer skin and the linings of the mouth.

    Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings


    Connective tissue
    • Connective tissue cells scattered through an extracellular matrix.
    • It holds many tissues and organs together and in place.
    • Connective tissue cells:
    • Fibroblasts, which secrete fiber proteins,
    • Macrophages, which engulf foreign particles and any cell debris by phagocytosis.
    • Connective tissue fibers are of three kinds:
    ● Collagenous fibers
    ● Reticular fibers
    ● Elastic fibers

    Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings


    Connective tissue
    Connective tissue
    Loose connective tissue
    • Loose connective tissue, which binds epithelia to
    underlying tissues and holds organs in place.
    It is found in the skin and throughout the body.

    Fibrous connective tissue


    • Fibrous connective tissue is dense with collagenous fibers.
    It is found in: tendons, which attach muscles to bones, and in
    ligaments, which connect bones at joints.

    Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings


    Adipose tissue:
    • Adipose tissue is a specialized loose connective tissue that stores fat in
    adipose cells.
    ● Adipose tissue pads and insulates the body and stores
    fuel as fat.
    Bone:
    • Bone is a mineralized connective tissue.
    • Bone-forming cells called osteoblasts
    • Calcium, magnesium and phosphate ions combine into a
    hard mineral within the matrix.
    • Bone consists of repeating units called osteons.
    • Each osteon has concentric layers of the mineralized
    matrix, which are deposited around a central canal
    containing blood vessels and nerves.
    Blood:
    • Blood has a liquid extracellular matrix called plasma,
    which consists of water, salts, and dissolved proteins.
    • Suspended in plasma are erythrocytes (red blood cells),
    leukocytes (white blood cells), and cell fragments called
    platelets.
    Red cells carry oxygen.
    White cells function in defense.
    Platelets aid in blood clotting.
    Cartilage:
    • Cartilage contains collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery protein-carbohydrate
    complex called chondroitin sulfate.
    Cells called chondrocytes secrete the collagen and chondroitin sulfate, which
    together make cartilage a strong yet flexible.

    Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings


    Muscle tissue
    Muscle tissue
    • The tissue responsible for nearly all types of body
    movement is muscle tissue.
    • All muscle cells consist of filaments containing the
    proteins actin and myosin, which together enable
    muscles to contract.
    • There are three types of muscle tissue in the vertebrate
    body:
    Skeletal
    Smooth
    Cardiac

    Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings


    Skeletal muscle
    • Attached to bones by tendons.
    • Skeletal muscle, or striated muscle, is responsible for
    voluntary movements.
    • Skeletal muscle consists of bundles of long cells
    called
    muscle fibers.

    • During development, skeletal muscle fibers form by the fusion of many cells, resulting in
    multiple nuclei in each muscle cell or fiber.
    • The arrangement of contractile units, or sarcomeres, along the fibers gives the cells a
    striped (striated) appearance.
    Smooth muscle
    • Smooth muscle, which lacks striations,

    • It is found in the walls of the digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, and other internal
    organs.

    • Smooth muscles are responsible for involuntary body activities, such as churning of the
    stomach and constriction of arteries.
    Cardiac muscle
    • Cardiac muscle forms the contractile wall of the heart.

    • It is striated like skeletal muscle.

    • Cardiac muscle has fibers that interconnect via intercalated disks


    Nervous tissue

    • Nervous tissue functions in the receipt, processing, and


    transmission of information.
    • Nervous tissue contains neurons, or nerve cells, which
    transmit nerve impulses, as well as support cells called
    glial cells (Glia).
    • In many animals, a concentration of nervous tissue
    forms a brain, an information-processing center.

    Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings


    Neurons
    • Neurons are the basic units of
    the nervous system.
    • A neuron receives nerve
    impulses from other neurons
    via its cell body and multiple
    extensions called dendrites.
    • Neurons transmit impulses to
    neurons, muscles, or other
    cells via extensions called
    axons, which are often
    bundled together into nerves.

    Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings


    Glial cells (Glia):
    •The various types of glia help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons.
    Thank you

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